The document discusses polymers and their uses in everyday life. It provides information on different types of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride) and discusses their structures, properties and applications. The document also discusses the synthesis and uses of important polymers.

1. Polymers In
Everyday Life

2.  Now-a-days polymers are being used in many
fields viz. fabrics, plastic bottles, switch boards &
many more to come. Polymers find their extensive
use because of the ease in working with them.
 They can also be reused & some of them can even
be recycled which has also cut down the damage
which was earlier being caused by the non-
biodegradable substances.
 In our project we are going to introduce you with
some of the polymers being used daily, their
structures & synthesis.

3.  Exist in countless forms.
 Chemical structure.
 Physical properties.
 Mechanical behaviour.
 Thermal characteristics.

4. Which are isolated from natural material are called
natural polymers.
 COTTON
 SILK
 WOOL
 RUBBER
Which are synthesized from low molecular weight
compound are called synthesized polymers.
 POLYETHYLENE,PVC,NYLON &TERYLENE

5. Whose backbone chain is made of carbon atoms is
termed as organic polymer.
 POLYPROPYLENE
 PVA
 PMMA
Which contain no carbon atom in their backbone
chain are called inorganic polymers.
 GLASS
 SILICON RUBBER

6. Which can be soften on heating and can be converted
into any shape that they can retain on cooling.
 POLYETHYLENE
 PVC
 NYLON
 SEALING WAX
Some polymers undergo some chemical changes on
heating and convert themselves into an infusible
mass are called thermosetting polymers.
 PHENOL FORMALDEHIDE
 POLYESTERS

7. When a polymer is shaped into a hard and tough
utility article ,it is used as plastics.
 POLYSTYRENE
 PVC
 PMMA
When polymer vulcanized into a rubbery products
exhibiting good strength and elongation ,it is used
as elastomers.
 NATURAL RUBBER
 SYNTHETIC RUBBER
 SILICONE RUBBER

8. If it is drawn into long filament like materials ,it is
used as fibers.
 NYLON
 TERYLENE
Polymer used as adhesive ,potting compounds
,sealants ,etc., in a liquid form are described as
liquid resins.
 POLYSULPHIDE
 MELAMINE FORMALDEHIDE

10.  It is the simplest hydrocarbon polymer and has the
structure-:
 It was first introduced by Imperical Chemical
Industries(ICI) in 1993.
 It is a thermoplastic polymer.
 There are two varieties of polyethylene viz., high
density polyethylene and low density polyethylene.

11.  Has low degree of branching & thus low
intermolecular forces.
 Density- greater or equal to 0.941g/cm3.
 Crystalinity is 90%.
 Melting point is in the range from 144-150 degree
Celsius.
 Higher tensile strength and hardness than LDPE.

12.  Has a high degree of short and long chain
branching.
 Density range-: 0.910-0.940.
 Crystalinity is 40%.
 Melting point range-: 110-125 degree Celsius.

13.  LDPE films are mainly used for packaging and
wrapping frozen food.
 LDPE’s inertness to chemicals and resistance to
breakage is made use of it in ‘squeeze bottles’ and
in many attractive containers.
 Also used as insulation in electric cables.
 HDPE finds better use in the manufacture of toys
and other household articles.
 Whenever high tensile strength and stiffness are
required, HDPE finds better use.

14.  Propylene was first polymerized to a crystalline
isotactic polymer by Guilio Natta as well as by the
German chemist Karl Rehn in March 1954.
 Polypropylene is a Highest industrial plastic.

15.  THE POLYPROPYLENE is formed by Polymerization
of propylene using zigelar-natta catalyst .
 Propylene is obtained from gasoline refineries as
a byproduct.

16.  It can be made in three form, isotactic, syndiotactic
and atactic.
 Isotactic polypropylene ,it is a highly crystalline
polymer with melting point 165°C.
 It has a very high tensile strenght, hardness,
stiffness.
 It is insoluble in many solvent.
 It’s melting point is 130–171 °C .
 It’s density for amorphous & crystalline is0.855
g/cm3 & 0.946 g/cm3 respectively.

17.  Polypropylene (PP), is a thermoplastic polymer used
in a wide variety of applications including
packaging and labeling , textiles (e.g., ropes,
thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic
parts and reusable containers of various types,
laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive
components, and polymer banknotes.

18. Flammable
Poor
weatherability
Poor solvent
resistance
Brittleness of
homopolymer
s
Poor thermal
stability
Advantage Disadvantage
 Optical clarity
 Light mass
 High gloss
 Excellent electrical properties
 Good grades available
 Low cost
 Process able by all thermoplastics methods

19.  Polystyrene results when styrene monomer
interconnect
 Carbon- Carbon pi bond is opened up and new
sigma bond is formed

20. Various Applications of
Polystyrene
•Manufacturing
•Disposable cutlery
•Household appliances
like blenders, air
conditioners ,ovens
•Other consumer goods
like kitchen and
bathroom accessories
•Housing for televisions
and CD & DVD cases
•Owning to its less price
as compared to other
costly polymers thus
also used for making
toys

21. •Packaging
•Supermarket are stocked up with eatables stored in
polystyrene packaging materials . Meat , fish , eggs,
dairy products, salad etc. can be prevented from
spoiling.
•Electronic goods and appliance are packed in boxes
along with support materials made up of polystyrene
that provides insulation and protect from external
factors

22. • Used for construction purposes to insulate ceiling
,walls , floor etc.
• This polymer also find its utility in sound
proofing walls of buildings
• Lightning and plumbing fixtures , panel and
sidings used for construction purposes

23. •Medical applications
•Versatility of this resin has
made it suitable for use in the
medical field as well
•Extensively used in the
making of medical equipment
due to clarity and fitness
•Test tubes , Petri dishes ,
trays for conducting tissues
culture test etc.
•Many diagnostic equipment
are also made up of
polystyrene . Medical cups ,
medical keyboards , plastic
boxes are some examples of
the same

24. •Art and craft
•XPS can be used for art
and craft works
•Candle holders and
ornament for a Christmas
tree can be accomplished
by Styrofoam
•Making models of
architectural design

25. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent
thermoplastic, ofTen used as a lightweight or
shatter-resistant alternative to glass.

26.  The first acrylic acid was created in 1843.
Methacrylic acid, derived from acrylic acid, was
formulated in 1865.
 The reaction between methacrylic acid and
methanol results in the ester methyl methacrylate.
 The German chemists Wilhelm Rudolph Fitting and
Paul discovered in 1877 the polymerization process
that turns methyl methacrylate into polymethyl
methacrylate

27.  PMMA is routinely produced by emulsion
polymerization, solution polymerization, and bulk
polymerization. Generally, radical initiation is used
(including living polymerization methods), but
anionic polymerization of PMMA can also be
performed.
 To produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of PMMA, about 2 kg
(4.4 lb) of petroleum is needed.
 PMMA produced by radical polymerization(all
commercial PMMA) is atactic and completely
amorphous.

28.  PMMA is a strong and lightweight material. It has a
density of 1.17–1.20 g/cm3,, which is less than
half that of glass.]
 It also has good impact strength, higher than both
glass and polystyrene;
 however, PMMA's impact strength is still
significantly lower than polycarbonate and some
engineered polymers.
 PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and burns, forming
carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide and low-
molecular-weight compounds, including
formaldehyde.

29. TRANSPARENT GLASS SUBSTITUTE

30. ● Poly(vinyl chloride), commonly abbreviated as PVC,
is the third-most widely produced plastic, after
polyethylene and polypropylene.
● Pure PVC is a white, brittle solid. It is insoluble in
alcohol but slightly soluble in THF.

31. ● PVC was discovered accidently at least twice in the
19th century, first in 200 by French chemist Henri
Victor Regnault and then in 1872 by German
chemist Eugen Baumann.
● On both occasion the polymer appeared as a white
solid inside flasks of vinyl chloride that had been
left exposed to sunlight.
● In the early 20th century the Russian chemist Ivan
Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German
chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both
attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but
difficulties came due to rigidness.

32.  Waldo Semon and the B.F Goodrich Comany
developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by
blending it with various additives. The result was a
more flexible and more easily processed material
that soon achieved widespread commercial use.

33. ● Poly(vinyl chloride) is produced by polymerization
of the monomer vinyl chloride (VCM), as shown.
● About 80% of production involves suspension
polymerization.

34. ● Weathering stability- PVC is resistant to aggressive
environmental factor is therefore the material of choice for
roofing.
● Versatility- PVC can be flexible or rigid.
● Fire protection- PVC is a material resistant to ignition due to
its chlorine content.
● Longevity- PVC products can be last up to 100 yrs. and even
more.
● Hygiene- PVC is a material of choice for medical applications,
particularly blood and plasma storage containers.
● Eco efficiency- Only 43% of PVC'S content comes from oil
(57% comes from salt); it therefore contributes to the
preservation of that highly valuable resource.
● Economical efficiency- PVC is the cheapest of large-tonnage

35. ● There are 2 types of PVC'S.
● Rigid PVC- it exhibits high surface strength and very good
rigidity. It is used mainly for pipes, windows.
● Plasticized PVC- added with plasticizers which gives it
flexibility which is used in the manufacture of films,
expanded products, sheets, jacketing for electrical cables
etc.
● In building and construction- PVC windows and doors,
frames, shutters, panels, piping for drinking water
distribution, flooring etc.
● In packaging- In foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals.
● In cars- panels for car doors, dashboards, electrical cabinets,
matting.
● In electricity and electronics- jacketing of electrical cables for

37. The high thermal stability of the carbon fluorine
bond has led to considerable interest in fluorine
containing polymers as a heat resistant plastics
and rubbers.

38. The first patent taken out by i.g farben in 1934
related to poly chloro tri flouro ethylene. PCTFE has
been of limited application and it was the
discovery of poly tetra flouroethylene by Plunkett in
1938

39.  TEFLON WAS FIRST PREPARED IN 1933.
 THE CURRENT COMMERCIAL SYNTHESIS OF TEFLON
ARE BASED ON SULPHURIC ACID , FLOUROSPAR
AND CHLOROFORM.

40.  PTFE IS MADE COMMERCIALY BY TWO METHODS.
 GRANUEL METHOD
 DISPERSION OF POLYMER OF MUCH FINER PARTICLE
SIZE AND LOWE MOLECULAR WEIGHT.

41.  THE PROPERTIES OF PTFE ARE DEPEND ON THE
TYPE OF POLYNMER AND THE METHOD
PROCESSING
 IT IS OBSERVED THAT THE DISPERSION POLYMER
WHICH OF FINE PARTICLE SIZE AND LOWER
MOLECULAR WEIGHT , GIVES PRODUCTS WITH A
VASTLY IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO FLEXING AND
DISTINCTLY HIGHER TENSILE STERNGTH.

42.  CHEMICAL INERTNESS
 EXECPTIONAL WHETHER RESISTANCE
 THE EXCELLENT HEAT RESISTANCE
 NON ADHESIVE PROPERTIES
 VERY LOW VALUE OF CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION.

44.  Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the
formula CH2O or HCHO. It is the simplest
aldehyde, hence its systematic name methanal. The
common name of the substance comes from its
similarity and relation to formic
acid. formaldehyde is colourless and has a
characteristic pungent, irritating odour.

45.  Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the
catalytic oxidation of methanol.It is also known as
formox process.
 In this reaction methanol and oxygen react in
presence of iron oxides at a temperature of 250–
400 °C
2 CH3OH + O2 → 2 CH2O + 2 H2O
Dehydrogenation method
CH3OH → H2CO + H2

46.  Formaldehyde is also a precursor to polyfunctional
alcohols such as pentaerythritol [ C5H12O4 ], which
is used to make paints and explosives.
 The textile industry uses formaldehyde-based
resins as finishers to make fabrics crease-resistant.
 When treated with phenol, urea, or melamine,
formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard
thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea
formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. These
polymers are common permanent adhesives used
in plywood and carpeting.

47.  An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful
as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi.
 formaldehyde solutions are commonly used as a
biological preserving medium.
 Formaldehyde, along with 18 M (concentrated)
sulphuric acid makes Marquis reagent which can be
used to identify alkaloids and other compounds.

48. • Most Of these are non biodegradable which can harm
our environment and thus can lead to imbalance in the
nature.
• When polymer incorporated with additives and when
they are burnt, they emit a lot of poisonous gases into
the atmosphere which results in choking.
• Low molecular weight polymers are difficult to recycle.
• Undergo oxidation and ozonation easily which can
result in the increase of ozone hole size.

49. As you have seen that polymer is not a single
compound. It has a large variety. All the different forms
of polymers comes under one umbrella. From a simple
Polyethylene to a complex composites, all comes under
the heading of polymers.
We have shown you that many polymers are having a lot
of advantages in the spectrum of industrial level. But at
the same time you have also seen the disadvantage of
this polymer.
As the saying says. Every Coin Has Two Sides.