This document summarizes statistics comparing energy usage in the European Union and India and discusses options for co-producing electricity and synthetic fuels from coal in India using carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. It notes India's growing energy demand and limited supply as well as environmental issues from coal use. It then outlines CCS technology options like coal gasification and pre-combustion carbon capture that could allow continued coal use while reducing emissions. The document concludes that CCS could help justify harnessing India's domestic coal reserves in a sustainable way while extending the use of fossil fuels.

1. CCS Options for Co-production of Electricity and Synthetic Fuels from indigenous Coal in an Indian Context Presented at the International Conference on Advances in Energy Research, ICAER-07, Mumbai, India, 12-14 December 2007 Jens Hetland, PhD, Senior Scientist, SINTEF Energy Research, Norway [email_address] Co-author Rahul Anantharaman The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

2. Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006 Europe : EU holds 4% of the proven coal reserves, and has 18% of the world’s electric generating capacity. EU expects that by 2020 2/3 of its total energy demand will be imported. CO 2 emission: 3 853 Mtpa. CO 2 per capita: 8.4 tpa. Energy intensity: 208 toe/M€ (2003, ec 1995, Ref. EU DG-Tren Statistics). Installed electric capacity: 652.9 GW (2005) EU-27: 490,4 mill. citizens (July 2007 est.) Area: 4 324 782 km 2 Coal R/P: 63 years (2006) India: 1 129.9 mill. citizens Area: 3 287 590 km 2 Coal R/P: 207 (2006) Comparing statistics India/EU: Population: 2.3:1 Area: 1:1.3 CO 2 emission: 1:3.5 CO 2 per capita: 1:8.4 Energy intensity: 1:1.3 Installed el-generating capacity: 1:5 India : The World’s second-most populous nation, and fifth largest importer of oil, and polluter number six. CO 2 emission: 1 113 Mtpa from oil (27%), coal (67%), natural gas (6%). CO 2 per capita: 1.0 tpa. Energy intensity: 159.4 toe/M€. Installed electric capacity: 131.4 GW / roughly 94% conventional thermal (oil 33%, coal 53%, natural gas 8%), 1% nuclear, 5% hydropower (2006)

3. Setting the scene: Security of energy supply Oil situation of India – mainly to fuel the transport sector Fast increasing energy demand and rather limited supply capacity; Shortage of liquid fuel , especially fuels for the transport sector; Local and regional air pollution , mainly from coal burning; Fast-increasing greenhouse gas emissions . Production Demand Import ~2 Mbbl per day, increasing 100 kbbl per day year on year Source: EIA International Energy Annual 2004, Country Analysis Briefs, India, 2007 Oil demand growth comparison 2006-2009 India’s production and consumption of oil 1990-2006

4. Setting the scene: Security of energy supply World R/P ratio – recent trends, local variations (2001-2006) Per definition “reserves” are sources that are know and deemed economically exploitable. China: 48 years India: 207 years EU-27: 63 years USA: 234 years Australia: 210 years Former Soviet Union: 464 years  EC/EEA, 2004: India is supposed to double its CO 2 emission from year 2000 by 2012 Mitigating climate change: cannot ignore fossil fuels

5. Market trends: Generating cost of new power generating capacity Fuel price development for European deliveries 1985-2006

6. Understanding the market: Long Term Energy Market Different needs world-wide uneven access to modern energy Growth of Renewable Energy and increasing resurgence of nuclear but …. IEA projections of global power station build to 2030 Capacity IEA World Energy Outlook 2004 Clean Coal Technologies needed for ~1400GW of new coal plant Courtesy ALSTOM Power Sum: Ref. 33750 TWh Alt. 29835 TWh BAPS 28018 TWh (Beyond Alternative Policy Scenario). Global total 2004: 17408 TWh ( Scenarios : http://unfccc.int/files/cooperation_and_support/financial_mechanism/application/pdf/methodology.pdf) Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 Reference, Alternative Policy Scenario and Beyond the Alternative Policy Scenario (BAPS)

7. CO 2 formation from coal - relating to the state of technology Estimated annual CO 2 emission per GW e installed (in Mtpa) versus plant efficiency (%) at given capture rate (CR).

8. Advanced clean coal – carbon emission reduction while maintaining efficiency p crit = 221.2 bar, t crit = 374.15 o C Source: Efficiency in Electricity Generation, Eurelectric July 2003

9. CCS technology options Hydrogen Chemicals Retrofit options Alternative power cycles Polygeneration Efficiency reduction: goal < 5%-points Cost of CO 2 avoided: goal < 20 €/t CO2

10. CO 2 CAPTURE SOLUTIONS – Coal gasification Pre Combustion Solution for New Plants: IGCC+Capture CO 2 capture techniques are proven economical in other industries High Capital and Operating Costs Limited operation flexibility, more fuel-dependent solutions Plant retrofit generally not possible Land space ~ 1,5 x post-combustion plant for same MW yield Tampa Electric Company, Polk Power Station, 252 MW e , Mulberry, USA (FL) Hydrogen-fired gas turbines Courtesy ALSTOM Power

11. COACH - Overall objective To prepare for large-scale polygeneration [1] from coal with CO 2 capture and storage with special impact on China .  T opical areas: Coal gasification facilitating polygeneration schemes combined with carbon capture and storage . Improved power cycles requiring a large-scale topping cycle based on gas turbines that operate on hydrogen-rich fuels (still to be developed for their intended purpose). Identification of reliable storage of CO 2 in China , via capture, pre-treatment, transport, and injection of CO 2 into geological structures with - optionally - enhanced oil/gas and coal-bed methane recovery stages (EOR/EGR/ECMB). Societal anchorage , including legal, regulatory, funding and economic aspects, and public issues. [1] Options for electric power and hydrogen production as well as production of synthetic fuels with provisions for heat integration with surrounding industries. Courtesy TPRI

12. GreenGen Stage II (2010-2012) Targeting: R&D for key technologies; improving the IGCC concept IGCC polygeneration improvements (electricity, heat, syngas) 1x3500 tpd or 2x2000tpd gasification schemes with proved economic and technical viability H 2 production Separation techniques for the isolation of H 2 and CO 2 Fuel-cell based co-generation of electricity Preparing the GreenGen demonstration (2013-2015) GreenGen Stage I (2006-2009) Targeting: IGCC plant Gasification 2000tpd 250 MW IGCC polygeneration (electricity, heat, syngas) Establisment of GreenGen Laboratory

13. Polygeneration studies Emphasis on yield and fuel penalty – Pre-combustion capture

14. East China sedimentary basins (Courtesy GeoCapacity) Bohai Basin and Shandong Provins Source: Point sources refer to IEAGHG 2006, Oil fields refer to Geocarto International Centre 1988. GIS information is made available by BGS

15. Norwegian experience: The Sleipner saline aquifer CO 2 storage project – operating since 1996 – storing 1 Mtpa CO 2 The offshore storage principle: Sleipner (Courtesy Statoil) (Courtesy Statoil) (Courtesy Statoil)

16. Concluding remarks The energy situation in India is a matter of growing concern especially in terms of security of energy supply , which may bring India into advanced coal-gasification technology to co-produce electricity and synthetic fuels  polygeneration. Whereas the relative importance of greenhouse gas emissions is rather high in Europe, India is evenly concerned because of severe impacts of global warming. In addition India is (probably) more concerned about cost and the continued use of domestic coal reserves . As the isolation of CO 2 constitutes an inherent feature in polygeneration , capture is a logical step to pursue. CCS offers the option of extending the fossil era , and to justify the harnessing of carbonaceous fuels and indigenous coal as a compatible option within a sustainable framework .

17. Acknowledgements The European Commission for sponsoring the COACH project (EC/FP6 Contract #038966, Cooperation Action within CCS China-EU) backed by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Peoples’ Republic of China