Policy dualism refers to conflicting parallel strategies used to direct an economic sector. In Kenya, policy dualism has led to contradictory regulations in the agricultural sector. While private sector participation in agriculture has increased, many small-scale farmers still lack the inputs, credit, irrigation, and technical support needed to produce sufficient food. Agricultural machinery in particular is expensive and inaccessible to most smallholders. For food security to be ensured, protectionist policies that support small-scale farmers through subsidized inputs and machinery sharing schemes run by cooperatives or the government need to be amplified. A policy of dualism in agriculture that both encourages private sector growth but also increases state support for smallholders through interventions may be needed to assure long-term food price