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- 1. Physical Development andHealth Module 7.1 Physical Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physical Changes and Challenges (1 of 4) LO 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face. Physical changes Most development and maturation are complete Most people are at the peak of physical capabilities Senescence (natural physical decline brought on my aging) has begun, but nothing noticeable now Gray brain matter is pruned and myelination increases These changes support cognitive development Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physical Changes and Challenges (2 of 4) LO 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face. The Senses: Subtle Shifts Senses are as sharp as they will be While changes are occurring, they don’t impact current sensitivity Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 2. Physical Changes andChallenges (3 of 4) LO 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face. Motor Functioning Most professional athletes are at their peak during early adulthood Athletes are at peak until age 30 Psychomotor abilities are at their peak: Hand-eye coordination, muscle strength, reaction time Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physical Changes and Challenges (4 of 4) LO 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face. Physical Disabilities: Coping with Physical Challenge More than 50 million people in the United States are physically or mentally challenged Disability: Condition that substantially limits a major life activity (walking/vision) People with disabilities are undereducated and underemployed or unemployed Even with passing of Americans with Disabilities Act, there are still many barriers Prejudice can be a barrier as well Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fitness, Diet, and Health (1 of 5) LO 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood and identify other health hazards for
- 3. this age group. PhysicalFitness Recommended exercise: 30 minutes five times/week Advantages of regular exercise: Increases cardiovascular fitness Lung capacity increases Muscles become stronger Body becomes more flexible and maneuverable Reduces osteoporosis, thinning of bones, in later life Optimizes the immune response Decreases stress, anxiety, and depression Increases sense of control and feelings of accomplishment Increases longevity Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7.1: The Result of Fitness: Longevity The relationship between daily duration of physical activity and reduction in all-cause mortality. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Based on Wen, C.P. et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet, 378, 1244–1253 (2011). 7 Fitness, Diet, and Health (2 of 5) LO 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood and identify other health hazards for this age group. Good Nutrition: No Such Thing as a Free Lunch? U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends adults eat a low-fat
- 4. diet, including whole-grainfoods, vegetables, and fruits Milk and calcium prevent osteoporosis People should reduce salt intake Young adults must reduce calorie intake to maintain health Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fitness, Diet, and Health (3 of 5) LO 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood and identify other health hazards for this age group. Obesity: A Weighty Concern Obesity: Weight that is 20 percent or more above average weight for a given height More than one-third of adults are obese More than 1 in 20 are extremely obese Some recommend not dieting because failure rates are so high People should eat in moderation Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9 Figure 7-2: Obesity on the Rise Despite greater awareness of the importance of good nutrition, the percentage of adults with weight problems in the United States has risen dramatically over the past few decades. Why do you think this rise has occurred? Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 5. Source: National Healthand Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014. 10 Figure 7-3: First in Obesity Obesity is particularly prevalent in the United States. The world average weight for adults is 137 pounds; in the United States, the average is 180. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Walpole, 2012. 11 Fitness, Diet, and Health (4 of 5) LO 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood and identify other health hazards for this age group. Health Young adults are least susceptible to colds and illnesses Leading causes of death in young adults: Accidents AIDS Cancer Heart Disease Suicide Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fitness, Diet, and Health (5 of 5) LO 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general health in early adulthood and identify other health hazards for this age group.
- 6. Health Drug/alcohol abuse canhasten secondary aging Men are more apt to die from accidents than women are African Americans have twice the death rate of Caucasians Murder rates in the United States are significantly higher than other developed countries Most frequent cause of death in young Caucasian and African American males Second most frequent cause of death for Hispanics Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 13 Figure 7-4: Tracking Murder The murder rate (per 100,000 men) is far higher in the United States than in any other developed country. What features of U.S. society contribute to this higher rate? Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Based on UNODC, 2013. 14 Cultural Dimensions: How Cultural Beliefs Influence Health and Health Care Cultural beliefs reduce people’s use of physicians and medical care. To ensure everyone receives adequate health care, cultural beliefs have to be taken into account. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
- 7. Rights Reserved Stress andCoping: Dealing With Life’s Challenges Module 7.1 Physical Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stress and Coping: Dealing with Life’s Challenges Stress: The response to events that threaten or challenge an individual Our lives are filled with stressors Stressors can be both pleasant events and unpleasant events Field of psychoneuroimmunology studies relationship between the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors Stress produces several outcomes that impact health Long-term, continuous exposure to stressors results in a reduction of the body dealing with stress Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 17 The Origins and Consequences of Stress (1 of 2) LO 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences. Lazarus and Folkman: People move through stages that determine whether they will experience stress Primary appraisal: Assessment of event to determine if its positive, negative, or neutral Secondary appraisal: Assessment of one’s coping abilities and
- 8. whether they canovercome the threat Events and circumstances that produce negative emotions equal stress Events that are ambiguous and confusing produce stress Events that are uncontrollable or unpredictable produce stress People who must accomplish many tasks simultaneously are more likely to experience stress Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Origins and Consequences of Stress (2 of 2) LO 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences. Consequences of stress Headaches, backaches, skin rashes, indigestion, chronic fatigue, colds Immune system—organs, glands, and cells that are body’s line of defense against disease—is damaged by stress Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coping With Stress LO 7.4 Identify strategies for coping with stress. Coping: Effort to reduce or tolerate threats that lead to stress Problem-focused coping (change situation) Emotion-focused coping (regulate emotions) Social support helps Defensive coping (unconscious strategies distort or deny the situation) Emotional insulation (blocking emotions) Inappropriate coping may lead to drugs and alcohol Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
- 9. Rights Reserved Being anInformed Consumer of Development: Coping With Stress General guidelines for coping: Seek control over the situation. Redefine “threat” as “challenge.” Find social support. Use relaxation techniques. Maintain a healthy lifestyle. Keep in mind that life without stress would be dull. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cognitive Development and Intelligence Module 7.2 Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intellectual Growth and Postformal Thought (1 of 4) LO 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking. Piaget believed very few cognitive changes occur in young adulthood. Research indicates he was wrong. Postformal Thought Giesela Labouvie-Vief suggests that thinking changes qualitatively to transcend logic and include practical experience, moral judgments, and values Adults exhibit postformal thought (beyond Piaget’s formal operations) Postformal thought: Thinking that acknowledges that adult
- 10. predicaments must sometimesbe solved in relativistic terms Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intellectual Growth and Postformal Thought (2 of 4) LO 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking. Perry’s Approach to Postformal Thinking Perry examined the way students grew intellectually and morally during college Studied students at Harvard University Found that students entering college tend to use dualistic thinking: something is right or wrong As they are exposed to new views, students begin to hold multiple perspectives Students show relativistic thinking—different standards and values can all be equally valid Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intellectual Growth and Postformal Thought (3 of 4) LO 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking. Schaie’s Stages of Development Acquisitive stage Achieving stage Responsible stage Executive stage Reintegrative stage
- 11. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved • The ACQUISITIVE STAGE encompasses all of childhood and adolescence, and the main developmental task is to acquire information. • The ACHIEVING STAGE is the point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions. • The RESPONSIBLE STAGE is the stage where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers. • The EXECUTIVE STAGE is the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world. • The REINTEGRATIVE STAGE is the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning. 25 Figure 7-5: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Development Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Based on Schaie, 1977–1978. 26 Intellectual Growth and Postformal Thought (4 of 4) LO 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to
- 12. postformal thinking. Life Eventsand Cognitive Development Significant life events lead to cognitive change: Marriage Having a child Buying a house Allows young adults to deal effectively with complex social world Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? (1 of 3) LO 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence Componential intelligence Experiential intelligence Contextual intelligence Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved • Componential intelligence relates to the mental components involved in analyzing data and solving problems, especially problems involving rational behavior. • Experiential intelligence refers to the relationships among intelligence, people’s prior experience, and their ability to cope with new situations. • Contextual intelligence involves the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments. 28
- 13. Intelligence: What Mattersin Early Adulthood? (2 of 3) LO 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults. Practical and Emotional Intelligence Practical intelligence: Observation and modeling behavior Emotional intelligence: Assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions Allows us to get along well with others We can understand what others are feeling Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 29 Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? (3 of 3) LO 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults. Creativity: Novel Thought Creativity is combining responses or ideas in creative ways At its peak in early adulthood Creative people are willing to take risks Creative people endorse unfashionable ideas Not all people reach peak in early adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 30 Figure 7-6: Creativity and Age The period of maximum creativity differs depending on the particular field. The percentages refer to the total lifetime major
- 14. works produced duringthe particular age period. Why do poets peak earlier than novelists? Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Based on Dennis, 1966. 31 College: Pursuing Higher Education Module 7.2 Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Demographics of Higher Education: Who Attends College? (1 of 2) LO 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college students in the United States, and describe how that population is changing. Demographics College students primarily white and middle class Minority students are increasing Only 40 percent who start finish 4 years later Only 50 percent complete college with a degree Dropout rate for African Americans is about 60 percent College improves economic well-being: Just 3 percent of adults who have college education live below poverty line Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 33
- 15. Figure 7-7: CollegeEnrollment by Racial Group The proportion of nonwhites who attend college is far lower than the proportion of whites. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: U.S. Department of Education, 2015. 34 The Demographics of Higher Education: Who Attends College? (2 of 2) LO 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college students in the United States, and describe how that population is changing. The Gender Gap in College Attendance More women enrolled than men More women earning bachelor’s degrees Gap is bigger for African Americans Entry-level jobs more available for men Women’s academic records may appeal to colleges more The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? Some students focus on creating stable income first Maturation reform: Change in attitude to acquiring stability Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Effects of Gender Bias and Negative Stereotypes on College Performance (1 of 4)
- 16. LO 7.8 Discusshow gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color. Gender Bias Prejudice and discrimination toward women still part of college life Classes in education, social sciences have more women Classes in sciences have more men Attrition rates for women in the sciences twice as high than for men Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Effects of Gender Bias and Negative Stereotypes on College Performance (2 of 4) LO 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color. Gender Bias Gender differences reflect effects of stereotypes: Men more apt to view themselves above average on several topics related to academic success Teachers call on men more often and make more eye contact Males receive more extra help and positive reinforcement Benevolent sexism is as harmful as hostile sexism Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Effects of Gender Bias and Negative Stereotypes on College Performance (3 of 4) LO 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color. Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School
- 17. Steele proposed reasonboth women and African Americans perform less well in college is due to academic disidentification Disidentification: Lack of identification with the academic domain Women disidentify with math and science African Americans disidentify across academic domains In both cases negative societal stereotypes produce stereotype threat: Obstacles to performance that come from awareness of stereotypes Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Effects of Gender Bias and Negative Stereotypes on College Performance (4 of 4) LO 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color. College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life Sometimes adjustment to college is not easy First-year adjustment reaction: Cluster of psychological symptoms (loneliness, anxiety, depression) more common in highly successful high school students First-generation students also susceptible May pass, but may also become more serious Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development: When Do College Students Need Help With Their Problems? College students need help when: Distress lingers and interferes with their well-being They feel they are unable to cope
- 18. They feel hopelessor depressed for no apparent reason They are unable to form close relationships They have physical symptoms (headaches, stomach cramps, skin rashes) Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-8: College Problems The difficulties most frequently reported by college students visiting a campus counseling center. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Benton et al., 2003. 41 Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood Module 7.3 Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intimacy, Friendship, and Love (1 of 4) LO 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving. Seeking Intimacy: Erikson’s View of Young Adulthood Intimacy-versus-isolation stage: Period of postadolescence into the early 30s Intimacy comprises:
- 19. Degree of selflessness Jointpleasure Deep devotion (fuse identity) Difficulties lead to loneliness, isolation, and fear of relationships with others Erikson limited healthy intimacy to heterosexuals and focused on men Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intimacy, Friendship, and Love (2 of 4) LO 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving. Friendship Need for belongingness leads people to establish relationships with others Relationships are based on proximity and similarity Number of cross-race friendships dwindles throughout life span Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intimacy, Friendship, and Love (3 of 4) LO 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving. Friendship We choose friends based on personal qualities: Keep confidences Loyal Warm Affectionate Supportive Frank Good sense of humor
- 20. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Intimacy, Friendship, and Love (4 of 4) LO 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving. Falling in Love: When Liking Turns to Loving Most relationships follow regular progression: Interact for longer periods of time Seek out each other’s company Open up more and share physical intimacy Willing to share positive, negative, criticism and praise Agree on the goals they hold for the relationship Reactions to situations become more similar Psychological well-being tied to success of relationship See themselves as a couple Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved From Research to Practice: Emerging Adulthood: Not Quite There Yet! Emerging adulthood: Period between 18 and late 20s Marked by exploring identity, deciding what to become in the future, and focusing less on present Five features: Identity exploration Instability Self-focus Feeling in-between Optimism Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
- 21. Rights Reserved • Identityexploration: Entails learning to make important decisions about love, work and one’s core beliefs. • Instability: Changes in plans, goals or ideologies. • Self-focus: Comes between parental control and the obligations of child-raising and career. • Feeling in-between: sense of being no longer an adolescent but not yet an adult. • Optimism: Confidence in getting what they want out of life. 47 The Faces of Love (1 of 4) LO 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love. Love differs qualitatively from liking: Involves intense physical arousal Involves an all-encompassing interest in another person Involves recurrent fantasies about the other individual Involves rapid swings of emotion Includes elements of closeness, passion, and exclusivity Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Faces of Love (2 of 4) LO 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love. Passionate and Companionate Love: The Two Faces of Love Passionate Companionate Berscheid’s labeling theory of passionate love In many cultures, passionate, romantic love a foreign concept
- 22. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved • PASSIONATE (OR ROMANTIC) LOVE is a state of powerful absorption in someone. • COMPANIONATE LOVE is the strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved. According to Elaine Hatfield and Ellen Berscheid's LABELING THEORY OF PASSIONATE LOVE, individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together: intense physical arousal and situational cues that indicate that "love" is the appropriate label for the feelings being experienced. 49 The Faces of Love (3 of 4) LO 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The Three Faces of Love Three components of love: Intimacy Passion Decision/commitment Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved • The INTIMACY COMPONENT encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness. • The PASSION COMPONENT comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance. • The DECISION/COMMITMENT COMPONENT embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determination to maintain that love. 50
- 23. The Faces ofLove (4 of 4) LO 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The Three Faces of Love Eight unique combinations of love can be formed: Nonlove Liking Infatuated love Empty love Romantic love Companionate love Fatuous love Consummate love Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 51 Table 7-4: The Combinations of LoveComponentType of LoveIntimacyPassionDecision/CommitmentExampleNonloveAbs entAbsentAbsentThe way you might feel about the person who takes your ticket at the moviesLikingPresentAbsentAbsentGood friends who have lunch together at least once or twice a week.Infatuated LoveAbsentPresentAbsentA “fling” or short- term relationship based only on sexual attraction.Empty loveAbsent AbsentPresentAn arranged marriage or a couple who have decided to stay married for ”the sake of the children.”Romantic lovePresentPresentAbsentA couple who have been happily dating a few months, but have not made any plans for a future together.Companionate lovePresentAbsentPresentA couple who enjoy each other’s company and their relationship, although they no longer feel much sexual interest in each other.Fatuous
- 24. loveAbsentPresentPresentA couple whodecides to move in together after knowing each other for only 2 weeks.Consummate lovePresentPresentPresentA loving, sexually vibrant, long-term relationship. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right (1 of 5) LO 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture. Seeking a Spouse: Is Love the Only Thing That Matters? When asked, individuals from the United States, Japan, or Brazil said they would not marry without love; individuals from Pakistan and India said they would Characteristics differ across cultures: China: Men ranked good health most important; women rated emotional stability and maturity critical South Africa (Zulu): Men rated emotional stability first; women rated dependable character first Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 53 Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right (2 of 5) LO 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture.
- 25. Seeking a Spouse:Is Love the Only Thing That Matters? Commonalities across cultures Love and mutual attraction Dependability, emotional stability, pleasing disposition, intelligence Gender differences similar across cultures: Men prefer physically attractive partner Women prefer spouse who is ambitious and industrious Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right (3 of 5) LO 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture. Seeking a Spouse: Is Love the Only Thing That Matters? David Buss and colleagues’ theory: Humans seek certain characteristics in mates that will maximize availability of beneficial genes Critics argue that cultural similarities reflect gender stereotyping and have nothing to do with evolution Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right (4 of 5) LO 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by
- 26. gender and culture. FilteringModels: Sifting Out a Spouse People seeking mates screen candidates Filter for broad determinants of attractiveness Choice based on compatibility People often marry according to homogamy (similarities) Marriage gradient: Tendency for men to marry women slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status and vice versa African American women find it difficult to find spouse according to marriage gradient Men have larger pool to choose from Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-9: Filtering Potential Marriage Partners According to one approach, we screen potential mates through successively finer grained filters to settle on an appropriate spouse. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Based on Janda & Klenke-Hamel, 1980. 57 Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right (5 of 5) LO 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture. Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships: Do Adult Loving Styles Reflect Attachment in Infancy?
- 27. Phillip Shaver: Influenceof infants’ attachment styles affects nature of romantic relationships Secure attachment Avoidant attachment Anxious-avoidant attachment Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved • Adults with secure attachment readily enter into relationships and feel happy and confident about the future of the relationship (half of all adults). They provide more sensitive supportive care to their partner. • Adults who have avoidant attachment tend to be less invested in relationships, have higher break-up rates, and often feel lonely (one-quarter of all adults). • Adults who have anxious-avoidant attachment tend to become overly invested in relationships, have repeated break-ups with the same partner, and have relatively low self-esteem (20 percent of adults). They provide compulsive, intrusive assistance to their partners. 58 Cultural Dimensions: Gay and Lesbian Relationships: Men with Men and Women with Women Most gays and lesbians seek loving, long-term, meaningful relationships. These relationships are not different from those desired by heterosexuals. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
- 28. Rights Reserved Review: ForgingRelationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood (1 of 2) Young adults face Erikson’s intimacy-versus-isolation stage. Those able to resolve this conflict can form intimate relationships. Passionate love is characterized by intense physiological arousal, intimacy and caring. Companionate love is characterized by respect, admiration, and affection. Sternberg’s triangular theory identifies three basic components: intimacy, passion, decision/commitment. These basic components can be combined to form different types of of love. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Review: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood (2 of 2) Choosing a spouse involves love and mutual attraction. Men tend to rate physical attractiveness as important. Women rate ambition and industriousness highly. Evolutionary theories to account for this have been criticized. Cross-cultural gender preferences reflect similar patterns of gender stereotyping. Values assigned to relationships are similar between heterosexual couples and homosexual couples. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Check Yourself: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood (1 of 2) According to Erikson, adults spend their early adult years
- 29. __________. A) consolidating careers B)developing their identities C) being industrious D) developing relationships with others Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Answer: D 62 Check Yourself: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood (2 of 2) __________ love is the strong affection we have for those individuals with whom our lives are deeply involved. A) Passionate B) Consummate C) Intimate D) Companionate Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Answer: D 63 The Course of Relationships Module 7.3 Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
- 30. Rights Reserved Cohabitation, Marriage,and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (1 of 6) LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage. Cohabitation Last three decades show decline in number of married couples More couples living together without being married Some 7.5 million people are cohabitating Married couples make up minority of households Most young adults will cohabitate in their 20s Cohabitation may be “practice” for marriage Chances of divorce are higher for cohabitants Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-10: Cohabitation The number of couples living together before marriage increased by 41 percent from the year 2000 to 2010. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010. 66 Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (2 of 6) LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage.
- 31. Marriage Preferred alternative forearly adulthood The “right” thing to do Spouse provides security and financial well-being Spouse fills a sexual role Spouse can provide a sounding board and act as a partner for activities Marriage offers only totally acceptable way to have children Marriage offers legal benefits and protections Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (3 of 6) LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage. Marriage Statistics Fewer U.S. citizens are married than since the 1890s Attributable to higher divorce rates People are marrying later in life (28.7 average for men 26.5 for women) 90 percent of people eventually wed Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-11: Postponing Marriage The age at which women and men first marry is the highest since national statistics were first collected in the late 1800s. What factors account for this? Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
- 32. Rights Reserved Source: U.S.Bureau of the Census, 2011. 69 Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (4 of 6) LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage. What Makes Marriage Work? Characteristics of successful marriages: Partners show affection Partners communicate the positive Partners see themselves as part of interdependent couple They experience social homogamy, have similar interests, and agree on role distribution Only about half of all marriages remain intact Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (5 of 6) LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage. Early Marital Conflict Nearly half of newly married couples experience significant marital conflict Difficulty transitioning from being children to adults Difficulty developing an identity apart from spouse Struggle to find time with spouse However, for many, newlywed period is the happiest time of entire married life
- 33. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-12: Divorce Around the World Countries around the world have substantial divorce rates, although in some places the rate is declining. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Adapted from Population Council Report, 2008. 72 Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (6 of 6) LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a successful marriage. Staying Single: I Want to Be Alone Singlehood has increased over the last several decades 20 percent of women and 30 percent of men live single Reasons: Negative view of marriage Marriage is too restrictive Do not encounter someone with whom they wish to spend their lives Value independence, autonomy, and freedom Pitfalls of staying single: stigmatization for women, lack of companionship and sexual outlets, and concern for the financial future Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 34. Parenthood: Choosing toHave Children (1 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. What makes a couple decide to have children? Reason against: Economics U.S. government estimates it takes $235,000 to support a child until he or she is 18 Add cost of college: $300,000 Add cost of childcare, total estimate doubles Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (2 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. What makes a couple decide to have children? Reasons for: Pleasure watching them grow Fulfillment from children’s accomplishments Satisfaction from seeing them become successful Enjoyment of forging a close bond Having someone to take care of them in their old age Having someone to maintain the family business Companionship A strong societal norm: More than 90 percent of married couples have a child Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 35. Parenthood: Choosing toHave Children (3 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. Unwanted pregnancies mostly occur in younger, poorer, less- educated couples Some couples make decision independent of marriage 59 percent of women are married when they have children More than half of births to women under the age of 30 occur outside of marriage Young adult women with college degree choose to be married before children Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (4 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. Family Size Contraception has resulted in dramatic decrease in family size 1930s: 70 percent of Americans wanted 3 or more children 1990s: Shrunk to 40 percent Today, most have two children Actual birth rates 1957: 3.7 children was average Today: Rate is 2.1 (lower than replacement level) Some underdeveloped countries: Rate is 6.3 (Afghanistan and Zambia)
- 36. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-13: Smaller Is Better Continuing trends over the last 75 years, U.S. parents continue to prefer families with fewer children. What do you think is the ideal number of children for a family to have? Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: Saad, L. (2011, June 30). Americans’ preference for smaller families edges higher. Princeton, NJ: Gallup Poll. Copyright (©) 2011 Gallup Inc. All rights reserved. The content is used with permission, however, Gallup retains all rights of republication. 78 Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (5 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. Family Size Reasons for decline in birth rates: More women using contraceptives More women working Women delaying having children until their 30s High cost of raising children
- 37. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (6 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. Dual-earner Couples 75 percent of married women work outside home Workload of paid and unpaid work nearly identical Husbands do chores that can be planned in advance Wives do more of immediate needs Wives experience more stress and anxiety Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 7-14: Division of Labor Although husbands and wives generally work at their paying jobs a similar number of hours each week, wives are apt to spend more time than their husbands doing home chores and in child-care activities. Why do you think this pattern exists? Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012. 81 Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (7 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage.
- 38. The Transition toParenthood: Two’s a couple, Three’s a Crowd? Both positive and negative changes occur after child Dramatic shifts in roles for spouses John Gottman: Marital satisfaction can stay steady and perhaps rise with birth of a child Three factors help couples weather the stress: Working to build fondness and affection for each other Remaining aware of events in each other’s life and honoring those Considering problems as controllable and solvable Coparenting works well Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (8 of 8) LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision to have children, and summarize the impact children have on marriage. Gay and Lesbian Parents 20 percent of gay men and lesbian women are parents Pre-child homosexual couples divide housework equally After the child, one person takes over childcare and the other works outside the home Research shows children raised in homosexual homes show no differences in adjustment compared to those raised in heterosexual homes Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Work: Choosing and Embarking on a Career Module 7.3 Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood
- 39. Copyright © 2018,2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Role of Work (1 of 3) LO 7.14 Explain Vaillant’s stage of career consolidation, and identify the motivations people have for seeking a job other than money. Identity During Young Adulthood George Vaillant proposed stage of development called “career consolidation” Occurs during ages of 20 to 40 Career concerns supplant focus on intimacy Critics argue that Vaillant’s sample was elite men from the 1930s and not generalizable Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Role of Work (2 of 3) LO 7.14 Explain Vaillant’s stage of career consolidation, and identify the motivations people have for seeking a job other than money. Why Do People Work? More Than Earning a Living Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic: Tangible rewards Intrinsic: Own enjoyment, personal rewards Puritan work ethic: Work is important in and of itself. Work also: Contributes to sense of personal identity May be central to social life Determines status Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 40. The Role ofWork (3 of 3) LO 7.14 Explain Vaillant’s stage of career consolidation, and identify the motivations people have for seeking a job other than money. Why Do People Work? More Than Earning a Living Satisfaction on the Job Satisfaction depends on: Status Nature of the job itself Variety Job satisfaction increases when workers have input into the nature of their jobs Supervisors have more influence and hence more job satisfaction Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 87 Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work (1 of 4) LO 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s personality type theory, and how gender affects work choices. Ginzberg’s Career Choice Theory Stages of choosing a career Fantasy period Tentative period Realistic period Critics argue it is too simplistic and may overstate choices available to people in lower socioeconomic levels Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 41. • The firststage is the FANTASY PERIOD, which lasts until age 11 and is the period when career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities. • During the TENTATIVE PERIOD, which spans adolescence, people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them. • Finally, in early adulthood, people enter the REALISTIC PERIOD, during which people explore specific career options. 88 Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work (2 of 4) LO 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s personality type theory, and how gender affects work choices. Holland’s Personality Type Theory Personality types match certain careers: Realistic Intellectual Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic Critics say not everyone fits neatly into a particular personality type Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved • Realistic. These people are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, and physically strong, but their social skills are mediocre. They make good farmers, laborers, and truck drivers. • Intellectual. Intellectual types are oriented toward the theoretical and abstract. Although not particularly good with people, they are well suited to careers in math and science.
- 42. • Social. Thetraits associated with the social personality type are related to verbal skills and interpersonal relations. Social types are good at working with people, and consequently make good salespersons, teachers, and counselors. • Conventional. Conventional individuals prefer highly structured tasks. They make good clerks, secretaries, and bank tellers. • Enterprising. These individuals are risk-takers and take-charge types. They are good leaders and may be particularly effective as managers or politicians. • Artistic. Artistic types use art to express themselves, and they often prefer the world of art to interactions with people. They are best suited to occupations involving art. 89 Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work (3 of 4) LO 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s personality type theory, and how gender affects work choices. Gender and Career Choices: Women’s Work Illegal to advertise only to men or women Until 1960s, jobs were advertised in two sections, targeting men or women. Women were considered most appropriate for communal professions, occupations associated with relationships Men were perceived as best suited for agentic professions, occupations associated with getting things accomplished Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 90 Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work (4 of 4) LO 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s
- 43. personality type theory,and how gender affects work choices. Women underrepresented in male-dominated professions like engineering and computer programming Women earn less than men in many jobs Between 1950 and 2003, women in the labor force increased from 35 percent to more than 60 percent Women make up 55 percent of labor force Women and minorities in high-status, visible professional roles hit glass ceiling Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 91 Figure 7-15: The Gender-Wage Gap Women’s weekly earning as a percentage of men’s have increased since 1979 but are still only a bit more than 79 percent and have remained steady over the past three years. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014. 92 Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development: Choosing a Career Guidelines for choosing a career: Systematically evaluate your choices. Know yourself. Create a “balance sheet” listing pros and cons. “Try out” different careers through paid or unpaid internships. Remember that there are no permanent mistakes.
- 44. It is reasonableto expect that shifting values, interests, abilities, and life circumstances might make a different career more appropriate later in life than the one chosen during early adulthood. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 93