Photonic Crystal

1. Photonic Crystal
Presented By
Dr.Biswaranjan Barik
Electronic & Communication Engineering
Andhra University
TDR-HUB-2023S374
Under Guidance Of
Dr.P.V.Dileep Bhumireddy
Assistant Professor, ECE
GVPCEW, Visakhapatnam
TDR-HUB-2023G218

2. Research Topics
•Impact Of Materials On Bandgap Structure Of Photonic Crystal
•High-Performance MIMO Antenna Design for Next-Generation
Wireless Applications
•Highly Sensitive Dual-Core PCF Based Plasmonic Refractive
Index Sensor For Low Refractive Index Detection

3. Impact Of Materials On Bandgap Structure Of Photonic Crystal
Abstract: In this project we have designed and simulated a 2D Photonic Crystal using COMSOL
Multiphysics. Air and Glass(quartz) material of refractive index 1 and 4.2 have chosen to differentiate between
constructive and destructive interference. From the result output we have seen that when light is transmitting
from low to high refractive index medium constructive interference or bandgap is formed whereas when light is
transmitting from high to low refractive index medium destructive interference occurred.

4. • Introduction
• Electromagnetic waves are the most important conveyer of energy. These waves carry data and information of the world.
Humans can perceive these data and communicate to surroundings with these waves. Color is the most important information
carried by electromagnetic waves related to its energy. Human brains can disassociate different colors by certain wavelength of
EM waves which is reflected from an external object. We see objects in different colors because each object reflects certain
wavelength while absorbing all other wavelength, this distinct reflection is known as “Pigmentation”.
• Whereas some of the objects and animals having different color structure but this is not due to Pigmentation but this is due to
their complex structure. There are certain materials which show different colors due to their structure which can selectively
reflect certain band of wavelength , such materials are known as “Photonic Crystal”. These materials reflected light due to
various reasons but variation of Refractive Index and Thickness of material are the two most important criteria for their
reflection.

5. Types of Photonic Crystal:
One Dimensional:
In one-dimensional photonic crystal, periodic modulation occurs in one direction and are used in antireflection coating of lenses to
improve the quality of vision.
Two Dimensional :Two-dimensional photonic crystal structure are periodic in two dimension and homogenous in third.
The basic structure of two dimensional photonic crystals show total internal reflection in hollow core in order to propagate light
which is normally not available in fibre optics, ex: dielectric rod in an air host.
Three Dimensional :Three-dimensional photonic crystals having periodic modulation along three different axis and are
able to reflect light in any direction behaving like omni directional light reflection hence are used to guide light in air region in 3D
circuit. The application of photonic bandgap crystals is that it can conduct hundreds of wavelength channels of information in a
three dimensional circuit path

6. Application
• The application of photonic bandgap crystals is that it can conduct hundreds of wavelength
channels of information in a three dimensional circuit path.
• There is need for multipurpose photonic integrated circuit analogous to electronic integrated
circuit to work at micrometre wavelength scale(1-10μm) because light has many advantages
over electricity; for instance it can travel in dielectric materials at much greater speeds and can
carry large amount of information per second. The bandwidth of dielectric material provides
space for large amount of information as compared to few kilohertz used in telephone channels.
• Photonic bandgap structures have very week non-linearity which is used to reduce duration of
optical pulses or to provide ultrashort pulses with high optical power.
• Because of optical interference in their microstructure, the Photonic Bandgap Structure are
colourful under ambient illumination. However, no colorants or dyes are used in preparation of
such fibres and therefore these fibres are not susceptible to colour fading. Moreover, due to
photonic band gap effect, the light in the lower reflective index core uniformly emit a portion of
guided colour without any requirement of mechanical perturbations. Therefore, these fibres are
mechanically superior to the other light emitting fibres.

7. • By varying the number of layers in the Bragg reflector, the intensity of side emission can
be controlled. On the other hand, the overall colour of Bragg fibre can be varied by
controlling the relative intensities of ambient light and guided light, which enable passive
colour change in textiles. Furthermore, with stretching of PBG Bragg fibres, the reflected
colours also change proportionally to the extent of stretching.
• Three dimensional photonic crystals are used in optical computers for ultra-high-speed
operation and storage.
• Even though photonic crystals are having numerous advantages and used in various
applications the prime disadvantage is photonic bandgap crystals are difficult to produce
due to their tight fabrication tolerances and have limited bandwidth and often exhibit high
propagation losses.

8. Physics of PBG and Design Consideration
In Photonic Bandgap total internal reflection could not work whereas it allows light guiding on other physical principles. Photonic
bandgap formation can be understood by using two distinct resonance scattering mechanism techniques. when one half of the
optical wavelength fit into the wavelength of square well potential structure then maximum transmission occurs and least light is
reflected, this condition is known as “macroscopic” Bragg resonance. where as if one quarter of optical wavelength fit into the
wavelength of square well potential structure then maximum light reflection occurs and minimum transmission takes place this is
known as microscopic scattering resonance.

9. RESULT & DISCUSSION

11. Conclusion
• A 2D Photonic Crystal with Band-Gap structure has been designed using COMSOL Multiphysics by using Air and
Glass(quartz) material of refractive index 1 and 4.2 . From the result output we have seen that when light is transmitting
from low to high refractive index medium constructive interference or color structure or bandgap is formed whereas
destructive interference or no color or no bandgap is formed when light is transmitting from high to low refractive index
medium. This paper ends with some application of Photonic Crystal Band-gap structure and its disadvantages.

12. Introduction
• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology is a
pivotal advancement in wireless communication,
particularly in enhancing data throughput and reliability.
• MIMO antennas utilize multiple transmission and
receiving antennas to improve communication
performance without requiring additional spectrum
resources.
• MIMO technology is essential for modern applications
such as 5G networks, Internet of Things (IoT), and other
high-speed data services.

13. Motivation/ Need
• MIMO antennas are versatile and can be applied
across various wireless technologies, including
WLAN, WiMAX, LTE, and 5G networks.
• The motivation to design MIMO antennas stems from
the need for enhanced data rates, low latency, compact
designs suitable for modern devices, versatility in
applications
• The need for low latency in data transmission has
become paramount. MIMO antennas facilitate faster
data transmission by exploiting spatial diversity,
which reduces delays in communication.

14. Problem Statement
• Primary challenges in MIMO antenna design is mutual
coupling between closely spaced antenna elements.
• miniaturized MIMO antennas that can fit within
limited spaces without compromising performance.
• Achieving sufficient isolation between antenna
elements is crucial for effective MIMO operation.
• The telecommunications industry transitions to 5G
and anticipates 6G technologies, there is an urgent
need to address the unique requirements posed by
these new standards, including higher frequencies and
increased data rates

15. Objective
• The main objective of High Performance MIMO Antenna design is to
increase Data throughput and Capacity.
• To improve channel capacity which enables more users to connect
without degradation of service quality.
• The design objectives for high-performance MIMO antennas focus on
maximizing data throughput, enhancing signal reliability, ensuring
wideband operation, and maintaining compactness

16. Literature Review
Authors Methodology Key Findings Gaps/Limitations
V Rekha et al.
(2019)
Investigated
various isolation
techniques in
MIMO antennas
Introduced a
compact 28 GHz
4-port MIMO
antenna design
with improved
isolation methods.
Focuses on high-
frequency
applications,
potentially
limiting broader
applicability.
A. Desai et al.
(2022)
MIMO antenna –
mm Wave
Achieved
wideband
characteristics
Performance
metrics may vary
in real-world
applications
B. Yuam.(2022) Developed UWB
meander-line
EBG structure for
mutual coupling
reduction
UWB frequency
range (3.1–10.6
GHz).
Results may not
be generalizable
to all MIMO
configurations

17. Proposed Methodology
• A coplanar waveguide feeding technique is
introduced into the design.
• Orthogonal Arrangement: Positioning antenna
elements orthogonally can significantly enhance
isolation levels.
• Incorporating DGS in the ground plane helps to
improve gain while reducing mutual coupling.
• Stubs and Slots: Adding stubs and slots strategically
can enhance isolation without compromising
bandwidth

18. Single Element Antenna Design

19. Proposed 4*4 MIMO Antenna

20. Results
• The reflection coefficient parameter S11 is measured and it is less than
-44 dB at the desired frequency level.

21. Envelope Correlation Coefficient
• The ECC value of the antenna needs to have a meagre value nearly
equal to zero for better performance. The measured ECC value for the
proposed antenna is less than 0.002.

22. Diversity Gain
• Higher diversity gain improves multiple input multiple
output(MIMO) performance. The simulated diversity
gain output is represented in decibels.

23. Mean Effective Gain
• Mean effective gain is one of the most important
Parameters, when the characterization of an antenna in
ultra-wideband communication is concerned.
• The accepted range of mean effective gain in decibels
is from -3 dB to -12 dB.

24. Highly Sensitive Dual-Core PCF Based Plasmonic
Refractive Index Sensor For Low Refractive Index
Detection
Plasmonics or nanoplasmonics refers to the generation, detection, and manipulation of signals at
optical frequencies along metal-dielectric interfaces in the nanometer scale.

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27. Thank You
All
For your Kind Presence