The document outlines four educational philosophies - Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Deconstructionism. Perennialism aims to educate the rational person through cultivating the intellect with classical subjects. Essentialism focuses on intellectual growth and competence through essential skills and subjects. Progressivism promotes democratic and social living through knowledge leading to lifelong learning. Deconstructionism aims to improve and reconstruct society through education for change with teachers acting as agents of reform.

4. Perennialism Essentialism Progressivism Deconstructionism
Aim of
Education
To educate
the rational
person ; To
cultivate the
intellect
To promote
the
intellectual
growth of
the
individual
and educate
a
competent
person
To promote
democratic
and social
living
To improve and
reconstruct society
education for
change
Role of
Education
Teachers help
students
think with
reason
The teacher
is the sole
authority in
his or her
subject area
or field of
specializa-
tion
Knowledge
leads to
growth and
development
of lifelong
learners who
actively learn
by doing
Teachers act as
agents of change
and reform in
various educational
projects including
research.

5. Perennialism Essentialism Progressivism Deconstructionism
Focus in the
curriculum
Classical
subjects,
literary
analysis and
curriculum is
constant
Essentials skills
of the 3R’s and
essential
subjects of
English,
Science,
History, Math,
and Foreign
Language
Subjects are
interdiscipli-
nary,
integrative and
interactive.
Curriculum is
focused on
students
interest,
human
problems and
affairs
Focus on present
and future trends
and issues of
national and
international
interests
Curriculum
Trends
Use of great
books and
return to
abundant arts
Excellence in
education,
back to basics
and cultural
literacy
School
reforms,
relevant and
contextualized
Curriculum,
humanistic
education
Equality of
educational
opportunities in
education, access
to global
education.