1. Perception involves extracting information from sensations to be aware of objects, events, and relationships. 2. It is influenced by principles like figure-ground relationships and grouping based on proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and symmetry. 3. Perception depends on sensory organs, psychological factors like memory and interests, and environmental factors.

1. PERCEPTION

5. ⦿Perception is the experience of objects,
events or relationships obtained by
extracting information from and interpreting
sensations.
(JH Jackson, O Desiderato and DB Howieson—
1976)

6. Perception is an individual's awareness aspect
of behaviour, for it is the way each person
processes the raw data he receives from the
environment, into meaningful patterns.
(RE Silverman—1976)

7. ⦿Principle of Figure-ground Relationship
⦿Principle of Grouping
◾ Principle of proximity
◾ Principle of similarity
◾ Principle of continuity
◾ Principle of closure
◾ Principle of symmetry
⦿Principle of context
⦿Principle of contrast
⦿Principle of adaptability

8. ⦿A figure is perceived in relationship to its
background.
⦿The perception of the object or figure in
terms of colour, size, shape and intensity,
etc. depends upon the figure-ground
relationship.
⦿We perceive a figure against a background or
background against a figure depending upon
the characteristics of the perceiver as well as
the relative strength of the figure or ground.
1. Principle of Figure-ground Relationship

9. ⦿A proper figure-
ground
relationship is
quite important
from the angle of
perception of the
figure or the
ground.
⦿In case, where
such relationship
does not exist we
may witness
ambiguity in terms
of clear
perception.

10. ⦿According to
gestalt principle
objects can be
perceived
meaningfully when
they are grouped
together.
Symmetry
Closure
Continuity
Similarity
Proximity
2. Principle of Grouping

11. ⦿Proximity means nearness
⦿The objects which are nearer to each other
can be perceived meaningfully by grouping
them.
LAW OF PROXIMITY

12. ⦿There is a tendency to perceive objects of a
similar size and shape or colour as a unit or
figure.
LAW OF SIMILARITY

13. ⦿Any stimulus which extends in the same
direction or shape will be perceived as a whole
⦿Our attention is being held more by a
continuous pattern rather than discontinuous
ones.
lAW OF CONTINUITY

14. ⦿While confronting
an incomplete
pattern one tends
to complete or
close the pattern
or fill in sensory
gaps and perceive
it as a meaningful
whole
LAWOF CLOSURE

15. ⦿Objects having symmetrical shape are
perceived as groups
LAWOF SYMMETRY

16. ⦿Perceptual organization is also
governed by the principle of
context.
⦿Eg. An examiner may award higher
marks to the same answer book in a
pleasant context than in an
unpleasant one.
3. PRINCIPLE OF CONTEXT

17. ⦿Perceptual organization is very much
affected through contrast effects as the
stimuli may draw our maximum attention
and carry different perceptual affects.
4. PRINCIPLE OF CONTRAST

18. ⦿The perceptual organization for some
stimuli depends upon the adaptability of
the perceiver to perceive similar stimuli.
⦿An individual who adapts himself to work
before an intense bright light will
perceive normal sunlight as quite dim.
5. PRINCIPLEOF ADAPTABILITY

19. PROCESS of PERCEPTION

20. •Physical factors
•Psychologicalfactors
•Environmentalfactors

22. ⦿Perception depends upon the sense organs
or receptors on which the stimuli act and
sensory neurons which transmit the nerve
current from the receptors to the sensory
area of the brain.

23. ⦿Perception
depends upon
the functioning
capacity of
both the
sensory and
association
areas of the
brain.

24. ⦿Memory images help us in the comprehension of the
object or stimulus before us.
⦿perception involves the integration of sensory
experience and present psychological conditions.

26. ⦿Our acquired interests also
determine the object or objects
which we perceive.
⦿A person who has a hobby of
collecting stamps will quickly notice
any new stamp on a letter

27. ⦿Our needs or desires
also modify our
perceptions.
⦿Besides these our
beliefs, opinions and
cultural ideals also
modify our perception
of things, situations
and objects.

28. Illusion
Hallucination

30. 1. Illusion of size: This type of illusion
provides false perception of the size of
the objects.
⦿A larger background always makes the
objects look smaller in comparison to a
smaller background, where they will be
perceived as larger.

31. ⦿For example, in Ebbinghaus illusion, two
circles of the same size are perceived to be
of different sizes because of the size of the
surrounding objects

32. ⦿2. Illusion of length: In Muller-Lyer Illusion,
the line segments of the same size appear to
be of different lengths based on the shapes
that are placed at the ends.

33. ⦿Horizontal vertical illusion: In this, there are
two straight lines, one horizontal and the
other vertical. Both are equal in length, but
invariably the vertical one is perceived to be
longer than the other.
⦿All these examples are optical illusions.
Illusions arise either
because of the ambiguous
qualities of what is
perceived or the state
of the perceiving person
or both.

34. ⦿Anaesthesia: it means a loss or absence
of sensitivity. It implies complete inability
to respond to sensory stimuli
⦿Hyperanesthesia: excessive response to
stimuli.
⦿Paresthesia: a person experiences false
sensations.

35. ⦿Defective functioning of sense organs
⦿Inadequate stimulus
⦿T
oo many stimulus at one time
⦿Poor health
⦿Limited attention
⦿Figure merges in the ground
⦿Guidance