This document provides an introduction to pea (Pisum sativum L.), including its origin, distribution, description, botany, uses, and breeding. It notes that pea originated in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now widely cultivated globally. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable and for dehydration, canning, and freezing. The document describes pea plant morphology and inheritance patterns. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. Breeding methods including selection and hybridization are discussed. Popular varieties developed in India are mentioned.

2. INTRODUCTION
 Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a commonly grown
leguminous vegetable in the world.
 It can be grown also in mild climate of
the tropics.
 In india pea is a extensively cultivated in
Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.
 The important producers of pea in the world
are USA , China , France , U.K., Holland ,
Russia , Egypt and Australia.
 Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable.
 Pea is a also used for dehydration(sun dried) canning and freezing.
 Scientific name: Pisum sativum L
 Common names: Matar (Hindi, Nepali) Pea; split pea, garden pea, seed
pea, shelling pea, combining pea, field pea, dry pea,
vining pea (English)vatana (Gujarati)
Family name: Fabaceae

3.  ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• The origin and progenitors of Pisum sativum are not well known.
• The Mediterranean region, western and central Asia and Ethiopia
have been indicated as centers of origin.
• Recently the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
designated Ethiopia and western Asia as centers of diversity, with
secondary centers in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region.
• Archaeological evidence of the use of peas dating from 8000 BC
has been found in the Fertile Crescent.
• The first cultivation of peas appears to have been in western Asia,
from where it spread to Europe, China and India.
• In classical times, Greek and Roman authors mentioned its
cultivation as a pulse and fodder crop.

4.  TEXONOMY
• Kingdom - Plantae
• Subkingdom - Tracheobionta
• Superdivision - Spermatophyta
• Division - Magnoliophyta
• Class – Magnoliopsida
• Subclass - Rosidae
• Order – Fabales
• Family - Fabaceaea
• Genus - Pisum L.
• species - Pisum sativum L.

5.  Cytology
• All Pisium species have 2n = 14 chromosomes.
• The karyotype studies showed that chromosomes 1 and 2
are the largest and submetacentric and the latter has a large
satellite.
• The chromosomes 3 and 4 are submetacenric and
chromosome 3 has a small satellite.
• The chromosomes 5 and 7 are almost metacentric while
chromosome 6 has a small satellite.
• Both physical and chemical mutagens were used to induce
several chromosomal aberrations , mostly reciprocal
translocations.
• Induced tetraploids were developed by colchicine treatment
of seed and seedlings.
• The induced autotetraploids had low fertility but with
increased seed protein content (11.1-21.7 per cent).
• However autotetraploids were not useful for cultivation.

6.  DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT
• P. sativum is an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a cool-season
crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to
early summer, depending on location.
• The pea is a green, pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool-season
vegetable crop.
• There are generally three types of peas that are commonly eaten: garden or green
peas (Pisum sativum L.), snow peas (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon) and snap
peas (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon ser. cv.)
• Garden peas have rounded pods that are usually slightly curved in shape with a
smooth texture and vibrant green colour. Inside of them are green, rounded pea
seeds that are sweet and starchy in taste.
• Snow peas are flatter than garden peas and are not fully opaque. Snap peas, a
cross between the garden and snow pea, have plump pods with a crisp, snappy
texture.
• The pods of both snow peas and snap peas are edible, and both feature a slightly
sweeter and cooler taste than the garden pea.

7.  Botany
• Pea is an annual herbaceous plant
or leguminous crop.
 Roots
• Plants have a taproot system with
nodules on the surface.
 Stem
• Stems are hollow, slender, succulent
and ridged.
 Leaves
• It bears pinnately compound leaves with three pairs of leaflets and
the terminal one is modified into a branched tendril. At the base
of the petiole, a large pair of stipules or bracts is found, and they
cover the petioles in such a way that the leaves appear to be
sessile.

8. Flower
• Flowering usually begins
40 to 50 days after planting.
• Flowering is normally two
to four weeks, depending on
the flowering habit and
weather during flowering.
• The flowers are arranged in the
form of an axillary raceme.
• The flowers may be reddish,
purple or white.
• They are self-pollinated and develop into 5 cm to 9 cm long,
inflated or cylindrical pods containing five to 11 seeds inside
them.

9. • Calyx: Calyx is the lowermost green tubular part of the flower. It
consists of five slightly unequal lobes called sepals.
• It protects the other whorls in the bud stage from possible external
injuries.
• Corolla: It consist of five petals of different shapes and sizes. The
outermost petal is the largest and spreading and is known as
standard or vexillum which covers the other petals in the bud
stage.
• The next two lateral petals look like wings. Hence they are called
wings or alae. The two innermost ones unit loosely along their
ventral margins to form a boat-like structure and are known as
keel or carina.
• The attractive color and sweet scent of the corolla attract insects
for pollination.

10. • Androecium: The third whorl of pea flower
is called androecium or male whorl.
• It consists of ten stamens, of which nine are
arranged in a bundle and one is free.
• A stamen has two parts – filament and anther.
• The filament is a long stalk which is
capped by a sac-like structure called anther.
The anther carries pollen grains within it.
• Gynoecium: The fourth whorl is gynoecium or female whorl,
which is located at the center of the flower.
• It consists of three parts viz. ovary, style and stigma. The flattened,
broad basal portion is known as ovary which continues into a short
stalk known as style.
• The style ends into a sticky, feathery body called stigma. The ovary
is transformed into a fruit.

11. Seeds
• Seeds are globose or angled, smooth or wrinkled,
whitish, grey, green, or brownish; 100 seeds can
weigh from 10 to 36 g.

12.  Nutritive value
• It is a rich source of protein(25%), amino acids, sugars
(12%), carbohydrate, vitamins A and C, calcium and
phosphorus, apart from having a small quantity of iron.
Peas being very rich in proteins are valuable for
vegetable purposes.

13. Inheritance of qualitative characters
Plant height
Branching
Gene Character
cry Influences internode length and plant height along with
la and le
la Internode length and plant height along with cry and le
le Internode length and plant height along with cry and la
Gene Character
fr With fru determines number of basal branches
fru With fr determines number of basal branches
ram Increases number of branches

14. Leaves and stipules
Wax(Bloom)
Gene Character
af Leaflets converted into tendrils
lat Double leaflet and stipule area
tac Tendrils present on acacia leaves
tl Leaves with extra leaflets and no tendrils
Gene Character
wa Without wax on pods , upper and lower stipule surface
and underside of leaflets
wb Pods without wax ,little wax on rest of plant
wel Wax absent from all parts of the plant

15. Colour
Inflorescence , Number of flowers
Gene Character
a Absence of anthocyanin : dominant allele for
anthocyanin production in plant,flower and seed
Ch-l Plant light yellowish green
d Green leaf axil : D dependent on A for manifestation
of colour
pa Dark green immature seed and foliage
vm Effect to similar to pa
Gene Characters
fn With fna determines number of flower on the
inflorescence :greatly influenced by environment
fna With fn determines number of flowers on the
inflorescence,greatly influenced by environment

16. Pods
Gene Character
it Increases pod with 25 per cent
Bt Apex of pod blunt
Com Affects curvature of pods
n Pod Wall thick
Dpo Pods tough and leathery : readily dehisce at maturity
P Reduces or eliminates sclerenchymatous membrane
on inner pod walls
V Same as p
gp Young pod yellow
pu With A Pur pod colour purple
pur With A Pu pod colour purple

17. Inheritance of disease resistance
Inheritance Disease resistance
Single dominant gene, En Resistance to enation mosaic virus
Single dominant gene , Fnw Resistance to Fusarium oxyspourm f. pisi race 2, Near wilt
Single dominant gene , Fw Resistance to Fusarium oxyspourm f. pisi race 1 ,
Fusarium wilt
Single recessive gene , sbm Resistance to seed born mosaic virus
Single recessive gene , er Resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
Single recessive gene ,er -2 Resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
Monogenic ,dominant Brown root of peas ,Fusarium solani f . sp . Pisi ,
resistance dominant
Monogenic , dominant Rust , Uromyces fabae, Resistance dominant
Monogenic , dominant Downy mildew ,Peronospera pisi , resistance dominant
Duplicate factor ; single
dominaqnt gene
Resistance to Ascochyta blight,(Ascochyta pisi)

18. inheritance Disease resistance
Single dominant gene or
linked polygenes with le
or pi
Pea root rot, Aphanomyces euteiches
Complex system Bacterial brown spot of pea (Pseudomonas syringe pv . pisi)
Single dominant gene Bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringe pv . Pisi (race 1)
Single recessive gene
(mo)
Bean yellow mosaic virus
Monogenic recessive top yellow virus
Single recessive gene Pea leaf roll virus
single recessive gene Pea streak virus
Single recessive gene Pea mosaic virus
Single recessive gene Bean virus 2

19. Inheritance of quantitative characters
• Genetics of polygenically controlled quantitative traits in
pea
Character Inheritance / Gene action
Plant height High heritability ; over dominance , partial
dominance ;high genetic advance
Days of flowering Non-additive gene action ;partial dominance; over
dominance
Earliness Dominant genes ;high heritability
Late flowering Recessive genes ,high heritability
First node bearing
flowers
Dominant gene action ;partial dominance
Number of pods per
plant
High heritability ; epistatic gene action positive
;high genetic advance

20. Character Inheritance / Gene action
Pod length High heritability
Seeds per pod and test
weight
High heritability ;additive gene action and high
genetic advance for 100 seed weight
Seeds per plant Epistatic gene action positive; additive
,dominance and over dominance
Pod yield Low heritability
Cold resistance Intermediate dominance ,polygenic ,many
recessive genes

21. Germplasm Resources
• Perhaps on of the best world collection of pea germplasm is being
maintained in the Nordic Gene Bank at Sweden.
• It is a large germplasm collected by the famous pea breeder, S. Blixt.
• Exhaustive germplasm collection are also being maintained at the
national bureau of NBPGR ,New Delhi and the project Directorate of
Vegetable Research , varansi.
• Pea germplasm is also maintained at ICRISAT, Heydrabad, and pulse
Research station , Kanpur.
• Thre are several local cultivar of pea grown in the country , such as,
Boniya, Local yellow batri , Hara boniya , Asauji , Hoshiyarpuri, Kap,
Kanawari, Khaparkheda and few others.

22. Breeding Objective
• Early maturity
• Pod characteristics
• Seed size
• Shelling percentage
• Pod yields
• Suitability for processing
• Resistance to disease
• Resistance to insect
• Resistance to abiotic stress

23. • Breeding Method
• The breeding procedure adopted for pea improvement include
individual plant selection , single seed descent method of selection
,pedigree selection , bulk method of selection ,recurrent selection
,hybridization , backcrossing, line breeding , and recurrent selection ,
method have been adopted in breeding for disease resistance.
• Improvement of pea by breeding has been undertaken at
PAU(Ludhiyana), HAU(Hisar), GBPUAT(Pantnagar),
JNKV(Jabalpur), CSAU(Kanpur), DR.YSPUHF(Solan),
IARI(Delhi), PDVR(Varansi), NDUAT(Faizabad) and VL(Almora).
• The improvement of garden pea in India started much later than
field pea, around the year 1940.
• Initially several exotic cultivars were introduced in the country
mainly from the U.S.A. and U.K.

24. • Among the early maturing exotic varieties were Alaska(smooth-
seeded), Early Superb(smooth-seeded), Meteor(smooth-seeded),
Arkel (Wrinkled -seeded), Early badger (Wrinkled -seeded), Little
Marvel (Wrinkled -seeded), and kelvidon Wonder (Wrinkled -
seeded),
• The main season ,medium maturing wrinkled seeded veraities
brought from from abroad were Bonnevile, lincoln, Delwiche
Commando, Perfection New line ,Thomas Laxton and alderman.
• An eddible podded tall growing variety, sylvia was also an
important introduction.
• Most of the veraities were introduced from the USA,except few
like arkel, Early superb, and Little Marvel.
• Even today a few few verieties, like arkel, Bonneville and Lincoln
are being grown by the farmers while most of the other exotic
cultivars have almost disappeared.
• Now several improved pea varities developed indigenously have
become popular with growers.

25. • The local varieties are smooth seeded field pea types.
• The main emphasis is pea improvement has been on early maturity,
yield, quality, and resistance to disease and pest.
• Intensive work has been undertaken breeding for resistance to
disease (powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt and rust )and insect pest
(Bruchus and leaf miner) at JNKVV,Jabalpur.
• Breeding for resistance to leafminer was also taken up at
HAU,Hisar.
• The importance garden pea varieties are high yielding, early
maturing or mid season cultivar with attractive long pods, wrinkled
seed, good 100 seed weight, high shelling percentage.
• There are three types of pea varieties on maturity, namely early, mid
season and late.
• The variety arkel which early maturing has wrinkled seeds. most of
the pea cultivars have been developed by hybridization between an
indian variety and exotic variety.

26.  Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pest
• Early group
Cultivar Parentage Maturity
( No. of days)
Yield
(tonnes/ha)
Source
Arkel Introduction
from England
55-60 10(40%) IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Pragati - 60-65 7 IARI, New Delhi
Jawahar Matar3 T19 * Early
badger
50 5 JNKVV,Jabalpur
JM4 T19 * Little
Marvel
55-60 8 JNKVV,Jabalpur
Pant Matar2 Early Badger *
IP3
55-60 6 GBPUAT,Pantnagar
Hisart harit - 60 10 HAU,Hisar
Ageta 6 _ 50 6 PAU, Ludhiyana

27. Mid season and late group
Cultivar Parentage Maturity
No,of days
Yield
Tonnes/ha
source
Bonneville Introduction from
USA
85 12(45%) IARI,New Delhi
Lincoln Introduction from
USA
85-90 9-10(45%) IARI,New Delhi
Jawahar Matar 1 T19* Greater progress 85-90 12 JNKVV,Jabalpur
Jawahar Matar 2 Russian 2 * Greater
Progress
85-90 10 JNKVV,Jabalpur
Pant uphar(IP3) - 85-90 10 GBPUAT,
Pantnagar
Punjab 88(P 88) Pusa 2* Morasis 55 100 22.5 PAU,Ludhiyana
VL3 Old Sugar * Early
Wrinkled Dwarf 2-2-
85-90 9 VL, Almora
Mithi Phali - 90 11-12 PAU,Ludhiyana
JP 19 - 90 10-11 JNKVV, JAbalpur

28. • Breeding for resistance to insect pests
• Disease
Diserase Resistance variety Source
Powedery mildew
(Erysiphe polygoni)
Jawahar Pea 83
JP4(JM 6), PRS4, FC 1
JNKVV,Jbalpur
Fusarium wilt
(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
Pisi)
Kalanagini
JP179
Pusha Vipasha
Local cultivar
JNKVV,jabalpur
IARI,New Delhi
Rust
(Uromyces fabae)
JP.Batri Brown 3
Jp.Batri brown 4
JNKVV,Jabalpur
Aschochayta blight
(Aschochayta pisi)
Kinnauri Local cultivar
Bean yellow mosaic virus Bonneville IARI, New Delhi

29. • Insect pests
• Multiple disease and pest resistance
Disease/insect pest Resistance variety Sorce
Leafminer
(Phaytomyza articormis)
LMR-4,LMR-10,LMR-20 HAU,Hisar
Bruchus
(collosobruchus chinensis)
JP 9 ,JP 179, JP JP Batri
Brown 3,JP Batri Brown 4
JNKVV, Jabalpur
Disease/insect pest variety Source
Highly resistance to powdery mildew
,tolerant rust ,resistance to Fusarium
wilt,Bruchus,leafminer
JP 179 JNKVV,Jabalpur
Resistance to powdery mildew ,bruches JP 9 JNKVV,Jabalpur
Resisstance to powdery mildew,wilt,bruches JP 501 JNKVV,Jabalpur
Resistance to rust and powdery mildew Arka kartik,
arka
sampoorna
IIHR,Banglore

30.  Mutation
• The work on mutation breeding was taken up at jabalpur.
• The chemical mutagens, like EMS,NEU,EI,NMU and some others
were used in many countries.
• Tow useful recessive genes resulting from induced mutation
research abroad, st and af were utilized to produse the ‘leafless’ pea
genotype, af, af st st at Jabalpur.
• The induced mutation developed are the early flowering 46 C and
JP 829 (Flowering from 4th to 6th node),fasciated
mutants,R701,R710,JP 625,JP 67,251 A, 997,999 and others.
• Acacia mutants –Acacia long,Acacia Batri,Acacia Purple and few
others types of mutants,
• The work is in progress to combine mutant characters with other
desired attributes including multiple disease and pest resistance and
quality characters.

31. Breeding for abiotic stress
• Breeding peas for cold resistance or cold hardiness by recurrent
selection and resistance to waterlogging has been undertaken
abroad.
• The ‘leafless’ pea is tolerant to waterlogging.
Breeding for high protein and sugar content
• the wrinkled seeded content 26 -33 per cent protein content and in
smooth seed it is 23-31 per cent.
• The inheritance of protein content is polygenically controlled and
mainly by recessive factor for high protein content.
• The varieties GS 195 and the local cultivar, kinnauri have high
soluble protein content due to the presence of a very high number
of dominant alleles.

32.  Breeding for processing qualities
• Dehydration ,canning and freezing are the most common
processing method of peas.
• Large sized wrinkled and dark green peas like arkel are suitable
for dehydration, For canning , both round and wrinkled seeded
varieties like T19 and Bonneville can be used and for freezing
wrinkled seeds.
 Biotechnology
• There are several reports on micropropogation of peas by tissue
culture using apical meristems of seedlings ,immature and mature
leaves , axillary buds primary scales and cotyledons.
• Plants could be regenerated by protoplasm through somatic
embriyogenesis.
• For genetic transformation Agrobectarium tumefenciens and
microprojectile had been used.

33. • Production of transgenic plants in peas has also been reported.
• Recently detailed genetic maps have been assembled in eight
genera of the fabaceae, including Phaseolus, Pisum,Vicia and
Vigna.
• There is a common gene order across at least 40 per cent of the
lentil and pea genomes and conservation with many chromosomal
region in Vicia.
• Studies are in progression comparative genomics and legumes.
• Detailed genetic map has been developed for pea.
• Genes have been interest have been located and closely linked
markers have been identified.
• Marker assisted selection procedure using RFLP, RAPD and
isozymes have been established for pea enation mosaic virus, pea
seed borne mosaic virus, and powdery mildew resistance.

34. Thank
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