This document provides an introduction and overview of serological tests. It begins with basic safety rules for working in a laboratory. It then defines what a serology blood test is and its importance for diagnosing infectious diseases. Various serological reaction types and techniques are described, including primary, secondary and tertiary reactions. Key terms like validity, specificity, sensitivity, seroconversion and seroreversion are defined. The document concludes with information on serum versus plasma and techniques for preserving serum. Overall, the document introduces the topic of serological tests and provides essential information on their purpose and various methods.

1. Introduction to Serological
Tests
By
Higher diploma
Mustafa thamir

2. Safety rules
• Wear lab coat
• It is a must to wear gloves
• Never mouth pipette
• Cover any cuts or burns
• Do not eat or drink in lab
• In case of accident report to instructor
• Avoid hand to face operations
• Wash hands before you leave

3. • A serology blood test is performed to detect and
measure the levels of antibodies as a result of exposure to
a particular bacteria or viruses (antigens), the immune
system produces specific antibodies against these
organism.
What is serology

4. • Importance of Lab diagnosis
: 1- Save patient’s life
2- Prevent spread of disease
3- Treatment therapy
4- Confirm clinical diagnosis

6. Lab diagnosis of infectious diseases
1- Isolation and identification of causative agent by: a.
Morphological tests (microscopy) b. Biochemical
reactions c. Cultural identification d. Serological
reactions e. Biotechnology: PCR-DNA probe- DNA
finger printing
2- Detection of specific Ab in sera of infected .patients
using serological techniques

7. Serological Reactions
• Primary : It measures the direct interaction between Ag and Ab
in Vitro( test tube).
Example: Elisa, IFA, RIA tests.
• Secondary : It measures the consequences of interaction between
Ag and Ab in Vitro.
Example: Agglutination, Precipitation, Neutralization tests.
• Tertiary : It measures Ag and Ab interactions in Vivo ( in body)

8. What are the differences between:
Validity, Specificity and
Sensitivity ?
Terms

9. A serological test
should provide an
indication of which
individuals actually
have the disease and
which do not.
ability of a test to
identify correctly
those who do not
have the disease.
( have least cross
reactivity)
Validity Specificity
Ability of a test to
identify correctly those
who have the disease
( can detect v. small
amounts)
Sensitivity

10. It measures the
amount of Ag or Ab.
Quantitative test
It detects the presence
or absence of Ag or Ab.
Qualitative test

11. Is development of detectable
specific Ab to
microorganisms in serum as a
result of infection or
immunization
Sero-conversion
Is the opposite of
seroconversion . This is when
the test can no longer detect
Ab or Ag in patient's serum
Sero-reversion

12. • What is serum ?
Serum :Blood- cells and
clotting factors
Plasma : blood – cells •
Separation: • Use plain tube (
no anticoagulant)
Serum vs
Plasma

13. Serum preservation
Aliquoting : Must aliquot the serum into different tubes
to avoid freezing and thawing. Why??
Keep serum in fridge at 4 for 1 day
Keep in freezer at -20 for more the 1 day. • Use frozen
serum only once, discard after use.

14. SEROLOGICAL
TECHNIQUES
Antigen antibody
reactions

15. Ag-Ab reaction occurs in three stages:
Primary Stage : Formation of Ag-Ab complex
combined by weaker intermolecular forces
Secondary stage : leads precipitation ,
agglutination , lysis of cells etc.
Tertiary stage (reaction): Leads to tissue
damage , Destruction of Ag or its Neutralization

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