The document contains examples demonstrating various object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including constructors, destructors, inheritance, polymorphism, operator overloading, templates, and more. Each example includes the code for a concept, the output of running the code, and a brief description.

1. EX.NO.1a) USE OF CONSTRUCTORS, DESTRUCTORS AND CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class stu
{ private: char name[20],add[20];
int roll,zip;
public: stu ( );//Constructor
~stu( );//Destructor
void read( );
void disp( );
};
stu :: stu( )
{
cout<<"This is Student Details"<<endl; }
void stu :: read( )
{
cout<<"Enter the student Name";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter the student roll no ";
cin>>roll;
cout<<"Enter the student address";
cin>>add;
cout<<"Enter the Zipcode";
cin>>zip; }
void stu :: disp( )
{
cout<<"nStudent Name :"<<name<<endl;
cout<<"Roll no is :"<<roll<<endl;
cout<<"Address is :"<<add<<endl;
cout<<"Zipcode is :"<<zip; }
stu :: ~stu( )
{
cout<<"Student Detail is Closed" }
void main( )
{
stu s;
s.read ( );
s.disp ( );
getch( ); }

2. OUTPUT
This is Student Details
Enter the student Name anu
Enter the student roll no 101
Enter the student address chennai
Enter the Zipcode 620001
Student Name : anu
Roll no is : 101
Address is :chennai
Zipcode is : 620001
Student Detail is closed

3. EX.NO.1b) COPY CONSTRUCTOR
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class copy
{
int var,fact;
public:
copy(int temp)
{
var = temp;
}
double calculate()
{
fact=1;
for(int i=1;i<=var;i++)
{
fact = fact * i;
}
return fact;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
int n;
cout<<"ntEnter the Number : ";
cin>>n;
copy obj(n);
copy cpy=obj;
cout<<"nt"<<n<<" Factorial is:"<<obj.calculate();
cout<<"nt"<<n<<" Factorial is:"<<cpy.calculate();
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the Number: 5
Factorial is: 120
Factorial is: 120

4. EX.NO.2a) FRIEND FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class base
{
int val1,val2;
public:
void get()
{
cout<<"Enter two values:";
cin>>val1>>val2;
}
friend float mean(base ob);
};
float mean(base ob)
{
return float(ob.val1+ob.val2)/2;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
base obj;
obj.get();
cout<<"n Mean value is : "<<mean(obj);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter two values: 10, 20
Mean Value is: 15

5. EX.NO.2b) FRIEND CLASS
PROGRAM
#include <iostream.h>
class CSquare;
class CRectangle {
int width, height;
public:
int area (void)
{return (width * height);}
void convert (CSquare a);
};
class CSquare {
private:
int side;
public:
void set_side (int a)
{side=a;}
friend class CRectangle;
};
void CRectangle::convert (CSquare a) {
width = a.side;
height = a.side;
}
int main () {
CSquare sqr;
CRectangle rect;
sqr.set_side(4);
rect.convert(sqr);
cout << rect.area();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
The output is:
16

6. EX.NO.3a) INHERITANCE-SINGLE INHERITANCE
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class emp
{
public:
int eno;
char name[20],des[20];
void get()
{
cout<<"Enter the employee number:";
cin>>eno;
cout<<"Enter the employee name:";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter the designation:";
cin>>des;
}
};
class salary:public emp
{
float bp,hra,da,pf,np;
public:
void get1()
{
cout<<"Enter the basic pay:";
cin>>bp;
cout<<"Enter the Humen Resource Allowance:";
cin>>hra;
cout<<"Enter the Dearness Allowance :";
cin>>da;
cout<<"Enter the Profitablity Fund:";
cin>>pf;
}
void calculate()
{
np=bp+hra+da-pf;
}
void display()
{
cout<<eno<<"t"<<name<<"t"<<des<<"t"<<bp<<"t"<<hra<<"t"<<da<<"t"<<pf<<"t"<<np<<"n";
}
};

7. void main()
{
int i,n;
char ch;
salary s[10];
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the number of employee:";
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
s[i].get();
s[i].get1();
s[i].calculate();
}
cout<<"ne_no t e_namet des t bp t hra t da t pf t np n";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
s[i].display();
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the Number of employee:1
Enter the employee No: 150
Enter the employee Name: ram
Enter the designation: Manager
Enter the basic pay: 5000
Enter the HR allowance: 1000
Enter the Dearness allowance: 500
Enter the profitability Fund: 300
E.No E.name des BP HRA DA PF NP
150 ram Manager 5000 1000 500 300 6200

8. EX.NO.3b) MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class student
{
protected:
int rno,m1,m2;
public:
void get()
{
cout<<"Enter the Roll no :";
cin>>rno;
cout<<"Enter the two marks :";
cin>>m1>>m2;
}
};
class sports
{
protected:
int sm; // sm = Sports mark
public:
void getsm()
{
cout<<"nEnter the sports mark :";
cin>>sm;
}
};
class statement:public student,public sports
{
int tot,avg;
public:
void display()
{
tot=(m1+m2+sm);
avg=tot/3;
cout<<"nntRoll No : "<<rno<<"ntTotal : "<<tot;
cout<<"ntAverage : "<<avg;
}
};

9. void main()
{
clrscr();
statement obj;
obj.get();
obj.getsm();
obj.display();
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the Roll no: 100
Enter two marks
90
80
Enter the Sports Mark : 90
Roll No : 100
Total : 260
Average : 86.66

10. EX.NO.4 POLYMORPHISM - FUNCTION OVERLOADING
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int area(int);
int area(int,int);
float area(float,int,int);
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<< "n Area Of Square: "<< area(5);
cout<< "n Area Of Rectangle: "<< area(4,4);
cout<< "n Area Of Circle: "<< area(4.0,3,3);
getch();
}
int area(int a)
{
return (a*a);
}
int area(int a,int b)
{
return(a*b);
}
float area(float r,int a,int b)
{
return(3.14 * r * r);
}
OUTPUT
Area Of Square: 25
Area Of Rectangle: 16
Area Of Circle: 28.26

11. EX.NO.5a) VIRTUAL FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class B
{
public:
virtual void display()
{
cout<<"Content Of base class:";
}};
class D1:public B
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"Content of first derived class:";
}};
class D2:public B
{
public:
void display(){
cout<<"Content of second derived class:";
}};
int main()
{
clrscr();
B *b;
D1 d1;
D2 d2;
b=&d1;
b->display();
b=&d2;
b->display();
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
Content of first derived class
Content of second derived class

12. EX.NO.5b) PURE VIRTUAL FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class B
{
public:
virtual void display()=0;
};
class D1:public B
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"Content of first derived class:";
}};
class D2:public B
{
public:
void display(){
cout<<"Content of second derived class:";
}};
int main()
{
clrscr();
B *b;
D1 d1;
D2 d2;
b=&d1;
b->display();
b=&d2;
b->display();
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
Content of first derived class
Content of second derived class

13. EX.NO.6a) UNARY OPERATOR - MEMBER FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class complex
{
int a,b,c;
public:
complex(){}
void getvalue()
{
cout<<"Enter the Two Numbers:";
cin>>a>>b;
}
void operator++()
{
a=++a;
b=++b;
}
void operator--()
{
a=--a;
b=--b;
}
void display()
{
cout<<a<<"+t"<<b<<"i"<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();

14. complex obj;
obj.getvalue();
obj++;
cout<<"Increment Complex Numbern";
obj.display();
obj--;
cout<<"Decrement Complex Numbern";
obj.display();
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the two numbers: 3 6
Increment Complex Number
4 + 7i
Decrement Complex Number
3 + 6i

15. EX.NO.6b) UNARY OPERATOR - FRIEND FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
class complex
{
float real,imag;
public:
complex()
{
real=imag=0.0;
}
void read_data()
{
cout<<"real part?";
cin>>real;
cout<<"image part?";
cin>>imag;
}
void put_data()
{
cout<<"("<<real;
cout<<","<<imag<<")";
}
friend complex operator -(complex c1)
{
complex c;
c.real=c1.real;
c.imag=-c1.imag;
return(c);
}
};
void main()
{
complex c1,c2;
cout<<"enter complex c1"<<endl;

16. c1.read_data();
c2=-c1;
c2.put_data();
}
OUTPUT
enter complex c1
real part?6
image part?5
(-6,5)

17. EX.NO.6c) BINARY OPERATOR - MEMBER FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class complex
{
int a,b;
public:
void getvalue()
{
cout<<"Enter the value of Complex Numbers a,b:";
cin>>a>>b;
}
complex operator+(complex ob)
{
complex t;
t.a=a+ob.a;
t.b=b+ob.b;
return(t);
}
complex operator-(complex ob)
{
complex t;
t.a=a-ob.a;
t.b=b-ob.b;
return(t);
}
void display()
{
cout<<a<<"+"<<b<<"i"<<"n";
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
complex obj1,obj2,result,result1;
obj1.getvalue();

18. obj2.getvalue();
result = obj1+obj2;
result1=obj1-obj2;
cout<<"Input Values:n";
obj1.display();
obj2.display();
cout<<"Result:";
result.display();
result1.display();
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the value of Complex Numbers a, b
4 5
Enter the value of Complex Numbers a, b
2 2
Input Values
4 + 5i
2 + 2i
Result
6 + 7i
2 + 3i

19. EX.NO.6d) BINARY OPERATOR – FRIEND FUNCTION
PROGRAM
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Values
{
int a,b;
public:
Values(){}
Values(int aa,int bb)
{
a=aa;
b=bb;
}
void show()
{
cout <<a<<" ";
cout <<b<<"n";
}
friend Values operator+(Values p1 ,Values p2); //friend
Values operator-(Values p2);
Values operator=(Values p2);
Values operator++();
};
//Now,+is overloaded using friend function.
Values operator+(Values p1 ,Values p2)
{
Values temp;
temp.a =p1.a +p2.a;
temp.b =p1.b +p2.b;
return temp;
}
Values Values::operator-(Values p2)
{
Values temp;
temp.a =a +p2.b;
temp.b =a +p2.b;
return temp;
}

20. Values Values::operator=(Values p2)
{
a =p2.a;
b =p2.a;
return *this;
}
Values Values::operator++()
{
a++;
b++;
return *this;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
Values v1 (20,30),v2(15,40);
v1.show();
v2.show();
++v1;
v1.show();
v2 =++v1 ;
v1.show();
v2.show();
v1=v2;
v1.show();
v2.show();
getch();
}
OUTPUT
20 30
15 40
21 31
22 32
22 22
22 22
22 22

21. EX.NO.7a) CLASS TEMPLATE
PROGRAM
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class MyQueue{
std::vector<T> data;
public:
void Add(T const &);
void Remove();
void Print();};
template <typename T> void MyQueue<T> ::Add(T const &d){
data.push_back(d);}
template <typename T> void MyQueue<T>::Remove(){
data.erase(data.begin( ) + 0,data.begin( ) + 1);}
template <typename T> void MyQueue<T>::Print(){
std::vector <int>::iterator It1;
It1 = data.begin();
for ( It1 = data.begin( ) ; It1 != data.end( ) ; It1++ )
cout << " " << *It1<<endl; }
//Usage for C++ class templates
int main(){
MyQueue<int> q;
q.Add(1);
q.Add(2);
cout<<"Before removing data"<<endl;
q.Print();
q.Remove();
cout<<"After removing data"<<endl;
q.Print();}
OUTPUT
Before removing data
1
2
After removing data
2

22. EX.NO.7b) FUNCTION TEMPLATE
PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
template<class t>
void swap(t &x,t &y)
{
t temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}
void fun(int a,int b,float c,float d)
{
cout<<"na and b before swaping :"<<a<<"t"<<b;
swap(a,b);
cout<<"na and b after swaping :"<<a<<"t"<<b;
cout<<"nnc and d before swaping :"<<c<<"t"<<d;
swap(c,d);
cout<<"nc and d after swaping :"<<c<<"t"<<d;
}
void main()
{
int a,b;
float c,d;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter A,B values(integer):";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"Enter C,D values(float):";
cin>>c>>d;
fun(a,b,c,d);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
Enter A, B values (integer): 10 20
Enter C, D values (float): 2.50 10.80
A and B before swapping: 10 20
A and B after swapping: 20 10
C and D before swapping: 2.50 10.80
C and D after swapping: 10.80 2.50

23. EX.NO.8a) EXCEPTION HANDLING
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void test(int x)
{
try
{
if(x>0)
throw x;
else
throw 'x';
}
catch(int x)
{
cout<<"Catch a integer and that integer is:"<<x;
}
catch(char x)
{
cout<<"Catch a character and that character is:"<<x;
}
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Testing multiple catchesn:";
test(10);
test(0);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Testing multiple catches
Catch a integer and that integer is: 10
Catch a character and that character is: x

24. EX.NO.8b) EXCEPTION HANDLING FOR DIVIDE BY ZERO EXCEPTION
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
float d;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the value of a:";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter the value of b:";
cin>>b;
cout<<"Enter the value of c:";
cin>>c;
try
{
if((a-b)!=0)
{
d=c/(a-b);
cout<<"Result is:"<<d;
}
else
{
throw(a-b);
}
}
catch(int i)
{
cout<<"Answer is infinite because a-b is:"<<i;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the value for a: 20
Enter the value for b: 20
Enter the value for c: 40
Answer is infinite because a-b is: 0

25. EX.NO.9 STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY
PROGRAM
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
main()
{
vector<string> SS;
SS.push_back("The number is 10");
SS.push_back("The number is 20");
SS.push_back("The number is 30");
cout << "Loop by index:" << endl;
int ii;
for(ii=0; ii < SS.size(); ii++)
{
cout << SS[ii] << endl;
}
cout << endl << "Constant Iterator:" << endl;
vector<string>::const_iterator cii;
for(cii=SS.begin(); cii!=SS.end(); cii++)
{
cout << *cii << endl;
}
cout << endl << "Reverse Iterator:" << endl;
vector<string>::reverse_iterator rii;
for(rii=SS.rbegin(); rii!=SS.rend(); ++rii)
{
cout << *rii << endl;
}
cout << endl << "Sample Output:" << endl;
cout << SS.size() << endl;
cout << SS[2] << endl;
swap(SS[0], SS[2]);
cout << SS[2] << endl;
}
OUTPUT
Loop by index:
The number is 10
The number is 20
The number is 30
Constant Iterator:
The number is 10
The number is 20
The number is 30
Reverse Iterator:
The number is 30
The number is 20
The number is 10
Sample Output:
3
The number is 30
The number is 10

26. EX.NO.10a) FILE STREAM CLASSES
PROGRAM
#include<fstream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c,u;
char fname[10];
clrscr();
ofstream out;
cout<<"Enter File Name:";
cin>>fname;
out.open(fname);
cout<<"Enter the text(Enter # at end)n"; //write contents to file
while((c=getchar())!='#')
{
u=c-32;
out<<u;
}
out.close();
ifstream in(fname); //read the contents of file
cout<<"nnttThe File containsnn";
while(in.eof()==0)
{
in.get(c);
cout<<c;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter File Name: two.txt
Enter contents to store in file (enter # at end)
oops programming
The File Contains
OOPS PROGRAMMING

27. EX.NO.10b) FILE STREAM USING MANIPULATOR
PROGRAM
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <iomanip>
void main(void)
{
int p;
cout<<"Enter a decimal number:"<<endl;
cin>>p;
cout<<p<< " in hexadecimal is: "
<<hex<<p<<'n'
<<dec<<p<<" in octal is: "
<<oct<<p<<'n'
<<setbase(10) <<p<<" in decimal is: "
<<p<<endl;
cout<<endl;
}
Output:
Enter a decimal number : 365
365 in Hexadecimal is : 16d
365 in Octal is : 555
365 in Decimal is : 555

28. EX.NO.11a) APPLICATION OF STACK-CONVERT INFIX TO POSTFIX EXPRESSION
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
static char str[20];
int top=-1;
main()
{ char in[20],post[20],ch;
int i,j,l;
clrscr();
printf("enter the string");
gets(in);
l=strlen(in);
for(i=0,j=0;i<l;i++)
if(isalpha(in[i]))
post[j++]=in[i];
else
{ if(in[i]=='(')
push(in[i]);
else if(in[i]==')')
while((ch=pop())!='(')
post[j++]=ch;
else
{
while(priority(in[i])<=priority(str[top]))
post[j++]=pop();
push(in[i]);
}}
while(top!=-1)
post[j++]=pop();
post[j]='0';
printf("n equivalent infix to postfix is:%s",post);
getch();
}
priority (char c)
{s
witch(c)
{ case'+':
case'-': return 1;
176
case'*':
case'/':
return 2;
case'$':
return 3;
}r
eturn 0;
}
push(char c)
{s
tr[++top]=c;
}
pop()
{return(str[top--]);
}}

29. OUTPUT
enter the string(a+b)-(c-d)*e/f
equivalent infix to postfix is:ab+cd-e*f/-
enter the stringa+b/c*d
equivalent infix to postfix is:abc/d*+

30. EX.NO.11b) APPLICATION OF QUEUE
PROGRAM
#include <iostream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int info;
struct node *ptr;
}*front,*rear,*temp,*front1;
int frontelement();
void enq(int data);
void deq();
void empty();
void display();
void create();
void queuesize();
int count = 0;
void main()
{
int no, ch, e;
cout<<"n 1 - Enque";
cout<<"n 2 - Deque";
cout<<"n 3 - Front element";
cout<<"n 4 - Empty";

31. cout<<"n 5 - Exit";
cout<<"n 6 - Display";
cout<<"n7 - Queue size";
create();
while (1)
{
cout<<"n Enter choice : ";
cin>>ch;
switch (ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<”Enter data : ";
cin>>no;
enq(no);
break;
case 2:
deq();
break;
case 3:
e = frontelement();
if (e != 0)
cout<<"Front element : ">> e;
else
cout<<"n No front element in Queue as queue is empty";
break;
case 4:
empty();
break;
case 5:

32. exit(0);
case 6:
display();
break;
case 7:
queuesize();
break;
default:
cout<<"Wrong choice, Please enter correct choice ";
break;
}
}
}
/* Create an empty queue */
void create()
{
front = rear = NULL;
}
/* Returns queue size */
void queuesize()
{
Cout<<"n Queue size : %d", count”;
}
/* Enqueing the queue */
void enq(int data)
{

33. if (rear == NULL)
{
rear = (struct node *)malloc(1*sizeof(struct node));
rear->ptr = NULL;
rear->info = data;
front = rear;
}
else
{
temp=(struct node *)malloc(1*sizeof(struct node));
rear->ptr = temp;
temp->info = data;
temp->ptr = NULL;
rear = temp;
}
count++;
}
/* Displaying the queue elements */
void display()
{
front1 = front;
if ((front1 == NULL) && (rear == NULL))
{
Cout<<”Queue is empty";
return;
}

34. while (front1 != rear)
{
Cout<< front1->info;
front1 = front1->ptr;
}
if (front1 == rear)
cout<< front1->info;
}
/* Dequeing the queue */
void deq()
{
front1 = front;
if (front1 == NULL)
{
Cout<<”n Error: Trying to display elements from empty queue";
return;
}
else
if (front1->ptr != NULL)
{
front1 = front1->ptr;
cout<<"n Dequed value : ", front->info;
free(front);
front = front1;
}
else
{

35. Cout<<”n Dequed value : %d", front->info”;
free(front);
front = NULL;
rear = NULL;
}
count--;
}
/* Returns the front element of queue */
int frontelement()
{
if ((front != NULL) && (rear != NULL))
return(front->info);
else
return 0;
}
/* Display if queue is empty or not */
void empty()
{
if ((front == NULL) && (rear == NULL))
cout<<”n Queue empty";
else
cout<<”nQueue not empty";
}

36. OUTPUT
1 - Enque
2 - Deque
3 - Front element
4 - Empty
5 - Exit
6 - Display
7 - Queue size
Enter choice : 1
Enter data : 14
Enter choice : 1
Enter data : 85
Enter choice : 1
Enter data : 38
Enter choice : 3
Front element : 14
Enter choice : 6
14 85 38
Enter choice : 7
Queue size : 3
Enter choice : 2
Dequed value : 14
Enter choice : 6
85 38
Enter choice : 7
Queue size : 2
Enter choice : 4
Queue not empty
Enter choice : 5

37. EX.NO.12 BINARY SEARCH TREE
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct tree_node
{
tree_node *left;
tree_node *right;
int data;
} ;
class bst
{
tree_node *root;
public:
bst()
{
root=NULL;
}
int isempty()
{
return(root==NULL);
}
void insert(int item);
void inordertrav();
void inorder(tree_node *);
void postordertrav();
void postorder(tree_node *);
void preordertrav();
void preorder(tree_node *);
};
void bst::insert(int item)
{
tree_node *p=new tree_node;
tree_node *parent;
p->data=item;
p->left=NULL;
p->right=NULL;

38. parent=NULL;
if(isempty())
root=p;
else
{
tree_node *ptr;
ptr=root;
while(ptr!=NULL)
{
parent=ptr;
if(item>ptr->data)
ptr=ptr->right;
else
ptr=ptr->left;
}
if(item<parent->data)
parent->left=p;
else
parent->right=p;
}
}
void bst::inordertrav()
{
inorder(root);
}
void bst::inorder(tree_node *ptr)
{
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
inorder(ptr->left);
cout<<" "<<ptr->data<<" ";
inorder(ptr->right);
}
}
void bst::postordertrav()
{
postorder(root);

39. }
void bst::postorder(tree_node *ptr)
{
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
postorder(ptr->left);
postorder(ptr->right);
cout<<" "<<ptr->data<<" ";
}
}
void bst::preordertrav()
{
preorder(root);
}
void bst::preorder(tree_node *ptr)
{
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
cout<<" "<<ptr->data<<" ";
preorder(ptr->left);
preorder(ptr->right);
}}
void main(){
bst b;
b.insert(52);
b.insert(25);
b.insert(50);
b.insert(15);
b.insert(40);
b.insert(45);
b.insert(20); cout<<"inorder"<<endl;
b.inordertrav();
cout<<endl<<"postorder"<<endl;
b.postordertrav();
cout<<endl<<"preorder"<<endl;
b.preordertrav();
getch();}

40. OUTPUT
inorder
15 20 25 40 45 50 52
postorder
20 15 45 40 50 25 52
preorder
52 25 15 20 50 40 45

41. EX.NO.13 TREE TRAVERSAL TECHNIQUES
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct tree_node
{
tree_node *left;
tree_node *right;
int data;
} ;
class bst
{
tree_node *root;
public:
bst()
{
root=NULL;
}
int isempty()
{
return(root==NULL);
}
void insert(int item);
void inordertrav();
void inorder(tree_node *);
void postordertrav();
void postorder(tree_node *);
void preordertrav();
void preorder(tree_node *);
};
void bst::insert(int item)
{
tree_node *p=new tree_node;
tree_node *parent;
p->data=item;
p->left=NULL;

42. p->right=NULL;
parent=NULL;
if(isempty())
root=p;
else
{
tree_node *ptr;
ptr=root;
while(ptr!=NULL)
{
parent=ptr;
if(item>ptr->data)
ptr=ptr->right;
else
ptr=ptr->left;
}
if(item<parent->data)
parent->left=p;
else
parent->right=p;
}
}
void bst::inordertrav()
{
inorder(root);
}
void bst::inorder(tree_node *ptr)
{
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
inorder(ptr->left);
cout<<" "<<ptr->data<<" ";
inorder(ptr->right);
}
}
void bst::postordertrav()
{
postorder(root);
}

43. void bst::postorder(tree_node *ptr)
{
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
postorder(ptr->left);
postorder(ptr->right);
cout<<" "<<ptr->data<<" ";
}
}
void bst::preordertrav()
{
preorder(root);
}
void bst::preorder(tree_node *ptr)
{
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
cout<<" "<<ptr->data<<" ";
preorder(ptr->left);
preorder(ptr->right);
}
}
void main()
{
bst b;
b.insert(52);
b.insert(25);
b.insert(50);
b.insert(15);
b.insert(40);
b.insert(45);
b.insert(20); cout<<"inorder"<<endl;
b.inordertrav();
cout<<endl<<"postorder"<<endl;
b.postordertrav();
cout<<endl<<"preorder"<<endl;
b.preordertrav();
getch();}

44. OUTPUT
inorder
15 20 25 40 45 50 52
postorder
20 15 45 40 50 25 52
preorder
52 25 15 20 50 40 45

45. EX.NO.14a) MINIMUM SPANNING TREE USING PRIM’S ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int cost[10][10],i,j,k,n,stk[10],top,v,visit[10],visited[10],u;
main()
{
int m,c;
cout <<"enterno of vertices";
cin >> n;
cout <<"ente no of edges";
cin >> m;
cout <<"nEDGES Costn";
for(k=1;k<=m;k++)
{
cin >>i>>j>>c;
cost[i][j]=c;
}f
or(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
if(cost[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=31999;
cout <<"ORDER OF VISITED VERTICES";
k=1;
while(k<n)
{
m=31999;
if(k==1)
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
if(cost[i][j]<m)
{
m=cost[i][j];
u=i;
}}e
lse
{
for(j=n;j>=1;j--)
if(cost[v][j]<m && visited[j]!=1 && visit[j]!=1)
{
visit[j]=1;
stk[top]=j;
top++;
m=cost[v][j];
u=j;
}
}c
ost[v][u]=31999;
v=u;

46. cout<<v << " ";
k++;
visit[v]=0; visited[v]=1;
}
}
OUTPUT
enterno of vertices7
ente no of edges9
EDGES Cost
1 6 10
6 5 25
5 4 22
4 3 12
3 2 16
2 7 14
5 7 24
4 7 18
1 2 28
ORDER OF VISITED VERTICES1 6 5 4 3 2

47. Ex.no.14b) IMPLEMENTATION OF KRUSKAL’S ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef struct edge
{i
nt node1,node2,wt;
}edge;
void sortedge(edge a[],int n)
{i
nt i,j;
edge temp;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;++j)
if(a[i].wt>a[j].wt)
{t
emp=a[i];a[i]=a[j];a[j]=temp;
}}i
nt check(int p[],int i,int j)
{i
nt v1,v2;
v1=i;
v2=j;
while(p[i]>-1)
i=p[i];
while(p[j]>-1)
j=p[j];
if(i!=j)
{
p[j]=i;
cout<<"v1->v2n",v1,v2;
return 1;
}r
eturn 0;
}
void main()
{e
dge e[100];
int r[100],n,i,j,k=1,m,cost=0;
clrscr();
cout<<"Kruskal algorithmn";
cout<<"Enter the no of nodes:";
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
r[i]=-1;
i=0;
cout<<"nEnter no of edges:";
cin>>m;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{c
out<<"nENter the edge and cost of the edge:";
cin>>e[i].node1;
cin>>e[i].node2;
cin>>e[i].wt;

48. }s
ortedge(e,m);
cout<<"nEdges of the MSTn";
i=0;
while(k<n)
{i
f(check(r,e[i].node1,e[i].node2))
{
k++;
cost=cost+e[i].wt;
i++;
}}c
out<<"Minimum cost:%d",cost;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Kruskal algorithm
Enter the no of nodes:4
Enter no of edges:4
Enter the edge and cost of the edge:1
2
1
Enter the edge and cost of the edge:1
3
3
Enter the edge and cost of the edge:2
3
2
Enter the edge and cost of the edge:2
4
1
Edges of the MST
1->2
2->4
2->3
Minimum cost:4

49. EX.NO.15 IMPLEMENTATION OF DIJKSTRA’S ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define INFINITY 1000
int a[10][10],b[10][10];
int i,j,k,n;
void input();
void initialize();
void spath();
void display();
void input()
{c
out<<"nt *** DIJKSTRA'S ALGORITHM ***";
cout<<"n enter the no of vertices:";
cin>>n;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
if(i!=j){
cout<<"cost between "<<i<<j;
cin>>a[i][j];}}}
void initialize()
{f
or(i=1;i<=n;i++)
a[i][j]=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
b[i][j]=a[i][j];
if(!a[i][j] && (i!=j)){
b[i][j]=INFINITY;}}}
void spath()
{f
or(k=1;k<=n;k++)
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
if((b[i][k] && b[k][j]) && (b[i][k]+b[k][j]<b[i][j]))
{
b[i][j]=b[i][k]+b[k][j];}}
void display(){
i=1;
if(i<n)
{f
or(j=2;j<=n;j++)
cout<<"Minimum cost FROM source vertex 1 TO is : "<<j<<b[i][j];
}}
void main()
{c
lrscr();
input();
initialize();
spath();
display();
getch();}

50. OUTPUT
*** DIJKSTRA’S ALGORITHM ***
enter the no of vertices: 5
cost between1—2: 2
cost between1—3: 1
cost between1—4: 0
cost between1—5: 0
cost between2—1: 2
cost between2—3: 5
cost between2—4: 4
cost between2—5: 0
cost between3—1: 1
cost between3—2: 5
cost between3—4: 3
cost between3—5: 2
cost between4—1: 0
cost between4—2: 4
cost between4—3: 3
cost between4—5: 6
cost between5—1: 0
cost between5—2: 0
cost between5—3: 2
cost between5—4: 6
minimum cost FROM 1 TO 2 is : 2
minimum cost FROM 1 TO 3 is : 1
minimum cost FROM 1 TO 4 is : 4
minimum cost FROM 1 TO 5 is : 3