Shilesh Hariharan - Geo-Political History History (Introduction to) China
20/04/2010
Faculty of Architecture
TU Delft, The Netherlands
shilesh,"lecture series",sichuan,"urban emergencies",hariharan
Colonization in urban areas of Pakistan has increased significantly in recent decades, converting large areas of agricultural land to residential and commercial use. Key factors driving this include rural-urban migration, low agricultural productivity, and lack of developed land for housing and industry. Both planned developments like Bahria Town and unplanned informal settlements have expanded. This has adversely impacted food security and the environment by reducing fertile land and vegetation. Weak government policies and the power of land mafias have further enabled unchecked urban encroachment on rural areas.
People’s Commune and Great Leap ForwardFaruk Hossen
People’s Commune and Great Leap Forward, Introduction To People’s Commune,Introduction to Great leap forward,Result of great leap forward,Result of great leap forward,History of people’s commune
This document summarizes the key issues around development and displacement in West Bengal. It discusses how agricultural land is acquired for infrastructure and industrial development, displacing farmers from their land and livelihoods. While development is necessary, the state has failed to implement adequate compensation and rehabilitation programs. The document analyzes West Bengal's economic and agricultural scenario, need for industrialization, issues around land acquisition and property rights, and deficiencies in compensation that have led to unrest like in Nandigram and Singur. It concludes that governments must properly address displaced farmers' concerns through fair compensation if development-led displacement is to be successful and sustainable.
The document summarizes land reforms introduced in Pakistan between 1972-1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's regime. It discusses the history of land reforms in Pakistan and the salient features of Bhutto's 1972 land reforms which placed ceilings on individual land ownership and provided some security of tenure to tenants. However, the reforms failed to significantly change land ownership patterns in Pakistan and large landholdings remained concentrated. The document also discusses Bhutto's nationalization policies of 1972 which nationalized major industries.
The Great Leap Forward was an economic program led by Mao Zedong from 1958-1961 that aimed to rapidly industrialize China. Crops were replaced and collectives were formed, but backyard furnaces prioritized steel production over farming. As a result, crop production declined just as floods hit, leading to widespread famine that killed 20-43 million people by 1962. The government initially blamed natural disasters rather than acknowledging their poor decisions caused the tragedy.
Mao Zedong launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958, which aimed to rapidly industrialize and modernize China's economy through mass mobilization of the population into large communes. This involved establishing backyard steel furnaces, neglecting agriculture, and imposing unrealistic production targets that led to the deaths of over 20 million people from famine when food production declined. The Great Leap Forward was an economic and humanitarian disaster that ended with China requiring foreign aid.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto implemented several economic, land, education, and labor reforms during his time as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. This included nationalizing major industries, setting ceilings on land ownership, making education compulsory and free up to 10th grade, and passing laws to protect workers' rights. Bhutto also oversaw the introduction of a new socialist-leaning constitution in 1973 that established a parliamentary democracy, granted fundamental rights, and added some Islamic provisions like declaring Islam the state religion. Additionally, Bhutto signed the 1972 Simla Agreement with India to settle the 1971 war and improve diplomatic relations between the two countries.
The document provides expectations and tips for students taking geography at Key Stage 3. It outlines rules such as being punctual, bringing the proper equipment to lessons, listening carefully, and completing homework on time. It also details the marking scheme and expectations for catching up on missed work or redoing unsatisfactory work. The document is intended to help students fulfill their potential and achieve the highest levels in geography.
Colonization in urban areas of Pakistan has increased significantly in recent decades, converting large areas of agricultural land to residential and commercial use. Key factors driving this include rural-urban migration, low agricultural productivity, and lack of developed land for housing and industry. Both planned developments like Bahria Town and unplanned informal settlements have expanded. This has adversely impacted food security and the environment by reducing fertile land and vegetation. Weak government policies and the power of land mafias have further enabled unchecked urban encroachment on rural areas.
People’s Commune and Great Leap ForwardFaruk Hossen
People’s Commune and Great Leap Forward, Introduction To People’s Commune,Introduction to Great leap forward,Result of great leap forward,Result of great leap forward,History of people’s commune
This document summarizes the key issues around development and displacement in West Bengal. It discusses how agricultural land is acquired for infrastructure and industrial development, displacing farmers from their land and livelihoods. While development is necessary, the state has failed to implement adequate compensation and rehabilitation programs. The document analyzes West Bengal's economic and agricultural scenario, need for industrialization, issues around land acquisition and property rights, and deficiencies in compensation that have led to unrest like in Nandigram and Singur. It concludes that governments must properly address displaced farmers' concerns through fair compensation if development-led displacement is to be successful and sustainable.
The document summarizes land reforms introduced in Pakistan between 1972-1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's regime. It discusses the history of land reforms in Pakistan and the salient features of Bhutto's 1972 land reforms which placed ceilings on individual land ownership and provided some security of tenure to tenants. However, the reforms failed to significantly change land ownership patterns in Pakistan and large landholdings remained concentrated. The document also discusses Bhutto's nationalization policies of 1972 which nationalized major industries.
The Great Leap Forward was an economic program led by Mao Zedong from 1958-1961 that aimed to rapidly industrialize China. Crops were replaced and collectives were formed, but backyard furnaces prioritized steel production over farming. As a result, crop production declined just as floods hit, leading to widespread famine that killed 20-43 million people by 1962. The government initially blamed natural disasters rather than acknowledging their poor decisions caused the tragedy.
Mao Zedong launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958, which aimed to rapidly industrialize and modernize China's economy through mass mobilization of the population into large communes. This involved establishing backyard steel furnaces, neglecting agriculture, and imposing unrealistic production targets that led to the deaths of over 20 million people from famine when food production declined. The Great Leap Forward was an economic and humanitarian disaster that ended with China requiring foreign aid.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto implemented several economic, land, education, and labor reforms during his time as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. This included nationalizing major industries, setting ceilings on land ownership, making education compulsory and free up to 10th grade, and passing laws to protect workers' rights. Bhutto also oversaw the introduction of a new socialist-leaning constitution in 1973 that established a parliamentary democracy, granted fundamental rights, and added some Islamic provisions like declaring Islam the state religion. Additionally, Bhutto signed the 1972 Simla Agreement with India to settle the 1971 war and improve diplomatic relations between the two countries.
The document provides expectations and tips for students taking geography at Key Stage 3. It outlines rules such as being punctual, bringing the proper equipment to lessons, listening carefully, and completing homework on time. It also details the marking scheme and expectations for catching up on missed work or redoing unsatisfactory work. The document is intended to help students fulfill their potential and achieve the highest levels in geography.
The document provides an overview of the agricultural reforms in China and the transition from collective farming to rural reforms from 1979-1984. It discusses the key features of the agricultural collectives system, including pooled land ownership, use of collectives as the basic accounting unit, and distribution of income based on work points. It also examines the emergence of rural industrialization through township and village enterprises (TVEs) and provides examples of different models of TVE development, including those in Southern Jiangsu, Wenzhou, and the Pearl River Delta region.
This document provides an overview of the economic histories and growth trajectories of China and India over the past 50 years. It describes how both countries emerged from poverty to become economic giants, highlighting differences in their political systems, speed of growth, areas of specialization, and future growth opportunities. While both have lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty through rapid economic expansion, this has come at the cost of human rights issues in China including suppression of dissent, lack of free expression and religion, and growing inequality between urban and rural areas.
comparative development of india and neghbouring countries. AKANKSHYANAYAK18
The document provides an overview of China's comparative development experiences versus India. It discusses China's historical background, geography, people and culture, government and economy. Key points include:
- China has a long history as one of the world's oldest civilizations ruled by various dynasties. It transformed from an agrarian to modern economy through reforms starting in 1978.
- China has a large population of 1.4 billion people and a high urbanization rate of 59%. Its one-child policy addressed overpopulation but skewed the sex ratio.
- The economy shifted from collective farming to permitting private sector growth. Special economic zones attracted foreign investment. While growth has slowed recently, China remains the world's second
This document summarizes a study on land quota markets and growth management in Chinese urbanization. It finds that local governments have circumvented central controls on land conversion by consolidating rural residential land to generate new land quotas for urban expansion. This has led to new spatial logics where remoteness increases the likelihood of land consolidation. It has produced mixed welfare impacts for peasants, benefiting those in deep rural areas through improved housing and infrastructure, while displacing those on urban fringes. The system also reinforces the dominance of large municipalities over counties in controlling land resources and distribution.
The document provides a detailed timeline of key events in China's history from 1949 to the present day. It covers the establishment of communist rule under Mao Zedong, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping, the rise of Special Economic Zones, and China's increasing economic and political power on the global stage. It also examines rural-urban divides, issues of pollution and sustainability, and case studies of urban sprawl in cities like Shanghai and Shenzhen.
China has experienced rapid economic growth and development since implementing economic reforms in 1978. It is now the world's second largest economy in terms of GDP, with a diverse economy dominated by manufacturing and exports. Agriculture and industry have traditionally been the largest sectors but the service sector is growing. China also has a long history and rich culture, and is a top tourist destination, known for sites like the Great Wall and Forbidden City. It was historically a scientific leader but declined in the 14th century, and is now focused on modernizing its science and technology capabilities to support continued economic growth.
The document summarizes key events and policies related to modern China, including its early contacts with Western powers in the 19th century, the struggle for power between Nationalists and Communists in the early 20th century, and major economic and social policies and reforms under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping from the 1950s-1980s. It discusses the emergence of China as a communist nation after the Communists took control in 1949, and covers Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as well as Deng's Four Modernizations program and economic reforms.
comparison of india,pakistan and china.pptxSidhiSarika
- India, China, and Pakistan are the three largest neighbors in Asia, with China being the most populous and India being the second most populous.
- China has shifted from an agrarian to industrial and service economy through reforms, while India and Pakistan still rely heavily on agriculture.
- China's one-child policy helped reduce population growth but will lead to more elderly in the future. India and Pakistan still have high fertility rates.
- China's economy has grown the fastest through industrialization and reforms, while growth has declined in India and Pakistan in recent decades.
The document provides background information on China's Great Leap Forward period from 1958-1962. It describes Mao Zedong's goals to rapidly industrialize China and catch up to Western nations. Peasants were organized into large communes and pushed to exceed production quotas. Mao's plans included a failed backyard steel production campaign that wasted resources and contributed to a widespread famine that killed hundreds of thousands.
China is geographically divided into two parts - an inner agricultural region where 95% of people live, and an outer sparsely populated region of mountains, plateaus, deserts and steppes. The population of over 1 billion people makes China the most populous country in the world, though only 4% of its land can be cultivated. Under Communist rule in the 20th century, collective farms were established to increase agricultural production. Since economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has experienced rapid economic growth and development, becoming the world's second largest economy through industrialization, international trade, urbanization and investment.
In the digital arena ample of hitches are faced due to urbanization disrupting the living standards of people in the country. Predicted statistics on urbanization is tremendously increasing day by day and again
China's manufacturing industry has grown exponentially since 2001 when it joined the WTO. It is now the largest manufacturer in the world, producing over 44% of China's GDP and accounting for 11% of employment. Key to its success has been low labor costs. However, this pool of low-cost labor is declining. The automotive industry in particular has grown rapidly from 2 million cars produced in 2000 to over 13 million in 2009, aided by joint ventures with foreign companies.
1) Ghost cities in China refer to newly built cities that remain largely unoccupied.
2) They were constructed rapidly in anticipation of continued urbanization in China as the country's economy grows.
3) While currently empty, it is believed that these ghost cities will fill up as hundreds of millions of Chinese migrate to cities in the coming decades as China's urbanization rate increases.
The Sichuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 in China's Sichuan province was a devastating 7.7 magnitude quake that killed over 68,000 people and left hundreds of thousands injured. The earthquake destroyed infrastructure like roads, dams, and buildings, hampering relief efforts. While the Chinese government mobilized rescue workers and troops, remote villages could only be reached by long hikes carrying aid. Rebuilding efforts cost an estimated $20 billion and continued for years after the disaster.
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan province measured 7.7 on the Richter scale, killing over 68,000 people and leaving nearly 18,000 missing or injured. The earthquake destroyed one third of buildings in the epicenter city of Wenchuan and damaged critical infrastructure like roads, airports, and dams. The Chinese government responded swiftly with military and international aid for search and rescue and rebuilding efforts that cost an estimated $20 billion.
This document discusses the opportunities and challenges facing urban development in India. As India urbanizes at a rapid pace, its cities will need to accommodate nearly 600 million new urban residents by 2030. This massive growth will require investments totaling over $1 trillion in areas like housing, transportation, and basic infrastructure. However, Indian cities currently face issues like inadequate funding for development, lack of affordable housing, traffic congestion, air pollution, and a shortage of civic amenities for the growing population. The government aims to promote more sustainable and inclusive urban planning to address these challenges and improve quality of life for urban residents as India continues to urbanize on a large scale.
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The document provides an overview of the agricultural reforms in China and the transition from collective farming to rural reforms from 1979-1984. It discusses the key features of the agricultural collectives system, including pooled land ownership, use of collectives as the basic accounting unit, and distribution of income based on work points. It also examines the emergence of rural industrialization through township and village enterprises (TVEs) and provides examples of different models of TVE development, including those in Southern Jiangsu, Wenzhou, and the Pearl River Delta region.
This document provides an overview of the economic histories and growth trajectories of China and India over the past 50 years. It describes how both countries emerged from poverty to become economic giants, highlighting differences in their political systems, speed of growth, areas of specialization, and future growth opportunities. While both have lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty through rapid economic expansion, this has come at the cost of human rights issues in China including suppression of dissent, lack of free expression and religion, and growing inequality between urban and rural areas.
comparative development of india and neghbouring countries. AKANKSHYANAYAK18
The document provides an overview of China's comparative development experiences versus India. It discusses China's historical background, geography, people and culture, government and economy. Key points include:
- China has a long history as one of the world's oldest civilizations ruled by various dynasties. It transformed from an agrarian to modern economy through reforms starting in 1978.
- China has a large population of 1.4 billion people and a high urbanization rate of 59%. Its one-child policy addressed overpopulation but skewed the sex ratio.
- The economy shifted from collective farming to permitting private sector growth. Special economic zones attracted foreign investment. While growth has slowed recently, China remains the world's second
This document summarizes a study on land quota markets and growth management in Chinese urbanization. It finds that local governments have circumvented central controls on land conversion by consolidating rural residential land to generate new land quotas for urban expansion. This has led to new spatial logics where remoteness increases the likelihood of land consolidation. It has produced mixed welfare impacts for peasants, benefiting those in deep rural areas through improved housing and infrastructure, while displacing those on urban fringes. The system also reinforces the dominance of large municipalities over counties in controlling land resources and distribution.
The document provides a detailed timeline of key events in China's history from 1949 to the present day. It covers the establishment of communist rule under Mao Zedong, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping, the rise of Special Economic Zones, and China's increasing economic and political power on the global stage. It also examines rural-urban divides, issues of pollution and sustainability, and case studies of urban sprawl in cities like Shanghai and Shenzhen.
China has experienced rapid economic growth and development since implementing economic reforms in 1978. It is now the world's second largest economy in terms of GDP, with a diverse economy dominated by manufacturing and exports. Agriculture and industry have traditionally been the largest sectors but the service sector is growing. China also has a long history and rich culture, and is a top tourist destination, known for sites like the Great Wall and Forbidden City. It was historically a scientific leader but declined in the 14th century, and is now focused on modernizing its science and technology capabilities to support continued economic growth.
The document summarizes key events and policies related to modern China, including its early contacts with Western powers in the 19th century, the struggle for power between Nationalists and Communists in the early 20th century, and major economic and social policies and reforms under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping from the 1950s-1980s. It discusses the emergence of China as a communist nation after the Communists took control in 1949, and covers Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as well as Deng's Four Modernizations program and economic reforms.
comparison of india,pakistan and china.pptxSidhiSarika
- India, China, and Pakistan are the three largest neighbors in Asia, with China being the most populous and India being the second most populous.
- China has shifted from an agrarian to industrial and service economy through reforms, while India and Pakistan still rely heavily on agriculture.
- China's one-child policy helped reduce population growth but will lead to more elderly in the future. India and Pakistan still have high fertility rates.
- China's economy has grown the fastest through industrialization and reforms, while growth has declined in India and Pakistan in recent decades.
The document provides background information on China's Great Leap Forward period from 1958-1962. It describes Mao Zedong's goals to rapidly industrialize China and catch up to Western nations. Peasants were organized into large communes and pushed to exceed production quotas. Mao's plans included a failed backyard steel production campaign that wasted resources and contributed to a widespread famine that killed hundreds of thousands.
China is geographically divided into two parts - an inner agricultural region where 95% of people live, and an outer sparsely populated region of mountains, plateaus, deserts and steppes. The population of over 1 billion people makes China the most populous country in the world, though only 4% of its land can be cultivated. Under Communist rule in the 20th century, collective farms were established to increase agricultural production. Since economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has experienced rapid economic growth and development, becoming the world's second largest economy through industrialization, international trade, urbanization and investment.
In the digital arena ample of hitches are faced due to urbanization disrupting the living standards of people in the country. Predicted statistics on urbanization is tremendously increasing day by day and again
China's manufacturing industry has grown exponentially since 2001 when it joined the WTO. It is now the largest manufacturer in the world, producing over 44% of China's GDP and accounting for 11% of employment. Key to its success has been low labor costs. However, this pool of low-cost labor is declining. The automotive industry in particular has grown rapidly from 2 million cars produced in 2000 to over 13 million in 2009, aided by joint ventures with foreign companies.
1) Ghost cities in China refer to newly built cities that remain largely unoccupied.
2) They were constructed rapidly in anticipation of continued urbanization in China as the country's economy grows.
3) While currently empty, it is believed that these ghost cities will fill up as hundreds of millions of Chinese migrate to cities in the coming decades as China's urbanization rate increases.
The Sichuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 in China's Sichuan province was a devastating 7.7 magnitude quake that killed over 68,000 people and left hundreds of thousands injured. The earthquake destroyed infrastructure like roads, dams, and buildings, hampering relief efforts. While the Chinese government mobilized rescue workers and troops, remote villages could only be reached by long hikes carrying aid. Rebuilding efforts cost an estimated $20 billion and continued for years after the disaster.
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan province measured 7.7 on the Richter scale, killing over 68,000 people and leaving nearly 18,000 missing or injured. The earthquake destroyed one third of buildings in the epicenter city of Wenchuan and damaged critical infrastructure like roads, airports, and dams. The Chinese government responded swiftly with military and international aid for search and rescue and rebuilding efforts that cost an estimated $20 billion.
This document discusses the opportunities and challenges facing urban development in India. As India urbanizes at a rapid pace, its cities will need to accommodate nearly 600 million new urban residents by 2030. This massive growth will require investments totaling over $1 trillion in areas like housing, transportation, and basic infrastructure. However, Indian cities currently face issues like inadequate funding for development, lack of affordable housing, traffic congestion, air pollution, and a shortage of civic amenities for the growing population. The government aims to promote more sustainable and inclusive urban planning to address these challenges and improve quality of life for urban residents as India continues to urbanize on a large scale.
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2. Epicenter
WENCHUAN COUNTRY,
SICHUAN province
Beijing
Magnitude
7.9 Richter Scale
Range
Tremors felt as far as Beijing
1500km from epicenter
Casualty
69,197 people dead, of which
68,636 in Sichuan province
Affected
15 million people lived in the Injured
affected area 374,176 people
Homeless Missing
4.8 million people homeless 18,222 people
3. A collapsed building in Dujiangyan, close to the epicentre of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
4. Lake Formation in the Aftermath of Magnitude 7.9 Earthquake, Reliefweb
7. • 2000‐year‐old irrigation system
• On the 29th of November 2000, Dujiangyan Irrigation System was
placed on the World Cultural Heritage list.
• It irrigates farming land across 33 counties in West Sichuan Province.
10. Current development:
RAPID SHRINKAGE OF FARM LANDS
WHICH OWING TO HIGH AMOUNT
70% OF URBANISATION
Results
Human displacement
35%
Development without proper risk
assessment to safeguard current
investments.
11. Aim of Workshop
Redevelopment of Dujiangyan and the Sichuan province are a unique
opportunity to find sustainable ways to synergize social, economical and
spatial forces within its geo‐political framework.
All the stakeholders in relation to their sustainable presence within
current spatial framework must be acknowledged if a prosperous future
is to be realized.
27. Political History
Mao Zedong Hua Guofeng Deng Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao
(1943-1976 ) (1976-1981) Xiaoping (1989-2004) (since 2004…
(1981-1989)
28. Treaty of Nanking (29 August 1842)
End of First Opium War (1839–42)
Opening 5 ports for foreign trade
• Guangzhou
• Xiamen
• Fuzhou
• Ningbo
• Shanghai
30. WAR OF LIBERATION
CIVIL WAR (1946 – 1949)
People’s Republic of China (PRC) came to power on 1
October 1949
Mr. Mao Zedong becomes the leader of the Communist
party
31. Post war Problems
• Severe depression
• High Inflation
• Huge income and regional inequalities
• Coastal region produced about 70 percent of industrial products
while the vast interior was devoid of modern industries
32. Communist China (PRC)
Highly centralized mode of planning and
administration
Establishment of State Planning Commission and
the State Construction Commission
Transfer of Private enterprises into state-owned
enterprises (SOEs) operating under planning
SELF RESILIENCE: Isolated from the rest of the World
Premier Mao Zedong
33. Industry
Land ownership
Workers
Economy
Agriculture
39. Family Registration system
at hereditary places all over
the country
Effective check towards
Migration
Migration
40. Cultural revolution 1966
“Class struggle is the driving force of social development”
- Premier Mao Zedong
• Private commerce and markets were prohibited
• Government organizations, factories, and educational
institutions were disbanded