operating systems

1. OPERATING SYSYEMS
TANGIE ARNOLD OCT8, 2025

2. HISTORY
 Developed by Microsoft for personal computers.
 Features a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with
icons, menus, and windows.
 First released in 1985 as an extension of MS-DOS.
 Windows 95: Added Start button and Internet
Explorer.
 Windows XP: Long-running stable version.
 Windows 7: Popular, user-friendly design.
 Windows 8: Added touchscreen tiles.
 Windows 10: Free upgrade, continuous updates,
universal apps.
 Runs on 90% of computers worldwide.

3. Languageusedto
writeWindows
Programming Languages Used in Windows
 C – core system and performance code
 C++ – user interface and applications
 C# – modern tools and features
 Assembly – hardware-level functions

4. Designof
Windows
Memory
 Uses virtual memory to manage RAM efficiently
 Each process has its own private address space
 Employs paging to move data between RAM and
disk storage
 includes memory protection to prevent processes
from interfering with each other
 Uses cache and buffers to improve system speed
and performance
 Managed by the Windows Memory Manager

5. SecurityinWindows
Systems
 Viruses and Malware – harmful software that damages
files or steals data
 Ransomware – locks files until a ransom is paid
 Phishing Attacks – trick users into revealing
passwords or personal info
 Unauthorized Access – hackers gaining entry through
weak credentials
 Spyware and Keyloggers – secretly track user activity
and keystrokes
Major Threats

6. Protective
Policies  Install and update antivirus and anti-malware software regularly
 Apply Windows security updates and patches promptly
 Enforce strong password policies and multifactor
authentication
 Use firewalls and network monitoring tools
 Limit user permissions and access rights
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

7. FirstActionas
Administrator
 Enable and configure automatic updates
 Ensures the system always has the latest security patches
and fixes
 Prevents exploitation of known vulnerabilities

8. Historyof Linux
Operating
System
 Linus Torvalds created Linux in 1991 as an open-
source version of UNIX.
 Developed while studying at the University of
Helsinki.
 The first version, Linux 0.01, was shared online for
free.
 Designed using the UNIX principles of multitasking
and multiuser access.
 Grew through contributions from developers
worldwide.
 Released in various distributions such as Ubuntu,
Fedora, and Red Hat.
 Today, Linux powers servers, smartphones
(Android), and supercomputers.

9. Programming
LanguagesUsed
inLinux
 C – main language used to write the Linux kernel
 Assembly – for low-level hardware interactions
 C++ – used in some Linux applications and tools
 Python and Shell scripting – for system management and
automation
 Perl and Go – used in some modern utilities and development tools

10. Designof
Windows
Memory
 Virtual memory allows efficient use of physical
RAM
 Every process operates in its own separate address
space
 Paging system moves data between RAM and
storage as needed
 Memory protection keeps processes from
interfering with each other
 Caching and buffering improve system speed and
responsiveness
 Controlled by the Windows Memory Manager

11. Device
Managementin
Linux
 Linux uses two numbers to identify each device:
a major and a minor number
 The major number tells the system which driver to
use
 The minor number tells which specific device it is
 Device files are found in the /dev folder
 This system helps Linux manage and control
hardware easily

12. differences
between major
devicenumber
andaminor
devicenumber.
 The main difference between the two categories is
how they handle hardware communication.
The major number tells the operating system which
driver controls a group of similar devices, while
the minor number identifies each individual device
within that group.Together, these numbers help
Linux know exactly which device to use and how to
send or receive information from it.

13. Types of
Devices inLinux
 Character Devices
Send and receive data one character at a time
Examples:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Serial ports
 Block Devices
Transfer data in large blocks
Examples:
 Hard drives
 USB drives
 CD/DVD drives

14. Benefits of
TreatingDevices
as FilesinLinux
 Linux treats all devices as files, which means users and
programs can interact with hardware just like they do
with regular files.This makes the system more flexible
because the same commands used to read, write, or
move files can also control devices. It also makes it
easier for developers to create and manage hardware
drivers since everything follows the same structure. As
a result, Linux can easily support new devices without
major changes to the operating system.

15. Windows
Machine
 Developed by Microsoft
 Closed-source (not freely available to modify)
 Designed for ease of use with a graphical interface
 Paid license required for most versions
 Supports a wide range of commercial software and
games

16. Differences
betweeneachOS
 Linux Machine
 Created by Linus Torvalds and the open-source community
 Free and open-source — users can modify the code
 Offers many distributions (Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat, etc.)
 Known for security and stability
 Often used for servers, programming, and cybersecurity
Windows Machine
 Developed by Microsoft
 Closed-source (not freely available to modify)
 Designed for ease of use with a graphical interface
 Paid license required for most versions
 Supports a wide range of commercial software and games

17. Comparison
 Windows is user-friendly but less customizable
 Linux offers more control but requires technical
knowledge
 Windows supports more commercial
apps; Linux favors developers
 Linux is free; Windows usually costs money
 Linux is less prone to viruses than Windows