Norepinephrine and epinephrine are stress hormones involved in the fight or flight response. Norepinephrine is released by neurons and the adrenal gland, while epinephrine is produced solely in the adrenal gland. Both play essential roles in stress responses, blood pressure, and metabolism. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and cognitive functions. Imbalances in serotonin have been linked to depression, suicide, impulsivity, and aggressiveness.

1. Physiological
Psychology

2. Norepinephrine

3. Topics:
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin

4. Norepinephrine: (definition)
 A hormone secreted by certain nerve endings
of the sympathetic nervous system, and by the
medulla (center) of the adrenal glands.

5. Norepinephrine…. (continuation)
 A chemical released from the sympathetic
nervous system in response to stress.
 It is classified as a neurotransmitter, a
chemical that is released from neurons.

6. Norepinephrine…. (continuation)
 it is also referred to as a stress hormone.
 plays a role in mood disorders such as manic
depression.

7. Molecular Formula: C8H11NO3

8. How is Norepinephrine given?
 it is injected into a vein. (should be done in
Hospital or any emergency setting only)

9. Side Effects:
 difficulty in breathing
 swelling of face (lips, tongue or throat)

10. Epinephrine

11. Epinephrine: (definition)
 another term for adrenaline.
It occurs naturally in the body (secreted by
adrenal glands) and can also be synthetically
made to be used as medication.

12. Epinephrine… (continuation)
Treating shortness of breath, chest tightness,
and wheezing associated with asthma, and other
breathing problems.
 It may also be used for other conditions as
determined by your doctor.

13. How is Epinephrine given?
 Epinephrine is to be used only by the patient for
whom it is prescribed through Epinephrine
injection.

14. Side Effects:
 Difficulty sleeping
 fast heartbeat
 headache
 loss of appetite
 Nervousness

15. Similarity: (Norepinephrine & Epinephrine)
 Both are chemically similar compounds that are
involved in the body’s fight or flight response to stress.
 Both hormones play essential role in stress
responses, arterial blood pressure, and fuel
metabolism.
 When people experience physical and emotional
stress, the adrenal gland pumps out both hormones to
prepare for a response.

16. Difference: (Norepinephrine & Epinephrine)
 The key difference between these chemicals is in
their structure; norepinephrine contains a hydrogen
atom whereas epinephrine has a methyl group.
 Norepinephrine is secreted by certain neurons in the
brain as well as the adrenal gland.
 Epinephrine is produced only in the adrenal gland.

17. Serotonin

18. Serotonin: (definition)
 a neurotransmitter with functions in various systems
of the body.
 works to regulate mood, appetite, sleep, memory
and learning.
 a major part of many popular drug treatments for
depression and anxiety.

19. Imbalances in serotonin causes:
 Depression
Suicide
Impulsive behavior
aggressiveness