This document provides an overview of the book "Essentials of Veterinary Practice" by Dr. Debasis Jana and Dr. Nilotpal Ghosh. It includes a table of contents that outlines the 22 chapters organized into 6 parts covering diagnostic techniques, common diseases, treatment approaches, and other practical information for veterinary professionals. The foreword provides context on the role of veterinarians and importance of the topics covered. The preface explains how the book is a reference for veterinary students and practitioners to aid in clinical diagnosis and management of animal health issues. It highlights features such as disease descriptions, photographs, and a veterinary drug index. The acknowledgements recognize the sources used and contributions of teachers, colleagues, and
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Three key factors that determine dairy herd health and productivity are nutrition, cow comfort, and reproduction. Cows must be well-fed, in a comfortable environment, and bred in a timely manner to achieve their production potential. Facilities should provide adequate shade, bedding, and access to fresh water and feed. Good hygiene and biosecurity help prevent disease transmission. The dairy cow's life cycle follows a predictable pattern from birth through lactation, breeding, calving, and culling or drying off. Close management during transition periods around calving impacts health, fertility and longevity.
The stay apparatus is the group of muscles, ligaments, and tendons that lock the major joints in the horse's limbs, allowing horses to sleep standing up. This reduces fatigue from standing. The stay apparatus distributes the horse's weight across three limbs and includes structures like muscles, tendons, and ligaments that lock joints like the fetlock. While the lower portions are similar between forelimbs and hindlimbs, the upper portions differ. This locking of joints allows horses to remain standing with minimal effort while resting or sleeping.
This document provides an overview of the book "Essentials of Veterinary Practice" by Dr. Debasis Jana and Dr. Nilotpal Ghosh. It includes a table of contents that outlines the 22 chapters organized into 6 parts covering diagnostic techniques, common diseases, treatment approaches, and other practical information for veterinary professionals. The foreword provides context on the role of veterinarians and importance of the topics covered. The preface explains how the book is a reference for veterinary students and practitioners to aid in clinical diagnosis and management of animal health issues. It highlights features such as disease descriptions, photographs, and a veterinary drug index. The acknowledgements recognize the sources used and contributions of teachers, colleagues, and
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Three key factors that determine dairy herd health and productivity are nutrition, cow comfort, and reproduction. Cows must be well-fed, in a comfortable environment, and bred in a timely manner to achieve their production potential. Facilities should provide adequate shade, bedding, and access to fresh water and feed. Good hygiene and biosecurity help prevent disease transmission. The dairy cow's life cycle follows a predictable pattern from birth through lactation, breeding, calving, and culling or drying off. Close management during transition periods around calving impacts health, fertility and longevity.
The stay apparatus is the group of muscles, ligaments, and tendons that lock the major joints in the horse's limbs, allowing horses to sleep standing up. This reduces fatigue from standing. The stay apparatus distributes the horse's weight across three limbs and includes structures like muscles, tendons, and ligaments that lock joints like the fetlock. While the lower portions are similar between forelimbs and hindlimbs, the upper portions differ. This locking of joints allows horses to remain standing with minimal effort while resting or sleeping.
El documento habla sobre la importancia del trabajo de los ganaderos para controlar y erradicar la brucelosis bovina. La brucelosis es una enfermedad zoonótica causada por la bacteria Brucella abortus que causa abortos en el ganado vacuno y puede transmitirse a los humanos. Los ganaderos usan medidas como pruebas de detección, vacunación con las cepas 19 y RB51, y eliminación de animales infectados para controlar la propagación de la enfermedad.
La anaplasmosis es una enfermedad que afecta al ganado bovino y otras especies causada por la bacteria Anaplasma marginale, la cual se transmite principalmente por garrapatas e infecta los eritrocitos de los animales. Los síntomas incluyen fiebre, anemia, debilidad y abortos en vacas embarazadas. El tratamiento consiste en el uso de tetraciclinas, mientras que el control incluye la inmunización y medidas para reducir la población de garrapatas.
Goat farming business is not a new enterprise. Rearing goats is a profitable business. Goat has been rearing since the time immemorial. Generally goat farming means rearing goats for the purpose of harvesting milk, meat and fiber. At present, goat farming has become a profitable business and it requires a very low investment because of its multi-functional utility. Commercial goat farming business is contributing greatly to the economy and nutrition of a country.There are many advantages of goat farming business. You can also raise goats along with your other livestock animals. Goats have been considered as poor man’s cow (mini cow) for the poor people because of it’s immense contribution in rural economy and national income. Goat products like milk and meat is not only nutritious and easily digestible food but also a great source of regular income for the poor, landless and marginal farmers. As goats are small sized animal , so they are easily maintained. Even they are easily maintained and cared by women and children. For successful goat farming business, you need to do some common tasks such as feeding, milking and caring. These simple tasks do not require much equipment, capital, labor or hard work.
This document provides information about raising ducks and quails for profit in India. It discusses popular duck and quail breeds raised in India, their housing and management needs. Key points covered include India has a population of 36 million ducks, ducks are mainly raised in coastal regions, and quails require less space and capital to raise than chickens but produce more eggs relative to their body weight. The document also provides an example economic analysis of setting up a duck farm and quail farming operation.
The document discusses feeding recommendations for various classes of horses. It recommends that horses undergoing light work can be fully nourished by good quality pasture alone. For horses in work, a supplement of grains and concentrates may be needed to meet their increased nutritional demands. The feeding requirements increase for pregnant and lactating mares to support fetal and foal growth. Feeding recommendations are provided for race horses, foals, yearlings, stallions and broodmares according to their physiological state and work.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals that occurs around calving due to low blood calcium levels. Multiparous, high producing cows and buffaloes fed lush green fodders like alfalfa before calving are most susceptible. Clinical signs include anorexia, muscle shivering, depression, staggering, and recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections, while prevention focuses on feeding a low calcium diet before calving and prophylactic calcium supplementation around calving.
This document provides an overview of 12 ideas for improved dairy farm management. It discusses recognizing the dairy farm as a business and understanding supply and demand economics. Key steps include measuring performance with data, using analytics as a competitive advantage, maintaining accurate financial records, analyzing investments, understanding how earnings and asset turnover impact profitability, and maintaining a consistent business strategy regardless of milk price fluctuations. The overall message is that the most profitable approach focuses on increasing milk production at the lowest cost.
Hemorrhagic septicemia is a bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by Pasteurella multocida. It is characterized by high fever, swelling of the throat and neck, difficulty breathing, and high mortality. The disease spreads through direct or indirect contact with infected or carrier animals. Stressful conditions like malnutrition, transportation, or pre-existing viral infections predispose animals to the disease. Vaccination is the primary control method.
Trichostrongyloidea are small parasitic worms that infect the digestive tract of animals. Ostertagia is a genus of these worms that infects ruminants and causes parasitic gastritis. Ostertagia ostertagi specifically infects cattle. The life cycle is direct with eggs passed in feces and infective larvae ingestion causing infection. This can cause ostertagiasis, characterized by diarrhea, edema, and weight loss. Type I disease occurs in young cattle in summer while Type II occurs in older cattle in spring due to arrested larvae development. Diagnosis involves fecal egg counts and treatment uses anthelmintics effective against different larval stages.
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Challenges in goat farming in india - Goat Farming ConsultancyIbne Ali
- India has the largest population of goats in the world at approximately 160 million. Goat farming provides supplementary income to 70 million farmers in over 500,000 remote villages.
- Goat meat and milk production in India has increased in the last decade. India is the largest producer of goat milk and second largest producer of goat meat globally.
- The goat sector contributes 8.4% to India's livestock GDP, or 38,590 crores, through products like meat, milk, skin, manure, and others. Goats contribute approximately Rs. 40,000 crores to the Indian economy.
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An OverviewGazanfarAbass0966
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
El documento proporciona información sobre la selección de ganado lechero, enfocándose en las características deseables de las vacas lecheras y la cartilla de juzgamiento. Explica cada área de la cartilla como cuerpo, temperamento lechero, capacidad corporal, patas y pezuñas, y ubre. Además, ofrece ejemplos de cómo comparar vacas durante el proceso de juzgamiento y dar razones para las ubicaciones.
Veterinary Anatomy of Cardiovascular system and specie difference between dif...Muhammad Amir Sohail
1. The document describes the structure and anatomy of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and circulation.
2. It details the layers of the pericardium, the chambers and valves of the heart, and the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle.
3. The major arteries and veins of the systemic and pulmonary circulations are also outlined, including the aorta, vena cava, and their branches that supply the body.
This document discusses maintaining hoof health in small ruminants. It notes that hoof health can affect animal performance, disease resistance, and welfare. Three primary hoof diseases are identified: foot scald, foot rot, and foot abscesses. Foot rot is highly contagious and difficult to eradicate, requiring isolation of infected animals, treatment, and culling of animals that do not respond to treatment. The document provides information on proper hoof trimming techniques and equipment, treatment and prevention of foot rot, and emphasizes the importance of biosecurity to prevent introduction and spread of foot rot.
Bovine mastitis is a bacterial infection of dairy cow udders that is caused by various bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. It occurs when bacteria invade the teat canal and cause inflammation and damage to the mammary gland. Mastitis can be identified by abnormalities in milk like clots or a watery appearance, or signs of swelling, heat, redness, and hardness in the udder. It is usually transmitted via contact with contaminated milking equipment or materials. Proper hygiene, treatment with antibiotics, and culling of chronically infected cows can help control mastitis.
La clamidia es una enfermedad infecciosa y zoonótica contagiosa causada por una bacteria del género Chlamydia. La especie más afectada en cabras es Clamidiosis abortus, una bacteria intracelular obligada que exhibe un ciclo de desarrollo polimórfico asincrónico
Este documento presenta un plan de salud para ovinos que describe las principales enfermedades infecciosas que afectan a los rebaños, incluyendo enterotoxemia, hepatitis necrosante, carbunclo, brucelosis ovina, neumonía y enfermedades de la pezuña. Para cada enfermedad se detallan las lesiones, el diagnóstico y las medidas de prevención, como la vacunación y el manejo del ganado. El plan también incluye cuadros resumiendo el control de enfermedades mediante vacunación y las
La circovirosis porcina es una enfermedad viral causada por el circovirus porcino tipo 2 que afecta a cerdos y causa pérdidas económicas. Se presenta clínicamente como una enfermedad de desmedro o como síndrome de dermatitis y nefropatía porcina con alta mortalidad. Se transmite a través de heces infectadas o diseminación mecánica. El diagnóstico incluye histopatología e inmunohistoquímica y la vacunación ayuda a prevenirla y reducir sí
El documento habla sobre la importancia del trabajo de los ganaderos para controlar y erradicar la brucelosis bovina. La brucelosis es una enfermedad zoonótica causada por la bacteria Brucella abortus que causa abortos en el ganado vacuno y puede transmitirse a los humanos. Los ganaderos usan medidas como pruebas de detección, vacunación con las cepas 19 y RB51, y eliminación de animales infectados para controlar la propagación de la enfermedad.
La anaplasmosis es una enfermedad que afecta al ganado bovino y otras especies causada por la bacteria Anaplasma marginale, la cual se transmite principalmente por garrapatas e infecta los eritrocitos de los animales. Los síntomas incluyen fiebre, anemia, debilidad y abortos en vacas embarazadas. El tratamiento consiste en el uso de tetraciclinas, mientras que el control incluye la inmunización y medidas para reducir la población de garrapatas.
Goat farming business is not a new enterprise. Rearing goats is a profitable business. Goat has been rearing since the time immemorial. Generally goat farming means rearing goats for the purpose of harvesting milk, meat and fiber. At present, goat farming has become a profitable business and it requires a very low investment because of its multi-functional utility. Commercial goat farming business is contributing greatly to the economy and nutrition of a country.There are many advantages of goat farming business. You can also raise goats along with your other livestock animals. Goats have been considered as poor man’s cow (mini cow) for the poor people because of it’s immense contribution in rural economy and national income. Goat products like milk and meat is not only nutritious and easily digestible food but also a great source of regular income for the poor, landless and marginal farmers. As goats are small sized animal , so they are easily maintained. Even they are easily maintained and cared by women and children. For successful goat farming business, you need to do some common tasks such as feeding, milking and caring. These simple tasks do not require much equipment, capital, labor or hard work.
This document provides information about raising ducks and quails for profit in India. It discusses popular duck and quail breeds raised in India, their housing and management needs. Key points covered include India has a population of 36 million ducks, ducks are mainly raised in coastal regions, and quails require less space and capital to raise than chickens but produce more eggs relative to their body weight. The document also provides an example economic analysis of setting up a duck farm and quail farming operation.
The document discusses feeding recommendations for various classes of horses. It recommends that horses undergoing light work can be fully nourished by good quality pasture alone. For horses in work, a supplement of grains and concentrates may be needed to meet their increased nutritional demands. The feeding requirements increase for pregnant and lactating mares to support fetal and foal growth. Feeding recommendations are provided for race horses, foals, yearlings, stallions and broodmares according to their physiological state and work.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals that occurs around calving due to low blood calcium levels. Multiparous, high producing cows and buffaloes fed lush green fodders like alfalfa before calving are most susceptible. Clinical signs include anorexia, muscle shivering, depression, staggering, and recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections, while prevention focuses on feeding a low calcium diet before calving and prophylactic calcium supplementation around calving.
This document provides an overview of 12 ideas for improved dairy farm management. It discusses recognizing the dairy farm as a business and understanding supply and demand economics. Key steps include measuring performance with data, using analytics as a competitive advantage, maintaining accurate financial records, analyzing investments, understanding how earnings and asset turnover impact profitability, and maintaining a consistent business strategy regardless of milk price fluctuations. The overall message is that the most profitable approach focuses on increasing milk production at the lowest cost.
Hemorrhagic septicemia is a bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by Pasteurella multocida. It is characterized by high fever, swelling of the throat and neck, difficulty breathing, and high mortality. The disease spreads through direct or indirect contact with infected or carrier animals. Stressful conditions like malnutrition, transportation, or pre-existing viral infections predispose animals to the disease. Vaccination is the primary control method.
Trichostrongyloidea are small parasitic worms that infect the digestive tract of animals. Ostertagia is a genus of these worms that infects ruminants and causes parasitic gastritis. Ostertagia ostertagi specifically infects cattle. The life cycle is direct with eggs passed in feces and infective larvae ingestion causing infection. This can cause ostertagiasis, characterized by diarrhea, edema, and weight loss. Type I disease occurs in young cattle in summer while Type II occurs in older cattle in spring due to arrested larvae development. Diagnosis involves fecal egg counts and treatment uses anthelmintics effective against different larval stages.
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Challenges in goat farming in india - Goat Farming ConsultancyIbne Ali
- India has the largest population of goats in the world at approximately 160 million. Goat farming provides supplementary income to 70 million farmers in over 500,000 remote villages.
- Goat meat and milk production in India has increased in the last decade. India is the largest producer of goat milk and second largest producer of goat meat globally.
- The goat sector contributes 8.4% to India's livestock GDP, or 38,590 crores, through products like meat, milk, skin, manure, and others. Goats contribute approximately Rs. 40,000 crores to the Indian economy.
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An OverviewGazanfarAbass0966
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
El documento proporciona información sobre la selección de ganado lechero, enfocándose en las características deseables de las vacas lecheras y la cartilla de juzgamiento. Explica cada área de la cartilla como cuerpo, temperamento lechero, capacidad corporal, patas y pezuñas, y ubre. Además, ofrece ejemplos de cómo comparar vacas durante el proceso de juzgamiento y dar razones para las ubicaciones.
Veterinary Anatomy of Cardiovascular system and specie difference between dif...Muhammad Amir Sohail
1. The document describes the structure and anatomy of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and circulation.
2. It details the layers of the pericardium, the chambers and valves of the heart, and the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle.
3. The major arteries and veins of the systemic and pulmonary circulations are also outlined, including the aorta, vena cava, and their branches that supply the body.
This document discusses maintaining hoof health in small ruminants. It notes that hoof health can affect animal performance, disease resistance, and welfare. Three primary hoof diseases are identified: foot scald, foot rot, and foot abscesses. Foot rot is highly contagious and difficult to eradicate, requiring isolation of infected animals, treatment, and culling of animals that do not respond to treatment. The document provides information on proper hoof trimming techniques and equipment, treatment and prevention of foot rot, and emphasizes the importance of biosecurity to prevent introduction and spread of foot rot.
Bovine mastitis is a bacterial infection of dairy cow udders that is caused by various bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. It occurs when bacteria invade the teat canal and cause inflammation and damage to the mammary gland. Mastitis can be identified by abnormalities in milk like clots or a watery appearance, or signs of swelling, heat, redness, and hardness in the udder. It is usually transmitted via contact with contaminated milking equipment or materials. Proper hygiene, treatment with antibiotics, and culling of chronically infected cows can help control mastitis.
La clamidia es una enfermedad infecciosa y zoonótica contagiosa causada por una bacteria del género Chlamydia. La especie más afectada en cabras es Clamidiosis abortus, una bacteria intracelular obligada que exhibe un ciclo de desarrollo polimórfico asincrónico
Este documento presenta un plan de salud para ovinos que describe las principales enfermedades infecciosas que afectan a los rebaños, incluyendo enterotoxemia, hepatitis necrosante, carbunclo, brucelosis ovina, neumonía y enfermedades de la pezuña. Para cada enfermedad se detallan las lesiones, el diagnóstico y las medidas de prevención, como la vacunación y el manejo del ganado. El plan también incluye cuadros resumiendo el control de enfermedades mediante vacunación y las
La circovirosis porcina es una enfermedad viral causada por el circovirus porcino tipo 2 que afecta a cerdos y causa pérdidas económicas. Se presenta clínicamente como una enfermedad de desmedro o como síndrome de dermatitis y nefropatía porcina con alta mortalidad. Se transmite a través de heces infectadas o diseminación mecánica. El diagnóstico incluye histopatología e inmunohistoquímica y la vacunación ayuda a prevenirla y reducir sí
1. Prepeared by hebron venance
UFUGAJI WA NGURUWE
Nguruwe ni mnyama mwenye faida, ni rafiki kwa mazingira na hahitaji gharama kubwa. Katika nchi nyingi zinazo
endelea ikiwemo Tanzania kiasi kikubwa cha nyama kinatokana na wanyama wenye matumbo Zaidi ya moja kama
ng’ombe, mbuzi, kondoo, nk. Kutokana na kukua na kuongezeka kwa kasi kwa idadi ya watu kunaumuhimu
mkubwa wa mabadiliko ya vyanzo vya nyama ili kuweza kukidhi mahitaji ya idadi kubwa ya ongezeko hilo la
watu. Moja ya chazo kizuri na kinacho weza kupunguza uhaba wa nyama kwa muda mfupi ni pamoja na nguruwe
ambao wanakuwa kwa muda mfupi, wanatupatia protini nyingi, gharama zake za uzalishaji si kubwa sana kwani
wanatumia aina nyingi za vyakula kulingana na mazingira husika na pia wanaweza kuzaliana kwa vingi kwa muda
mfupi. Mfano nguruwe anaweza kufikisha kilo 90-120 akifugwa vizuri ndani ya miezi sita(6) na hivyo tayari kwa
kuchinjwa kwaajili ya nyama, na kwa mzao mmoja anaweza kuzaa vitoto 9-14 ambapo kwa mwaka anazaa mara
mbili hivyo twaweza kupata vitoto 14-24 kwa mwaka.
2. Prepeared by hebron venance
Jamii nyingi hapa Tanzania huchukulia nguruwe kama mnyama mchafu na asiyefaa kuwa karibu naye na hata kwa
matumizi kama lishe. Zaidi, nyama yake inapendwa na haina madhara kwa afya na inapendekezwa kuliwa zaidi
kuliko nyama nyekundu. Unaweza kuanzisha mradi wa nguruwe kwa gharama ndogo lakini baada ya kipindi cha
miezi tisa tu ukaanza kujipatia kipato kutokana na ufugaji huo.
Ufugaji
Kwa kawaida nguruwe wanafugwa na watu wa kada zote, wafugaji wadogo wadogo na hata wakubwa. Aina hii ya
ufugaji huweza kumpatia mkulima kipato pamoja na lishe kwa familia, na hauhitaji gharama kubwa.
AINA ZA NGURUWE
Hampshire (USA)
Wana rangi ya dhahabu – nyeusi na msitari mweupe kuzunguka mabega.
Mdomo mfupi,masiko makubwa na yametazama nyuma.
Wana ngozi ngumu na rangi ya kahawia.
Wanakua haraka, nyama pana na mabega mapana
Ni wapole
3. Prepeared by hebron venance
Landrace (Denmark)
Ni weupe na miili yao ni mikubwa
Masiko yaliyo anguka na yametazama mbele
Mdomo mrefu na ulionyooka
Wanazaa vizuri na vitoto vinakua kwa haraka
Wanatoa nyama nzuri
Wanavumilia mazingira magumu na wanahitaji matunzo mazuri.
4. Prepeared by hebron venance
LARGE WHITE / YORKSHIRE(Yorkshire, England)
Masikio yaliyo simama, uso mpana na umebonyea ndani na mabega makubwa na mapana
Wanaathiriwa na jua na wanaweza kuvumilia kwa muda mfupi
Wanazaa vizuri na watoto wanakua haraka
Wana miili mirefu na wanatoa protini kwa wingi
SADDLEBACK, England (Essex and Wessex)
Wana rangi nyeusi na mabaka meupe kuzunguka mabega na miguu ya mbele.
uso mrefu na ulio nyooka
Masikio yaliyo anguka
Saizi ya kati
Wanauwezo mzuri wa kulea vitoto
Wazuri kwa kuwafugia nje
5. Prepeared by hebron venance
NGURUWE WA KIENYEJI
Ndio wanao patikana kwa kiasi kikubwa nchini
Wanakua polepole na wanadumaa
Uzaaji mdogo (5 paka 6 vitoto kwa mzao mmoja)
Wanavumilia mlo mbovu, magonjwa na wadudu.
Wakiwa wamekua huwa na miili midogo
Wanastahimili joto kali na jua
Midomo yao imenyooka na miguu yenye ncha kali
Rangi ya ngozi inaweza kuwa nyeusi au nyeusi yenye mabaka
UCHAGUZI WA MBEGU BORA YA NGURUWE
Tabia nzuri za nguruwe wa mbegu.
Uwezo mkubwa wa kuzaa.
Anaye sitahimili magojwa na hali ya hewa ya mazingira husika
Uwezo mzuri wa kukibadilisha chakula na kufanya nyama nzuri inayo pendwa na watu.
Uwezo mzuri wa kulea watoto.
Aina ya nguruwe.
Isiwe na magonjwa ya kurithi.
Awe na miguu imara na yenye nguvu
Awe angalau na matiti yasiyo pungua 12 na yawe na mpangilio mzuri.
Mrefu na awe na misuli imara.
6. Prepeared by hebron venance
MIFUMO MBALI MBALI YA UFUGAJI WA NGURUWE
KUFUGIA NJE (KUWACHIA HURU)
Ni ufugaji wa kieneji wenye gharama ndogo na idadi ya nguruwe jike wanaofugwa wanaweza kuwa 1-3.
Mfumo huu unaendeshwa aidha kwa kuto wapatia chakula cha ziada wanyama wanapo toka kuzunguka
zunguka nje au hupewa chakula kisicho na ubora.
Ni mfumo wa ufugaji usio na mpangilio maalumu.
Nguruwe wa kienyeji ndio wanaofugwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na huwa wanachiwa huru kuzunguka.
Ukuaji na uzalishaji wake ni mdogo ukiambatana na vifo vingi
Wanyama huwa na wadudu wengi katika miili yao
Mara nyingi ni kwaajili ya kuipatia familia mahitaji yao. Ni rahisi kwa nguruwe kupata magonjwa na
wadudu.
NUSU NDANI NUSU NJE
Nguruwe wanafungiwa kwenye mabanda nyuma ya makazi na mara nyingine wanaruhusiwa kutoka nje.
Wanalisha mabaki ya jikoni, mboga na masalia mengine kama pumba.
Matunzo ya kawaida
Mavuno madogo na kiasi kikubwa cha vifo
Nguruwe wano fugwa ni wale wa kienyeji na chotara
Mavuno ni makubwa kwa kiasi ukilinganisha na wale wanao fungwa kwa kuachiwa huru.
KUFUGIA NDANI
ni ufugaji wa kisasa ambapo wanyama wanafungiwa ndani na hawaruhusiwi kutoka nje
uzalishaji kwaajili ya biashara mkulima huwa na nguruwe kuanzia hamsini na kuendelea
chakula kinacho tumika ni bora na huwa chakula cha kununuliwa.
mabanda mazuri na yenye nafasi ya kutosha
matunzo makubwa yanayopelekea mavuno mazuri
nguruwe si rahisi kupata magonjwa na wadudu.
mara nyingi nguruwe wa kigeni na wa kienyeji wanaofanya vizuri
masoko ni mabucha ya kawaida (kienyeji)
7. Prepeared by hebron venance
Picha hapo juu inaonyesha ufugaji wa nguruwe kwa kuwachia nje (picha 1) na kufugia ndani kwa ujumla
bila kuwaachia nje (picha 2).
Picha hapo juu inaonyesha mfumo wa ufugaji wa nguruwe kwa kuwachia huru au kuwafungia nje.
UJENZI WA BANDA LA NGURUWE
Sehemu ya kujenga banda la nguruwe.
• Eneo liwe linafikika kwa urahisi.
• Iwe ni sehemu ambayo haituamishi maji.
• Iwe nisehemu ambayo iko mbali kidogo na makazi ya watu.
• Liwe ni eneo ambalo halipigwi na mionzi ya jua moja kwa moja)
• Eneo liwe na maji ya kutosha kwaajili ya usafi wa mabanda
Ujenzi wa banda bora la nguruwe
• Inashauliwa banda la nguruwe liwe na 25 sentimita za urefu; 1.5 mita za mraba kwa nguruwe mmoja mkubwa
ambaye ni jike na banda liwe limeezekwa.
8. Prepeared by hebron venance
• Eneo la kutosha kwaajili ya maji ya kunywa, chakula na kufanya usafi
• Unapo jenga zingatia mwelekeo wa upepo ili kusaidia mzunguko wa hewa ndani ya banda.
• Banda bora ni lile lililo ezekwa kwa nyasi au mianzi ili kupunguza joto ndani. Endapo banda litaezekwa kwa
bati upande wa juu wa bati unatakiwa upakwe rangi nyeupe na kuta zake lazima ziwe ndefu (2.4-3.0m kwenda
juu na 1.8-2.1m kutoka chini) ili kusaidia mzunguko wa hewa kwenye banda
• Nguruwe wanahitaji kuwa na banda lililojengwa kwa vifaa nafuu. Unaweza kutumia mchanga na simenti
kuweka sakafu, ama ukatumia udongo wa mfinyanzi kwa ajili ya kuweka sakafu. Ukubwa wa banda
unategemeana na idadi ya nguruwe unaotaka kufuga. Mita 3 kwa mita 2.5 zitawaweka guruwe 8-10
wanaonenepeshwa kwa soko au nguruwe jike mmoja na nguruwe ndume mmoja.
ZINGATIA: Usafi ni muhimu katika banda ili kuepuka magonjwa.
Picha hapo juu inaonyesha Mabanda ya nguruwe yanavyo onekana kwa ndani
Picha hapo juu ni banda la nguruwe linavyo onekana kwa nje.
9. Prepeared by hebron venance
Malisho
Ulishaji wa nguruwe ni rahisi kwa kuwa wanakula aina mbalimbali za vyakula kulingana na mazingira
wanayofugwa. Unaweza kuwalisha kwa kutumia majani laini ya aina mbalimbali, na pia hulishwa kwa kutumia
masalia ya nafaka (pumba). Unaweza kuwalisha kwa kutumia mashudu na pumba. Pia unaweza kuwalisha kwa
kutumia mabaki ya jikoni.
Kuzaliana
Nguruwe hubeba mimba kwa kipindi cha siku 114, ambazo hugawanyika kwa miezi 3, wiki 3 na siku 3. Nguruwe
mmoja ana uwezo wa kuzaa watoto 9 hadi 14 kwa mara moja. Watoto wa nguruwe (piglets) huanza kula chakula
cha kawaida wanapofika umri wa mwezi mmoja na nusu mpaka miezi miwili. Endapo nguruwe watapata matunzo
mazuri, baada ya miezi 6-8 wanakuwa na uzito kati ya kilo 90-120 na wanaweza kuuzwa.
Matunzo
Baada ya nguruwe kuzaa siku ya kwanza asipewe kitu chochote ila apewe maji ya kutosha, baada ya hapo
anatakiwa kupatiwa chakula cha kutosha na cha kutia nguvu ili kupata maziwa ya kutosha kwa ajili ya watoto
wake. Watoto wa nguruwe wachomwe sindano ya madini ya chuma (Iron injection) baada ya siku moja au mbili
toka kuzaliwa. Hii ni muhimu sana vinginevyo wanaweza kufa wote. Kata meno (tooth clipping) baada ya miezi
mitatu. Unaweza kuhasi madume (castration) baada ya miezi miwili.
MAGONJWA YANAYOATHIRI NGURUWE
Kuna aina nyingi za magonjwa yanayoshambulia nguruwe, lakini yapo yale yaliyozoeleka ambapo ni lazima
kukabiliana nayo ili kuwa na ufugaji wenye tija.
Ugonjwa wa miguu na midomo
Ugonjwa huu huathiri nguruwe sehemu za miguu na midomo. Ni ugonjwa ambao hushambulia nguruwe mara kwa
mara hasa wasipokuwa na matunzo mazuri. Ugonjwa wa miguu na midomo, hudhoofisha nguruwe kwa haraka
sana, ikiwa ni pamoja na kupungua uzito.
Chanjo: Chanjo kwa ajili ya ugonjwa wa midomo na miguu (FMD vaccine) hutolewa kila baada ya mwaka mmoja.
Hii inasaidia kuwaweka nguruwe wako katika hali nzuri zaidi bila kushambuliwa na magonjwa hayo.
Tiba: Ugonjwa huu hauna tiba halisi. Inapotokea nguruwe wakawa wameshambuliwa kinachofanyika ni kutibu
magonjwa nyemelezi kwa kutumia antibiotics.
Homa ya Nguruwe (Swine fever)
Virusi vinavyosababisha ugonjwa wa homa ya nguruwe huenea kwa haraka sana miongoni mwa makundi ya
nguruwe, na huua kwa haraka sana, lakini hauna madhara kwa binadamu na hauambukizwi kwa binadamu.
Nguruwe walioambukizwa waanshikwa na vindonda ama mapunye kwenye ngozi. Pia masikio na ngozi huwa
mekundu.
Chanjo: Ugonjwa huu hauna chanjo wala tiba. Kinachofanyika mlipuko unapotokea ili kuwa salama ni
kuwateketeza nguruwe wote walioathirika na kuanza upya. Unaweza kuteketeza kwa kuwachoma moto.
10. Prepeared by hebron venance
Muhimu: Baada ya kuwateketeza nguruwe wagonjwa, safisha banda kisha nyunyiza dawa aiana ya Acon au
Ectomin, na uache banda wazi kwa kipindi cha wiki moja kabla ya kuweka nguruwe wengine.
Ugonjwa wa mapafu (Pneumonia)
Huu ni ugonjwa unaoshambulia sehemu za koo na mapafu ya nguruwe, ambapo husababisha kukohoa na
kupumua kwa shida. Ugonjwa huu husababishwa na bacteria (Secondary bacterial), joto kupita kiasi, vumbi
na gesi inayotokana na madawa makali.
Tiba: Homa ya mapafu kwa nguruwe inatibika kwa kutumia antibiotics. Pamoja na kuwaweka wanyama
sehemu safi, isiyo na baridi kali au joto la kupitiliza kiwango.
Kimeta (Anthrax)
Huu ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na bakteria wanaojulikana kama Bacillus anthracis, wadudu hawa
wanabaki kuwa hai kwa muda mrefu na wanaweza kuwa kwenye udongo wakiwa hai kwa kipindi cha miaka
mingi.
Chanjo: Chanja nguruwe wako dhidi ya kimeta kama utakavyoelekezwa na wataalamu wa mifugo walio
karibu nawe.
Tiba: Unaweza kutibu nguruwe wako kwa kutumia dawa aina ya Penisilin au Oxytetracycline.
Muhimu: Homa ya nguruwe ni lazima iwekewe karatini kwa sababu husambaa kwa haraka sana. Nchini
Tanzania mlipuko wa homa ya nguruwe umekuwa ukitokea mara kwa mara maeneo ya mpakani mwa
Tanzania na Malawi na katika mkoa wa Mbeya.