1. Impressionism was an art movement that began in the 1860s in which artists painted outdoor scenes capturing the effects of light with visible brushstrokes rather than focusing on details. 2. Post-Impressionism emerged in the late 1880s as artists like Gauguin, Seurat, van Gogh, and Cézanne broke from Impressionism's naturalism to express deeper emotions through simplified colors and forms. 3. Abstract expressionism developed after World War II in New York and featured nonrepresentational works by artists such as Pollock, Rothko, and de Kooning, with Pollock known for his "drip paintings" created by pouring and splattering paint onto

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HISTORY OF ART AND
DESIGN
By
PROF. MADYA MOHAMED ALI
ABD. RAHMAN

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Impressionism
• Impressionism was a 19th century art
movement that began as a loose
association of Paris-based artists, who
began exhibiting their art publicly in the
1860s.
• The name of the movement is derived
from the title of a Claude Monet work,
Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil
levant) Dated 1872, but probably created
in 1873, which provoked the critic Louis
Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review
published in Le Charivari.
• Its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in
France, using very loose brush strokes
that suggest rather than delineate it.

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• Monet explained the title later:
• Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one,
hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me. I had
sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a
few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground....They asked me for a
title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre,
and I said: 'Put Impression.'
• The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan-Monet in 1985 and
recovered in 1990. Since 1991 it has been back on display in the
museum.
Impressionism

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• Impressionism also describes art
created in this style, but outside of the
late 19th century time period.
• Characteristics of Impressionist
painting
• 1. Visible brushstrokes
• 2. Open composition.
• 3. Emphasis on light in its changing
qualities.
• 4. Ordinary subject matter.
• 5. The inclusion of movement as a
crucial element of human
perception and experience.
• 6. Unusual visual angles.
Impressionism

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• Impressionists found that they
could capture the momentary and
transient effects of sunlight by
painting en plein air.
• Painting realistic scenes of modern
life, they emphasized vivid overall
effects rather than details.
• They used short, "broken" brush
strokes of pure and unmixed color,
not smoothly blended, as was
customary, in order to achieve the
effect of intense color vibration.
Impressionism

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• Impressionist
techniques
• Short, thick strokes of paint are
used to quickly capture the essence
of the subject, rather than its details.
The paint is often applied impasto.
• Colors are applied side-by-side with
as little mixing as possible, creating
a vibrant surface. The optical mixing
of colors occurs in the eye of the
viewer.
• Grays and dark tones are produced
by mixing complementary colors. In
pure Impressionism the use of black
paint is avoided.
•
Impressionism

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Wet paint is placed into wet paint
without waiting for successive
applications to dry, producing softer
edges and an intermingling of color.
•Impressionist paintings do not
exploit the transparency of thin paint
films (glazes) which earlier artists
built up carefully to produce effects.
• The surface of an Impressionist
•painting is typically opaque.
Impressionism

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• The play of natural light is
emphasized.
• Close attention is paid to the
reflection of colors from
object to object.
• In paintings made en plein
air (outdoors), shadows are
boldly painted with the blue
of the sky as it is reflected
onto surfaces, giving a
sense of freshness and
openness that was not
captured in painting
previously.
Impressionism

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Post-Impressionism
• Breaking free of the naturalism of
Impressionism in the late 1880s, a
group of young painters sought
independent artistic styles for
expressing emotions rather than
simply optical impressions,
concentrating on themes of
deeper symbolism
• Through the use of simplified
colors and definitive forms, their
art was characterized by a
renewed aesthetic sense as well
as abstract tendencies.
• Among the artists were,
– Paul Gauguin (1848–1903),
– Georges Seurat (1859–1891),
– Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890),
– Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)

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• Vincent van Gogh - Cypresses series • The artists followed diverse stylistic
paths in search of authentic
intellectual and artistic
achievements.
• These artists, often working
independently, are today called
Post-Impressionists.
• Although they did not view
themselves as part of a collective
movement at the time, Roger Fry
(1866–1934), critic and artist,
broadly categorized them as "Post-
Impressionists,
• " a term that he coined in his
seminal exhibition Manet and the
Post-Impressionists installed at the
Grafton Galleries in London in 1910

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• In the 1880s, Georges
Seurat was at the forefront of
the challenges to
Impressionism with his
unique analyses based on
then-current notions of
optical and color theories.
Seurat believed that by
placing tiny dabs of pure
colours adjacent to one
another, a viewer's eye
compensated for the
visual disparity between the
two by "mixing" the primaries
to model a composite hue.

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Abstract expressionism
• Amongst the abstract
expressionists’ works of art to be
appreciated are works by;
• 1. Jackson Pollock.
• 2. Mark Rothko.
• 3. Willem de Kooning.
• Abstract expressionism was an
American post–World War II art
movement.
• It was the first specifically American
movement to achieve worldwide
influence and also the one that put
New York City at the center of the
art world, a role formerly filled by
Paris.

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Abstract expressionism
• The term "abstract expressionism"
was first applied to American art in
1946 by the art critic Robert Coates.
• However, it had been first used in
Germany in 1919 in the magazine
Der Sturm, regarding German
Expressionism.
• Jackson Pollock's work has
always polarised critics.
• Harold Rosenberg spoke of the
transformation of painting into
an existential drama in Pollock's
work, in which;
• "what was to go on the canvas
was not a picture but an event".

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Jackson Pollock
• "The big moment came when it
was decided to paint 'just to
paint'.
• The gesture on the canvas was
a gesture of liberation from
value — political, aesthetic,
moral.
• Jackson Pollck’s dripping paint
onto a canvas laid on the floor.
• He followed the Red Indian war
dance and to draw lines on the
sand is a technique that has its
roots in the work of Max Ernt.

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Mark Rothko
• Another important early
manifestation of what came to be
abstract expressionism is the work
of American Northwest artist.
• Mark Rothko is famed by the
stacking of soft coloured geometric
shapes, such as rectangle and
square shapes.
• Mark Tobey, especially his "white
writing" canvases, which, though
generally not large in scale,
anticipate the "all over" look of
Pollock's drip paintings.

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Willem de Kooning
• Abstract expressionism has many
stylistic similarities to the Russian
artists of the early twentieth century
such as Wassily Kandinsky.
• Although it is true that spontaneity or
the impression of spontaneity
characterized many of the abstract
expressionists works, most of these
paintings involved careful planning,
especially since their large size
demanded it.
• With artists like Paul Klee, Wassily
Kandinsky, Emma Kunz, and later on
Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman and
Willem de Kooning, abstract art
clearly implied expression of ideas
concerning the spiritual, the
unconscious and the mind.
• De Kooning applied his spontaneity
unto his artworks such “Grotesque
Woman”