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![Declaring a structure
Understanding differences between structures and classes
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Chapter 10 Using arrays
Declaring and creating an array
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Creating an implicitly typed array
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Iterating through an array
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Using multidimensional arrays
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Chapter 11 Understanding parameter arrays
Overloading—a recap
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- 7. Microsoft Visual C#Step by Step Ninth Edition John Sharp
- 8. Microsoft Visual C#Step by Step, Ninth Edition Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by: Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13: 978-1-5093-0776-0 ISBN-10: 1-5093-0776-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944197 1 18 Trademarks Microsoft and the trademarks listed at http://www.microsoft.com on the “Trademarks” webpage are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. All other marks are property of their respective owners. Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The author, the publisher, and Microsoft Corporation shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book.
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- 21. Contents at aGlance Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction PART I INTRODUCING MICROSOFT VISUAL C# AND MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2017 CHAPTER 1 Welcome to C# CHAPTER 2 Working with variables, operators, and expressions CHAPTER 3 Writing methods and applying scope CHAPTER 4 Using decision statements CHAPTER 5 Using compound assignment and iteration statements CHAPTER 6 Managing errors and exceptions PART II UNDERSTANDING THE C# OBJECT MODEL CHAPTER 7 Creating and managing classes and objects CHAPTER 8 Understanding values and references CHAPTER 9 Creating value types with enumerations and structures CHAPTER 10 Using arrays CHAPTER 11 Understanding parameter arrays CHAPTER 12 Working with inheritance CHAPTER 13 Creating interfaces and defining abstract classes CHAPTER 14 Using garbage collection and resource management PART III DEFINING EXTENSIBLE TYPES WITH C#
- 22. CHAPTER 15 Implementingproperties to access fields CHAPTER 16 Handling binary data and using indexers CHAPTER 17 Introducing generics CHAPTER 18 Using collections CHAPTER 19 Enumerating collections CHAPTER 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events CHAPTER 21 Querying in-memory data by using query expressions CHAPTER 22 Operator overloading PART IV BUILDING UNIVERSAL WINDOWS PLATFORM APPLICATIONS WITH C# CHAPTER 23 Improving throughput by using tasks CHAPTER 24 Improving response time by performing asynchronous operations CHAPTER 25 Implementing the user interface for a Universal Windows Platform app CHAPTER 26 Displaying and searching for data in a Universal Windows Platform app CHAPTER 27 Accessing a remote database from a Universal Windows Platform app Index
- 23. Contents Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction PARTI INTRODUCING MICROSOFT VISUAL C# AND MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2017 Chapter 1 Welcome to C# Beginning programming with the Visual Studio 2017 environment Writing your first program Using namespaces Creating a graphical application Examining the Universal Windows Platform app Adding code to the graphical application Summary Quick reference Chapter 2 Working with variables, operators, and expressions Understanding statements Using identifiers Identifying keywords Using variables Naming variables Declaring variables Specifying numeric values Working with primitive data types Unassigned local variables
- 24. Displaying primitive datatype values Using arithmetic operators Operators and types Examining arithmetic operators Controlling precedence Using associativity to evaluate expressions Associativity and the assignment operator Incrementing and decrementing variables Prefix and postfix Declaring implicitly typed local variables Summary Quick reference Chapter 3 Writing methods and applying scope Creating methods Declaring a method Returning data from a method Using expression-bodied methods Calling methods Specifying the method call syntax Returning multiple values from a method Applying scope Defining local scope Defining class scope Overloading methods Writing methods Refactoring code Nesting methods Using optional parameters and named arguments Defining optional parameters Passing named arguments
- 25. Resolving ambiguities withoptional parameters and named arguments Summary Quick reference Chapter 4 Using decision statements Declaring Boolean variables Using Boolean operators Understanding equality and relational operators Understanding conditional logical operators Short-circuiting Summarizing operator precedence and associativity Using if statements to make decisions Understanding if statement syntax Using blocks to group statements Cascading if statements Using switch statements Understanding switch statement syntax Following the switch statement rules Summary Quick reference Chapter 5 Using compound assignment and iteration statements Using compound assignment operators Writing while statements Writing for statements Understanding for statement scope Writing do statements Summary Quick reference Chapter 6 Managing errors and exceptions
- 26. Coping with errors Tryingcode and catching exceptions Unhandled exceptions Using multiple catch handlers Catching multiple exceptions Filtering exceptions Propagating exceptions Using checked and unchecked integer arithmetic Writing checked statements Writing checked expressions Throwing exceptions Using throw exceptions Using a finally block Summary Quick reference PART II UNDERSTANDING THE C# OBJECT MODEL Chapter 7 Creating and managing classes and objects Understanding classification The purpose of encapsulation Defining and using a class Controlling accessibility Working with constructors Overloading constructors Deconstructing an object Understanding static methods and data Creating a shared field Creating a static field by using the const keyword Understanding static classes Static using statements
- 27. Anonymous classes Summary Quick reference Chapter8 Understanding values and references Copying value type variables and classes Understanding null values and nullable types The null-conditional operator Using nullable types Understanding the properties of nullable types Using ref and out parameters Creating ref parameters Creating out parameters How computer memory is organized Using the stack and the heap The System.Object class Boxing Unboxing Casting data safely The is operator The as operator The switch statement revisited Summary Quick reference Chapter 9 Creating value types with enumerations and structures Working with enumerations Declaring an enumeration Using an enumeration Choosing enumeration literal values Choosing an enumeration’s underlying type Working with structures
- 28. Declaring a structure Understandingdifferences between structures and classes Declaring structure variables Understanding structure initialization Copying structure variables Summary Quick reference Chapter 10 Using arrays Declaring and creating an array Declaring array variables Creating an array instance Populating and using an array Creating an implicitly typed array Accessing an individual array element Iterating through an array Passing arrays as parameters and return values for a method Copying arrays Using multidimensional arrays Creating jagged arrays Accessing arrays that contain value types Summary Quick reference Chapter 11 Understanding parameter arrays Overloading—a recap Using array arguments Declaring a params array Using params object[ ] Using a params array Comparing parameter arrays and optional parameters
- 29. Summary Quick reference Chapter 12Working with inheritance What is inheritance? Using inheritance The System.Object class revisited Calling base-class constructors Assigning classes Declaring new methods Declaring virtual methods Declaring override methods Understanding protected access Creating extension methods Summary Quick reference Chapter 13 Creating interfaces and defining abstract classes Understanding interfaces Defining an interface Implementing an interface Referencing a class through its interface Working with multiple interfaces Explicitly implementing an interface Interface restrictions Defining and using interfaces Abstract classes Abstract methods Sealed classes Sealed methods Implementing and using an abstract class Summary
- 30. Quick reference Chapter 14Using garbage collection and resource management The life and times of an object Writing destructors Why use the garbage collector? How does the garbage collector work? Recommendations Resource management Disposal methods Exception-safe disposal The using statement and the IDisposable interface Calling the Dispose method from a destructor Implementing exception-safe disposal Summary Quick reference PART III DEFINING EXTENSIBLE TYPES WITH C# Chapter 15 Implementing properties to access fields Implementing encapsulation by using methods What are properties? Using properties Read-only properties Write-only properties Property accessibility Understanding the property restrictions Declaring interface properties Replacing methods with properties Generating automatic properties Initializing objects by using properties
- 31. Summary Quick reference Chapter 16Handling binary data and using indexers What is an indexer? Storing binary values Displaying binary values Manipulating binary values Solving the same problems using indexers Understanding indexer accessors Comparing indexers and arrays Indexers in interfaces Using indexers in a Windows application Summary Quick reference Chapter 17 Introducing generics The problem: Misusing with the object type The generics solution Generics vs. generalized classes Generics and constraints Creating a generic class The theory of binary trees Building a binary tree class by using generics Creating a generic method Defining a generic method to build a binary tree Variance and generic interfaces Covariant interfaces Contravariant interfaces Summary Quick reference
- 32. Chapter 18 Usingcollections What are collection classes? The List<T> collection class The LinkedList<T> collection class The Queue<T> collection class The Stack<T> collection class The Dictionary<TKey, TValue> collection class The SortedList<TKey, TValue> collection class The HashSet<T> collection class Using collection initializers The Find methods, predicates, and lambda expressions The forms of lambda expressions Comparing arrays and collections Using collection classes to play cards Summary Quick reference Chapter 19 Enumerating collections Enumerating the elements in a collection Manually implementing an enumerator Implementing the IEnumerable interface Implementing an enumerator by using an iterator A simple iterator Defining an enumerator for the Tree<TItem> class by using an iterator Summary Quick reference Chapter 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events Understanding delegates Examples of delegates in the .NET Framework class library The automated factory scenario
- 33. Implementing the factorycontrol system without using delegates Implementing the factory by using a delegate Declaring and using delegates Lambda expressions and delegates Creating a method adapter Enabling notifications by using events Declaring an event Subscribing to an event Unsubscribing from an event Raising an event Understanding user interface events Using events Summary Quick reference Chapter 21 Querying in-memory data by using query expressions What is LINQ? Using LINQ in a C# application Selecting data Filtering data Ordering, grouping, and aggregating data Joining data Using query operators Querying data in Tree<TItem> objects LINQ and deferred evaluation Summary Quick reference Chapter 22 Operator overloading Understanding operators Operator constraints
- 34. Overloaded operators Creating symmetricoperators Understanding compound assignment evaluation Declaring increment and decrement operators Comparing operators in structures and classes Defining operator pairs Implementing operators Understanding conversion operators Providing built-in conversions Implementing user-defined conversion operators Creating symmetric operators, revisited Writing conversion operators Summary Quick reference PART IV BUILDING UNIVERSAL WINDOWS PLATFORM APPLICATIONS WITH C# Chapter 23 Improving throughput by using tasks Why perform multitasking by using parallel processing? The rise of the multicore processor Implementing multitasking by using the Microsoft .NET Framework Tasks, threads, and the ThreadPool Creating, running, and controlling tasks Using the Task class to implement parallelism Abstracting tasks by using the Parallel class When not to use the Parallel class Canceling tasks and handling exceptions The mechanics of cooperative cancellation Using continuations with canceled and faulted tasks Summary
- 35. Quick reference Chapter 24Improving response time by performing asynchronous operations Implementing asynchronous methods Defining asynchronous methods: The problem Defining asynchronous methods: The solution Defining asynchronous methods that return values Asynchronous method gotchas Asynchronous methods and the Windows Runtime APIs Tasks, memory allocation, and efficiency Using PLINQ to parallelize declarative data access Using PLINQ to improve performance while iterating through a collection Canceling a PLINQ query Synchronizing concurrent access to data Locking data Synchronization primitives for coordinating tasks Canceling synchronization The concurrent collection classes Using a concurrent collection and a lock to implement thread-safe data access Summary Quick reference Chapter 25 Implementing the user interface for a Universal Windows Platform app Features of a Universal Windows Platform app Using the Blank App template to build a Universal Windows Platform app Implementing a scalable user interface Applying styles to a UI Summary
- 36. Quick reference Chapter 26Displaying and searching for data in a Universal Windows Platform app Implementing the Model–View–ViewModel pattern Displaying data by using data binding Modifying data by using data binding Using data binding with a ComboBox control Creating a ViewModel Adding commands to a ViewModel Searching for data using Cortana Providing a vocal response to voice commands Summary Quick reference Chapter 27 Accessing a remote database from a Universal Windows Platform app Retrieving data from a database Creating an entity model Creating and using a REST web service Inserting, updating, and deleting data through a REST web service Reporting errors and updating the UI Summary Quick reference Index
- 37. Acknowledgments Well, here weare again, in what appears to have become a biennial event; such is the pace of change in the world of software development! As I glance at my beloved first edition of Kernighan and Ritchie describing The C Programming Language (Prentice Hall), I occasionally get nostalgic for the old times. In those halcyon days, programming had a certain mystique, even glamour. Nowadays, in one form or another, the ability to write at least a little bit of code is fast becoming as much a requirement in many workplaces as the ability to read, write, or add up. The romance has gone, to be replaced by an air of “everyday-ness.” Then, as I start to hanker after the time when I still had hair on my head and the corporate mainframe required a team of full-time support staff just to pander to its whims, I realize that if programming were restricted to a few elite souls, then the market for C# books would have disappeared after the first couple of editions of this tome. Thus cheered, I power up my laptop, my mind mocking the bygone era when such processing power could have navigated many hundreds of Apollo spacecraft simultaneously to the moon and back, and get down to work on the latest edition of this book! Despite the fact that my name is on the cover, authoring a book such as this is far from a one-man project. I’d like to thank the following people who have provided unstinting support and assistance throughout this exercise. First, Trina MacDonald at Person Education, who took on the role of prodding me into action and ever-so-gently tying me down to well-defined deliverables and hand-off dates. Without her initial impetus and cajoling, this project would not have got off the ground. Next, Rick Kughen, the tireless copy editor who ensured that my grammar remained at least semi-understandable, and picked up on the missing words and nonsense phrases in the text. Then, David Franson, who had the unenviable task of testing the code and exercises. I know from experience that this can be a thankless and frustrating task at times, but the hours spent and the feedback that results can only make for a better book. Of course, any errors that remain are entirely my responsibility,
- 38. a better book.Of course, any errors that remain are entirely my responsibility, and I am happy to listen to feedback from any reader. As ever, I must also thank Diana, my better half, who keeps me supplied with caffeine-laden hot drinks when deadlines are running tight. Diana has been long- suffering and patient, and has so far survived my struggle through nine editions of this book; that is dedication well beyond the call of duty. She has recently taken up running. I assumed it was to keep fit, but I think it is more likely so she can get well away from the house and scream loudly without my hearing her! And lastly, to James and Frankie, who have both now flown the nest. James is trying to avoid gaining a Yorkshire accent while living and working in Sheffield, but Frankie has remained closer to home so she can pop in and raid the kitchen from time to time.
- 39. About the Author JohnSharp is a principal technologist for CM Group Ltd, a software development and consultancy company in the United Kingdom. He is well versed as a software consultant, developer, author, and trainer, with more than 35 years of experience, ranging from Pascal programming on CP/M and C/Oracle application development on various flavors of UNIX to the design of C# and JavaScript distributed applications and development on Windows 10 and Microsoft Azure. He also spends much of his time writing courseware for Microsoft, focusing on areas such as Data Science using R and Python, Big Data processing with Spark and CosmosDB, and scalable application architecture with Azure.
- 40. Introduction Microsoft Visual C#is a powerful but simple language aimed primarily at developers who create applications built on the Microsoft .NET Framework. Visual C# inherits many of the best features of C++ and Microsoft Visual Basic but few of the inconsistencies and anachronisms, which results in a cleaner and more logical language. C# 1.0 made its public debut in 2001. C# 2.0, with Visual Studio 2005, provided several important new features, including generics, iterators, and anonymous methods. C# 3.0, which was released with Visual Studio 2008, added extension methods, lambda expressions, and most famously of all, the Language- Integrated Query facility, or LINQ. C# 4.0 was released in 2010 and provided further enhancements that improved its interoperability with other languages and technologies. These features included support for named and optional arguments and the dynamic type, which indicates that the language runtime should implement late binding for an object. An important addition to the .NET Framework, and released concurrently with C# 4.0, were the classes and types that constitute the Task Parallel Library (TPL). Using the TPL, you can build highly scalable applications that can take full advantage of multicore processors. C# 5.0 added native support for asynchronous task-based processing through the async method modifier and the await operator. C# 6.0 was an incremental upgrade with features designed to make life simpler for developers. These features include items such as string interpolation (you need never use String.Format again!), enhancements to the ways in which properties are implemented, expression-bodied methods, and others. C# 7.0 adds further enhancements to aid productivity and remove some of the minor anachronisms of C#. For example, you can now implement
- 41. property accessors asexpression-bodied members, methods can return multiple values in the form of tuples, the use of out parameters has been simplified, and switch statements have been extended to support pattern- and type-matching. There are other updates as well, which are covered in this book. It goes without saying that Microsoft Windows 10 is an important platform for running C# applications, but now you can also run code developed by using C# on other operating systems, such as Linux, through the .NET Core runtime. This opens up possibilities for writing code that can run in multiple environments. Additionally, Windows 10 supports highly interactive applications that can share data and collaborate as well as connect to services running in the cloud. The key notion in Windows 10 is Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps—applications designed to run on any Windows 10 device, whether a fully fledged desktop system, a laptop, a tablet, or even an IoT (Internet of Things) device with limited resources. Once you have mastered the core features of C#, gaining the skills to build applications that can run on all these platforms is important. Voice activation is another feature that has come to the fore, and Windows 10 includes Cortana, your personal voice-activated digital assistant. You can integrate your own apps with Cortana to allow them to participate in data searches and other operations. Despite the complexity normally associated with natural-language speech analysis, enabling your apps to respond to Cortana’s requests is surprisingly easy; I cover this in Chapter 26. Also, the cloud has become such an important element in the architecture of many systems—ranging from large-scale enterprise applications to mobile apps running on portable devices—that I decided to focus on this aspect of development in the final chapter of the book. The development environment provided by Visual Studio 2017 makes these features easy to use, and the many new wizards and enhancements included in the latest version of Visual Studio can greatly improve your productivity as a developer. I hope you have as much fun working through this book as I had writing it! Who should read this book This book assumes that you are a developer who wants to learn the fundamentals of programming with C# by using Visual Studio 2017 and the .NET Framework
- 42. of programming withC# by using Visual Studio 2017 and the .NET Framework version 4.6.1. By the time you complete this book, you will have a thorough understanding of C# and will have used it to build responsive and scalable applications that can run on the Windows 10 operating system. Who should not read this book This book is aimed at developers new to C# but not completely new to programming. As such, it concentrates primarily on the C# language. This book is not intended to provide detailed coverage of the multitude of technologies available for building enterprise-level and global applications for Windows, such as ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Azure, or Windows Communication Foundation. If you require more information on any of these items, you might consider reading some of the other titles available from Microsoft Press. Organization of this book This book is divided into four sections: Part I, “Introducing Microsoft Visual C# and Microsoft Visual Studio 2017,” provides an introduction to the core syntax of the C# language and the Visual Studio programming environment. Part II, “Understanding the C# object model,” goes into detail on how to create and manage new types in C# and how to manage the resources referenced by these types. Part III, “Defining extensible types with C#,” includes extended coverage of the elements that C# provides for building types that you can reuse across multiple applications. Part IV, “Building Universal Windows Platform applications with C#,” describes the universal Windows 10 programming model and how you can use C# to build interactive applications for this model. Finding your best starting point in this book This book is designed to help you build skills in a number of essential areas. You can use this book if you are new to programming or if you are switching from another programming language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic. Use the
- 43. another programming languagesuch as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic. Use the following table to find your best starting point. If you are Follow these steps New to object-oriented programming 1. Install the practice files as described in the upcoming section, “Code samples.” 2. Work through the chapters in Parts I, II, and III sequentially. 3. Complete Part IV as your level of experience and interest dictates. Familiar with procedural programming languages, such as C, but new to C# 1. Install the practice files as described in the upcoming section, “Code samples.” 2. Skim the first five chapters to get an overview of C# and Visual Studio 2017, and then concentrate on Chapters 6 through 22. 3. Complete Part IV as your level of experience and interest dictates. Migrating from an object- oriented language such as C++ or Java 1. Install the practice files as described in the upcoming section, “Code samples.” 2. Skim the first seven chapters to get an overview of C# and Visual Studio 2017, and then concentrate on Chapters 8 through 22. 3. For information about building Universal Windows Platform applications, read Part IV. Switching from Visual Basic to C# 1. Install the practice files as described in the upcoming section, “Code samples.” 2. Work through the chapters in Parts I, II, and III sequentially. 3. For information about building Universal Windows Platform applications, read Part IV. 4. Read the Quick Reference sections at the end of the chapters for information about specific C# and Visual Studio 2017 constructs. Referencing the book after working through the 1. Use the index or the table of contents to find information about particular subjects.
- 44. working through the exercises informationabout particular subjects. 2. Read the Quick Reference sections at the end of each chapter to find a brief review of the syntax and techniques presented in the chapter. Most of the book’s chapters include hands-on samples that let you try out the concepts you just learned. No matter which sections you choose to focus on, be sure to download and install the sample applications on your system. Conventions and features in this book This book presents information by using conventions designed to make the information readable and easy to follow. Each exercise consists of a series of tasks, presented as numbered steps (1, 2, and so on) listing each action you must take to complete the exercise. Boxed elements with labels such as “Note” provide additional information or alternative methods for completing a step successfully. Text that you type (apart from code blocks) appears in bold. A plus sign (+) between two key names means that you must press those keys at the same time. For example, “Press Alt+Tab” means that you hold down the Alt key while you press the Tab key. System requirements You will need the following hardware and software to complete the practice exercises in this book: Windows 10 (Home, Professional, Education, or Enterprise) version 1507 or higher. The most recent build of Visual Studio Community 2017, Visual Studio Professional 2017, or Visual Studio Enterprise 2017 (make sure that you have installed any updates). As a minimum, you should select the following workloads when installing Visual Studio 2017: • Universal Windows Platform development • .NET desktop development
- 45. • .NET desktopdevelopment • ASP.NET and web development • Azure development • Data storage and processing • .NET Core cross-platform development Note All the exercises and code samples in this book have been developed and tested using Visual Studio Community 2017. They should all work, unchanged, in Visual Studio Professional 2017 and Visual Studio Enterprise 2017. A computer that has a 1.8 GHz or faster processor (dual-core or better recommended) 2 GB RAM (4 GB RAM recommended, add 512 MB if running in a virtual machine) 10 GB of available hard disk space after installing Visual Studio 5400 RPM hard-disk drive (SSD recommended) A video card that supports a 1024 × 768 or higher resolution display Internet connection to download software or chapter examples Depending on your Windows configuration, you might require local Administrator rights to install or configure Visual Studio 2017. You also need to enable developer mode on your computer to be able to create and run UWP apps. For details on how to do this, see “Enable Your Device for Development,” at https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/dn706236.aspx. Code samples Most of the chapters in this book include exercises with which you can interactively try out new material learned in the main text. You can download all the sample projects, in both their pre-exercise and post-exercise formats, from
- 46. the sample projects,in both their pre-exercise and post-exercise formats, from the following page: https://aka.ms/VisCSharp9e/downloads Note In addition to the code samples, your system should have Visual Studio 2017 installed. If available, install the latest service packs for Windows and Visual Studio. Installing the code samples Follow these steps to install the code samples on your computer so that you can use them with the exercises in this book: 1. Unzip the CSharpSBS.zip file that you downloaded from the book’s website, extracting the files into your Documents folder. 2. If prompted, review the end-user license agreement. If you accept the terms, select the Accept option and then click Next. Note If the license agreement doesn’t appear, you can access it from the same webpage from which you downloaded the CSharpSBS.zip file. Using the code samples Each chapter in this book explains when and how to use the code samples for that chapter. When it’s time to use a code sample, the book will list the instructions for how to open the files.
- 47. Important Many ofthe code samples depend on NuGet packages that are not included with the code. These packages are downloaded automatically the first time you build a project. As a result, if you open a project and examine the code before doing a build, Visual Studio might report a large number of errors for unresolved references. Building the project will resolve these references, and the errors should disappear. For those of you who like to know all the details, here’s a list of the sample Visual Studio 2017 projects and solutions, grouped by the folders in which you can find them. In many cases, the exercises provide starter files and completed versions of the same projects that you can use as a reference. The completed projects for each chapter are stored in folders with the suffix “- Complete.” Project/Solution Description Chapter 1 TextHello This project gets you started. It steps through the creation of a simple program that displays a text- based greeting. Hello This project opens a window that prompts the user for his or her name and then displays a greeting. Chapter 2 PrimitiveDataTypes This project demonstrates how to declare variables by using each of the primitive types, how to assign values to these variables, and how to display their values in a window. MathsOperators This program introduces the arithmetic operators (+ – * / %). Chapter 3 Methods In this project, you’ll reexamine the code in the MathsOperators project and investigate how it uses methods to structure the code. DailyRate This project walks you through writing your own methods, running the methods, and stepping through the method calls by using the Visual
- 48. through the methodcalls by using the Visual Studio 2015 debugger. DailyRate Using Optional Parameters This project shows you how to define a method that takes optional parameters and call the method by using named arguments. Chapter 4 Selection This project shows you how to use a cascading if statement to implement complex logic, such as comparing the equivalence of two dates. SwitchStatement This simple program uses a switch statement to convert characters into their XML representations. Chapter 5 WhileStatement This project demonstrates a while statement that reads the contents of a source file one line at a time and displays each line in a text box on a form. DoStatement This project uses a do statement to convert a decimal number to its octal representation. Chapter 6 MathsOperators This project revisits the MathsOperators project from Chapter 2 and shows how various unhandled exceptions can make the program fail. The try and catch keywords then make the application more robust so that it no longer fails. Chapter 7 Classes This project covers the basics of defining your own classes, complete with public constructors, methods, and private fields. It also shows how to create class instances by using the new keyword and how to define static methods and fields. Chapter 8 Parameters This program investigates the difference between value parameters and reference parameters. It demonstrates how to use the ref and out keywords.
- 49. Chapter 9 StructsAndEnums Thisproject defines a struct type to represent a calendar date. Chapter 10 Cards This project shows how to use arrays to model hands of cards in a card game. Chapter 11 ParamsArray This project demonstrates how to use the params keyword to create a single method that can accept any number of int arguments. Chapter 12 Vehicles This project creates a simple hierarchy of vehicle classes by using inheritance. It also demonstrates how to define a virtual method. ExtensionMethod This project shows how to create an extension method for the int type, providing a method that converts an integer value from base 10 to a different number base. Chapter 13 Drawing This project implements part of a graphical drawing package. The project uses interfaces to define the methods that drawing shapes expose and implement. Chapter 14 GarbageCollectionDemo This project shows how to implement exception- safe disposal of resources by using the Dispose pattern. Chapter 15 Drawing Using Properties This project extends the application in the Drawing project developed in Chapter 13 to encapsulate data in a class by using properties. AutomaticProperties This project shows how to create automatic properties for a class and use them to initialize
- 50. properties for aclass and use them to initialize instances of the class. Chapter 16 Indexers This project uses two indexers: one to look up a person’s phone number when given a name and the other to look up a person’s name when given a phone number. Chapter 17 BinaryTree This solution shows you how to use generics to build a type-safe structure that can contain elements of any type. BuildTree This project demonstrates how to use generics to implement a type-safe method that can take parameters of any type. Chapter 18 Cards This project updates the code from Chapter 10 to show how to use collections to model hands of cards in a card game. Chapter 19 BinaryTree This project shows you how to implement the generic IEnumerator<T> interface to create an enumerator for the generic Tree class. IteratorBinaryTree This solution uses an iterator to generate an enumerator for the generic Tree class. Chapter 20 Delegates This project shows how to decouple a method from the application logic that invokes it by using a delegate. The project is then extended to show how to use an event to alert an object to a significant occurrence, and how to catch an event and perform any processing required. Chapter 21 QueryBinaryTree This project shows how to use LINQ queries to retrieve data from a binary tree object. Chapter 22 ComplexNumbers This project defines a new type that models complex numbers and implements common
- 51. complex numbers andimplements common operators for this type. Chapter 23 GraphDemo This project generates and displays a complex graph on a UWP form. It uses a single thread to perform the calculations. Parallel GraphDemo This version of the GraphDemo project uses the Parallel class to abstract out the process of creating and managing tasks. GraphDemo With Cancellation This project shows how to implement cancellation to halt tasks in a controlled manner before they have completed. ParallelLoop This application provides an example showing when you should not use the Parallel class to create and run tasks. Chapter 24 GraphDemo This is a version of the GraphDemo project from Chapter 23 that uses the async keyword and the await operator to perform the calculations that generate the graph data asynchronously. PLINQ This project shows some examples of using PLINQ to query data by using parallel tasks. CalculatePI This project uses a statistical sampling algorithm to calculate an approximation for pi. It uses parallel tasks. Chapter 25 Customers This project implements a scalable user interface that can adapt to different device layouts and form factors. The user interface applies XAML styling to change the fonts and background image displayed by the application. Chapter 26 DataBinding This is a version of the Customers project that uses data binding to display customer
- 52. information retrieved froma data source in the user interface. It also shows how to implement the INotifyPropertyChanged interface so that the user interface can update customer information and send these changes back to the data source. ViewModel This version of the Customers project separates the user interface from the logic that accesses the data source by implementing the Model-View- ViewModel pattern. Cortana This project integrates the Customers app with Cortana. A user can issue voice commands to search for customers by name. Chapter 27 Web Service This solution includes a web application that provides an ASP.NET Web API web service that the Customers application uses to retrieve customer data from a SQL Server database. The web service uses an entity model created with the Entity Framework to access the database. Errata and book support We’ve made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this book and its companion content. Any errors that have been reported since this book was published are listed on our Microsoft Press site at: https://aka.ms/VisCSharp9e/errata If you find an error that is not already listed, you can report it to us through the same page. If you need additional support, email Microsoft Press Book Support at mspinput@microsoft.com. Please note that product support for Microsoft software and hardware is not offered through the previous addresses. For help with Microsoft software or hardware, go to https://support.microsoft.com.
- 53. Stay in touch Let’skeep the conversation going! We’re on Twitter: http://twitter.com/MicrosoftPress
- 54. PART I Introducing MicrosoftVisual C# and Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 This introductory part of the book covers the essentials of the C# language and shows you how to get started building applications with Visual Studio 2017. In Part I, you’ll learn how to create new projects in Visual Studio and how to declare variables, use operators to create values, call methods, and write many of the statements you need when implementing C# programs. You’ll also learn how to handle exceptions and how to use the Visual Studio debugger to step through your code and spot problems that prevent your applications from working correctly.
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- 56. Hän on kaupunginmaalari parhain, katot, seinät hän kaunistaa. Hän on sälliksi pääsyt jo varhain ja on kulkenut maailmaa. Hän on tyttöjen piirissä tuttu, ovi hälle ain auki se on, soi nauru ja luistavi juttu, kun on joukossa Fredrikson. Hän on herra ja herrojen kanssa hän on tottunut haastamaan eikä jätkiä vertaisinansa ole sietänyt milloinkaan. Pyhäpäivin jos mestarin kohtaa kadunvierellä, hieno hän on, punakukkanen rinnassa hohtaa. — Mihin matkasi, Fredrikson? Älä kiellä, mä tiedänhän kyllä, tuli tyttö jo vastahain pyhähamonen parhain yllä — sua varmasti vuotteli vain. Hymysuin sinä tietäsi jatkat, sysisilmissä tulta nyt on — kuka laski sun lempesi matkat, sinä tyttöjen Fredrikson! Mut annahan olla, kun viina sinun sielusi villitsee — miss' onpi se vilkkuva liina, joka raivosi hillitsee! Minä muistan, kun viimeisen kerran sinut näin. Kuva mielessä on: isäs haudalla tarhassa Herran sinä ryyppäsit, Fredrikson. Sinä itkit ja nauroit vuoroin, sinä kumpuhun pullon löit: "Isä keskessä enkelikuoroin, minut miksikä pirulle möit? Vähät siitä! Mä kohtahan lähden, pian kulkuni päättyvä on. Toki vielä ja juuri sen tähden ota ryyppy nyt, Fredrikson!"
- 57. KULJEKSIVA LAULAJA Kuljeksiva laulaja. Sinäylpeä linnanneito, sano, muistatko ollenkaan, että laulaja kerran eksyi luo ikkunas laulamaan. Oli lempeä, tyyni yöhyt, suven tuoksuja tulvillaan, oli taivahan tähti kalpee, joka tuikahti ikkunaan. Sinä kuuntelit, ah, sen muistan alas kaunihin painoit pään. Minä katselin — sävel sammui epäsointuhun särkyvään. — Olen sitten mä sinut nähnyt seläss' orhisi korskuvan, olen hiipinyt muurin varjoon kadun joukon ma suojahan. Mutta jos sinut tänään kohtaan kukan rinnasta irroitan sekä uhmaten sulle heitän kevätlahjaksi laulajan. Tämä siunatun kirkas päivä, sinisiintoinen avaruus,
- 58. minut uudeksi onpiluonut, sävel laulunikin on uus'. Kuka tiesi sa kerran kuulet kevätyönä ne säveleet — varo itseäsi — tuskin lienee syvät vallisi haudan veet. Minä tahtoisin, neiti, nähdä alas painuvan kauniin pään, kun ei lauluni enää sammuis epäsointuhun särkyvään! Donna Velata. On liukkaana lattian laatta, valot kirkkahat kynttiläin. Käy tanssihin, Donna Velata, käy tanssihin seppelpäin! Sävel kiehtoen kutsuvi, kuule, mikä kaiho sen kaiusta soi — älä, ylpeä impeni, luule, että vastustaa sitä voi! Sinä taistelet tutkainta vastaan, hymy kaartavi hienon suun: ei aatelisherra sois lastaan näin rahvahan seikkailuun —! Kuka tuo, joka katsehen heittää — joko astuvi neidon hän luo? Puna poskesi, neiti, nyt peittää, veren lämpimän purppuravuo.
- 59. On ryhti kuinkuninkahalla, niin pystyssä kaunis pää. Sinä vavahdat katsehen alla, joka hymysi hälventää. Sinä unohdat kilpesi kiillon, jalon syntysi, sukusi puun; sydän saanut on vamman ja viillon, ja sä antaut seikkailuun. On liukkaana lattian laatta, valot kirkkahat kynttiläin. Käyt tanssihin, Donna Velata, käyt tanssihin seppelpäin. Olet nuori, ja koskena soittaa veri läikkyvä lauleloaan. Vähät siitä, jos hän, joka voittaa sinun lempesi, renkis on vaan! Onni. Nyt palaa illan tähti korkealla ja suuri, siunattu on hiljaisuus. Me kaksi, joille tähtivälkkeen alla tän' yönä auennut on onni uus, me kädet ristikäämme lasten lailla ja kiittäkäämme pyhää elämää, kun onnen hetkillänsä autuailla se taipaleemme taivaan tähdittää.
- 60. Ja tarttukaamme hetkeenhäipyväiseen, kuin oljenkorteen tarttuu hukkuvat — Pian tuijotamme yöhön yksinäiseen ja tähdet sammuu, sammuu unelmat… olis vierellä hän… Yö lämmin ja lempeä heinäkuun, olet armas kuin äityen syli. Minä unhotun tähties katseluun, kun ne syttyvät kaupungin yli. Minä kuuntelen laulua leppoisaa, joka hiljaisuudesta soi, sitä soittavi taivas ja tähdet ja maa, ja mun syömeni unelmoi: Olis vierellä hän, jonka kerran näin oven sulkevan jälkeheni — hän seisoi parvella paljain päin, kun laulaja aamuhun meni —, olis vieläkin kauniimmat kaiut yön ja kirkkahat kiillot sen ja välke ois vienompi tähtivyön yli kaupungin hiljaisen! Pieni kuutamolaulu. Oli tähtihin kirjoitettu: "Tiet teidän yhtehen käy!" Ja vaikka ei kirjoitusta kentiesi nyt enää näy, niin sittenkin, sittenkin, armas, yhä taival on yhteinen, mi alkoi tähtien alla ja soihtujen ikuisten! Sinä muistathan: kuudan katsoi ja kurkisti ikkunaan, näki kaksi se ihmislasta, he kun suuteli toisiaan. Kuu paljon on
- 61. lempeä nähnyt, sevanha ja viisas lie — mut tuskin sen loistossa koskaan on eronnut kahden tie. Taas hohtavi hopehissa yön taivas ja öinen maa, ikitietänsä kuuhut kulkee ja tähtöset tuikahtaa. Mitä saanevat tänään nähdä, kun katsovat ikkunaan? Kaks ihmistä ikäväänsä kun peittävi toisiltaan —! Mitä toivoisit —? Mitä toivoisit, lapseni, itselles, jos satujen haltija astuis sun luoksesi kerran ja lausuis näin: "Sano tahtosi julki, se täytetään, tarun aartehet kaikki nyt näytetään, mitä ikinä mielesi halaa; mikä toive sielussa palaa, kaikk', kaikki on oleva hetkessä sun!" "Sano, tahdotko kultaa ja hopeaa tahi suoniisi kuningasverta, vai tahdotko maailman valloittaa ei olis se ensi kerta kun naiskädet hennot ja valkeat käy valtikan varteen ja maailmat sen taipuvat tahdon alle!" Mitä toivoisit, lapseni kaunis? Et tiedä, et tiedä. En minäkään. Mut annahan arvailemme! Et tahtone kultaa, et hopeaa — koi syö sekä ruoste raiskaa —, et maailmaa tahtone valloittaa — on virran vaahtoa valta, se aallon harjalla välkähtää ja haihtuvi seuraavalta. Veret suonesi miksi sä vaihtaisit? sama polttavi kaikkia kaipuu, oli herra tai narri, min kohtasit, surun alle hän vihdoin vaipuu.
- 62. Mut etköhän tahtoisiuudelleen sinä parhaat muistosi elää, ne, jotka kun istuvi itsekseen kuin kannel sielussa helää? Minä nään: sinun silmäsi kyyneltyy ja silkkiset ripset kastuu. — Sano, tiedätkö nyt, mitä toivot sa, kun haltija luoksesi astuu! Punahilkka. Nyt laski venhe rantaan, jo hyppäsit sä santaan, mun oma armahain. Kun punaliina vilkkuu tuoll' lehtikujan päässä, niin vanhat piiat ilkkuu, he, joill' on sydän jäässä. Mut ilkkukohot vain! Ei meihin pysty pilkka, sä pieni Punahilkka, ei kierot katsehet. On meillä omat ilomme ja oma valtakunta: on kirkkaat päivänkilomme ja yömme tuovat unta niin kaunista ja korkeaa, vain harvoin sitä nähdä saa ja harvat ihmiset. Ja rannan töyrähällä on muudan koivupuu, min alla mättähällä — kun kiiltää kalvas kuu ja hopeoipi lahden — voit meidät nähdä kahden, jos sitä haluat. Näät Punahilkka illoin kuun sätehiä seuloo ja mulle niistä silloin hän valkokäsin neuloo ah, sadun kudelmat… Kerran kesässä.
- 63. Kerran kesässä puhkeevain orjantappuran kukka — kerran, kerran, armahain kukkivi sydän rukka. Kerran kesässä marjaan käy mansikka purppurahuuli — eikö mun kultaani vielä näy, vaikka jo ääneni kuuli? Kaks yksinäistä. Kaks yksinäistä, jotka hetken sai kuin sattumalta tuta, minkälainen on sydämien suuri sunnuntai ja kahden onni yhteensointuvainen… Kaks yksinäistä, jotka unelmoi, ett' onni viipyy, kun on onneen usko, ett' täytten rintain riemunsävel soi, vaikk' arkeen vaihtuu juhlaillan rusko… Kaks yksinäistä, joilla muuta ei kuin haavehissaan avain onnen uksen… Kaks yksinäistä — kuinka heidät vei juur' yhteen tahto taivaan sallimuksen? Tornionjoen tuolla puolen. 1. SÄIVI.
- 64. Siell' on vanhavalkoseinä talo vihreen laaksonpohjan kattilassa akkunoissa aamuruskon palo, kukat valkeet pihan pihlajassa. Kaivon vintti tuuliviireinensä ylös pyrkii poutapilviin asti, mut ei pääse. Alla räystäittensä pääskyparvi liikkuu liukkahasti. Ympärillä uhkeet viljapellot, metsänreuna kaartaa kauempata — kilahtavat tarhan karjankellot säveltänsä kumman kaihoisata. Mutta etäämmältä, töyrään takaa kuulet meren maininkien laulun — niin on huomenhohteessakin vakaa sävy säiviläisen suvitaulun. * * * Jänkämaitten keskehen ken raatoi vainiot ja kylvi leipälaihon, kuka salomaitten kasken kaatoi, kesti ikävän ja korven kaihon? Kerrotaan, ett' tuli verityötä rajan takaa pakoon nuorukainen, seuras' aurinkoa, tähtivyötä, tähän tuvan veisti harhalainen. Täällä yksin kantoi loppuun saakka murhettansa kolkko korven miesi.
- 65. Ei lie kevytollut hällä taakka eikä lämmin pakopirtin liesi… Taru tietää, että mökiltänsä hänet talviaamun valjetessa löysi erämiesi retkillänsä hengetönnä tuvan vuotehessa. Ajastajat siit' on. Joutui ammoin mökin paikka peittoon tähkäpäiden. Harvat enää muistanevat kammoin halmemaiden raivaajata näiden. Mutta perinnönpä jätti hänkin, ja se seuraa taloa kuin aave: vaikk' ois rikkautta enemmänkin, särkyy täällä herkin sydänhaave. Milloinkaan et kuullut naurun soivan vanhan valkeen talon orren alla etkä nähnyt nuorten karkeloivan — hiljaa, kuollutta on kaikkialla. Niin on varhaisvanhaa kehdostansa tämä suruntuttu sukukunta, ettei uskalla se murheissansa nähdä edes pientä onnenunta. 2. METSÄPIRTILTÄ.
- 66. On mökki harmaasiellä Sangin sydänmailla, miss' soissa keltahillat kypsiks käy ja puolat punottavat poimijata vailla ja polulla ei naapuria näy. Vain harvoin kirveen iskut kaikuu seutuvilla ja harvoin siellä paimen huhuilee, mut luonto luomistuore juhlii soitimilla, kun korpi kevään virttä humisee. On tumman tarun koti pieni Metsäpirtti, miss' Siina-muori elää yksinään. Mies murhan teki, itsensä hän hirtti, kun tultiin raudoin häntä etsimään. Ja tyttäristä toinen nukkuu haudassansa, on toinen tyhmä neitsyt kaupungin, mut ainut poika piillen piilojansa on ammoin mennyt maihin vieraihin. Näin aivan yksin jääneenä hän postillaansa kaikk' ankeet ajatukset unhoittaa, kun pitkät puhteet punoo tunnelmaansa ja talven taivas luntaan tuiskuaa. On itkenyt hän kuiviin kaikki kyyneleensä, nyt odottaapi, milloin hetki lyö, kun saapuu suuri vieras mökkiseensä ja ylle muistojensa unhon yö. Mut korpi siirsi silmiin sinisiinnon kumman ja vanhan sieluun hiipi hiljaisuus kuin ois se aavistusta yön ja tuonen tumman tai ehkä ijäisyyden kuulakkuus…
- 67. 3. EROJUHLA PYYNYSSÄ. Suvi multajo loppui, käy huomenna tie päin arkien askareita. Kai siksi nyt Pyynylle kutsuttu lie kesäpäivien kumppaneita: siell on Viippa ja Vaara ja posteljuuni, tinakaulaa pöydällä uhkeeta kuusi ja keskellä pannu on kiiltävän uusi, se on hohtavan kuuma kuin jouluna uuni. Juho Pyyny on kievari, krouvari ei, jos kohta hän ryypyn antaa — kylän miehille riksistä, hellerei, koko tuopinkin pöytään kantaa. Hän on leikkisä, liukas ja laatuisa miesi, joka kanna ei kaunaa ja vihaa ei tunne, hymy huulilla aina ja — meni hän kunne — tulikuumana piippunsa mustunut liesi. Pyhävaatteiss' on vierahat. Tarina käy. Soi ylinnä juunin ääni: "Mitä ihmettä, miksi ei muijaasi näy? … Älä piiloita ystävääni!" Hänpä mielevä, metka on naistemme miesi, joka aina on siisti, ei kiroa koskaan, pyhäpäivin käy kirkot, on hihhuli, joskaan sitä arkena harvoin ja harvat vain tiesi. Juho Pyyny nyt huutavi: "Ystävät hoi, on aika jo kastaa kaulaa, joka tahtovi, täälläpä kyllä hän voi hyvin hiljaa ja hiukan laulaa!" Näin on Pyynyssä aljettu ainian kestit; surujuhla jos lie tahi riemujen päivä, ilo kaikuvi kunnes on ruskossa häivä. — Nyt on Viippa jo ottanut laulajapestit.
- 68. Sanat Viipan onlaulussa muutamat vaan, ei kaikkia ukko muista: "Tätä lauleli vaarini kiskoessaan pajun kuoria rannan puista…" Hän on laulaja, laulaja sielultansa; sävel vaikkapa eksyvi hiukkasen väärään, toki pääsevi nuottinsa matkan hän määrään. Hikihelmyet hohtavat otsallansa. Jo on vuorosi, Vaara! Sä lausuhan nyt, mitä aattelet, kuuntelemme! Monet kerrat jo silmäs on säihkyellyt, sanatulvaasi salpaa emme. "Sano Suomessa", haastelet, "Kainuun maas ovat miehiä miehet ja miesten on mieli, sama heillä on sointuva heimomme kieli, samat metsissä puut, samat kukkaset haassa…" Kävi hempeeksi mieli ja hetkisen soi kuin ilmassa kaiho kumma, oli juunikin vaiti, ja Viippa kun joi, tuli silmihin syttyi tumma. Mutta kohtapa kaikkovi haikeus sieltä, mihin Pyyny on pyylevät pullonsa tuonut, soraääntä ei riemuhun tulla hän suonut: "kuka kyynelin juhlisi!" Pyynyn on kieltä.
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