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Media and Politics
This document provides an introduction to media psychology and discusses the relationship between media and politics. It covers several key topics: 1) It defines politics and media, and traces the origins of freedom of the press in the US. 2) It explains theories by Patterson, Sabato, and Zaller about how media coverage of elections has changed over time and the consequences of these changes. 3) It discusses how media and campaigns interact, with a focus on conventions, debates, and negative political advertising.
Media and Politics
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY PresentedBy: SHUBHAM YADAV
- 2. The Media andPolitics Politics in the Age of Mass Media TOPIC:-
- 3. The activities associatedwith the governance of a country or area, especially the debate between parties having power. Activities aimed at improving someone's status or increasing power within an organization POLITICS :- Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet MEDIA :- INTRODUCTION:-
- 4. Freedom of thePress Origins of freedom of the press: Colonial-era printing press “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom… of the press…” • Influence of the printing press • Ideals of the Enlightenment • Pamphlets and papers during the American Revolution
- 5. What Is thePress? Traditional forms: Non-traditional forms: • Newspapers • Magazines • Pamphlets • Posters • Radio • Television • Internet
- 6. Free Press: Essentialto Democracy • The media as the “fourth branch” of government • Important benefits of a free press: — Open expression of ideas — Advances collective knowledge and understanding — Communication with government representatives — Allows for peaceful social change — Protects individual rights
- 7. Media and Elections •Politiciansand media have a symbiotic relationship •Media focus on conflict and negative advertisements •Media focus on frontrunners and the horserace •Campaigns focus on spin and sound bites
- 8. Media and Politics •Theoriesof Media and Politics •Patterson •Sabato •Zaller •Media and Elections •Debates •Conventions Ads
- 9. Patterson’s Out ofOrder• Trends in media coverage of elections 1. Tone of coverage Positive to negative 2. Style Descriptive to interpretive 3. Issues Policy issues to reporters’ issues
- 10. Patterson’s Out ofOrder Consequences 1. Tone of coverage Positive to negative Consequence:Voters distrust candidates, government, media 1. Style Descriptive to interpretive Consequence:Voters less informed 1. Issues Policy issues to reporters’ issues Consequence:Voters adopt media frames/primes
- 11. Sabato’s Feeding Frenzy Lapdogjournalism (1941-1966) Reporting that served and reinforced the political establishment. Watchdog (1966-1974) Scrutinized and checked the behavior of political elites by undertaking independent investigations into statements made by public officials. Junkyard dog (1974 to present) Reporting that is often and harsh, aggressive intrusive, where feeding frenzies flourish and gossip reaches print.
- 12. Causes of theFeeding Frenzy •Advances in media technology •Competitive pressure •Political events
- 13. Zaller’s Theory ofMedia Politics • Theory of campaign coverage needs to take into account the different interests of voters, media, and candidates 1. Voters: "Don’t waste my time"; "Tell me only what I need to know" 2. Candidates: Use journalists to "Get Our Story Out" 3. Journalists: Maximize their "voice" in the news
- 14. Media and Elections:Conventions • In the past, party conventions were much more important • Today, they are media events • Nothing new happens • Scripted events, speeches • Today, conventions usually give candidates a positive bump in the “horserace” • These bumps are short-lived
- 15. Media and Elections:Ads •Political advertising: positive vs. negative •Positive advertising • Seek to define yourself before your opponent does it for you •Negative advertising • Does it work? •Yes Voters remember negative ads longer than positive ads •Negative ads provide information to voters
- 16.
Editor's Notes
- #5 With the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1440s, the publication of people’s ideas became widespread, allowing these ideas to take on a life if their own. Books, pamphlets, flyers, and many other forms of printed matter could be quickly reproduced and distributed to any audience that could read them. On the heels of this invention came the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that began in the early 1600s and extended well into the 1800s. Advances in science, mathematics, and the arts that emerged during the Renaissance were documented, discussed, and expanded upon through the use of the printing press to bring this information to all of Europe and beyond. People began to think more about who they were and their place in the world. Philosophers known as “humanists” advanced many new ideas about the dignity and potential of the individual, and as a result people began to question traditional ideas of a person’s rights and the role of government. Enlightenment ideals also influenced American colonial society and its leaders. As their relationship with the British Parliament and the king became more confrontational, some colonial leaders began to question the role of the British government and challenge its authority. The freedom to print the American colonial viewpoint on the deteriorating relationship with the British government proved indispensable to the success of the American Revolution. Pamphlets and papers were published and distributed throughout the colonies, helping educate colonists on the violations of their rights by the British and keeping them informed of events and decisions.
- #6 Freedom of the press includes newspapers and magazines, but also extends to books, pamphlets, posters, and essentially anything in print. In addition, the contents of printed material can be communicated through different media forms, such as radio, television, and the Internet. Opinion pages and letters to the editor in newspapers and magazines provide public forums for the spread of ideas, as do radio and television. Advertisements can also be placed in any of these media outlets.
- #7 The press has been called the “fourth branch” of government and is sometimes placed on a level akin to the three official branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial. Though the press has no direct governing power, at times it may serve as a check on the other three branches by informing the public of the government’s actions, allowing the people to respond accordingly. Like other forms of expression, freedom of the press is essential to the advancement and operation of a democracy, providing important benefits to individuals, to society, and to the government: A free press allows for communication and the open expression of ideas with others. Human dignity advances when people can print their thoughts and ideas and read from others with similar or different views. A free press informs people of new and better ideas, which benefits a community and allows it to improve and change with the times. This contributes to intellectual growth and broader understanding. A free press provides a mechanism for communicating freely with local, state, and national representatives and is essential to the operation of representative government. A free press can help bring about peaceful social change by working as a pressure valve to release tension when people feel wronged or mistreated. It also gives the government and members of society important information on how their actions or statements have been received. A free press provides people with a mechanism to speak out against perceived violations of personal rights and is essential for the protection of all people’s rights.