Lipids are a diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, and waxes and serve important biological functions like energy storage, cell membrane structure, and transport of fat-soluble vitamins and hormones. Lipids are classified as simple lipids like triglycerides, compound lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and glycolipids, or derived lipids like steroids. Fats and oils differ based on whether they contain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Important lipids discussed in more detail include castor oil, obtained from castor seeds, and chaulmoogra oil from various Hydnocarpus plants.

1. Lipids (Fats, Fixed oils and
Waxes)
UNIT -V

2. • Group of naturally occurring, non polar, water insoluble
and hydrophobic substances found in cells
• These are extractable with non polar organic solvents.
• They have both commercial as well as biological
importance.
• Lipids are the large and diverse group of naturally
occurring (animal or plant origin) organic compounds
soluble in organic solvents (e.g.ether, chloroform,
acetone, and benzene) and are generally insoluble in
water, and comprise of fixed oils, fats and waxes.
• The basic function of oils and fats is storage of energy,
apart from their several uses in medicine and
industries.

3. • Biological Importance
• Lubricants in alimentary canal and other sites of
metabolism.
• Primary transport system for non polar
compounds.
• Important constituents of cell membrane and
cell organelles.
• Good food due to high caloric value.
• Important for the functioning of nervous system.
• Essential fatty acids in the diet.
• Starting materials for other products.
• Lipids like fat soluble vitamins and hormones are
important for normal biological functions

4. Classification of lipids
1. Simple lipids –
• Fats, oils and waxes (esters of alcohol and
fatty acids)
2. Compound lipids (additional moiety other
than alcohol and acid) – Phospholipids –
Glycolipids – Lipoproteins
3. Derived lipids (which qualify the general
criteria but can not be grouped in above
classes) – Steroids and carotenoids

5. 1. Simple lipids –
• Fats, oils and waxes (esters of alcohol and
fatty acids)
• Lipids (fixed oils, fats, and waxes) are esters of
long-chain fatty acids and alcohols.
• In fixed oils and fats, glycerol ( 3 Carbon
Trihydric Alcohol) combines with 3 long chain
monocarboxylic acids ;fatty acids to produce
Triglycerides (esters).

7. • When one alcoholic gr. is esterified then it is
called Monoglyceride.
• When two alcoholic gr. are esterified then it is
called Diglyceride.
• When three alcoholic groups are esterified then it
is called Triglyceride.
• When same acid is esterified with all three
alcoholic groups then the triglyceride is said to be
Simple triglyceride.
• When 2 or 3 different acids are esterified with all
three alcoholic groups then the triglyceride is said
to be Mixed triglyceride.

9. Difference between Oils and Fats
• Fixed oils and fats contain either saturated or
unsaturated fatty acids.
• The physical difference in fats and oils is due
to varying proportions of saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids present in the
glycerides.
• The Glycerides of unsaturated acids are
usually liquids (Oils).
• While the glycerides of saturated fatty acids
are solid. (Fats)

13. Analysis of Oils, Fats
• Chemical evaluation is done with several
parameters.
• Acid value
• Iodine value
• Saponification value
• Ester value
• Specific gravity
• Refractive index
• Optical rotation
• Viscosity

14. Soap Formation from Oils
• Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long
chain fatty acids.
• When triglycerides in fat/oil react with
aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are converted
into soap and glycerol.
• This is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
Since this reaction leads to
the formation of soap, it is called
the Saponification process.

16. Waxes
• Like fats and oils, waxes are esters of higher fatty acids
with higher mono hydroxy aliphatic alcohols(e.g. Cetyl
alcohol ,Lauryl alcohol,Octodecyl alcohol etc.).
• The alcohol here is not glycerol but usually a long-
chain, high- molecular weight alcohol.
• Have very long straight chain of 60-100 carbon atoms
• In plants, waxes are generally found covering the
external parts, like the epidermis of leaves and fruits,
where their main function is to prevent the loss of
water.
• Wax is also produced by insects, e.g. the honeycombs
of bees and wasps.

17. • USES OF WAX- Wax is used in pharmacy to make
soft ointments harder and to prepare lip salves.
• The technical uses of waxes are substantial, e.g.
in shoe polishes and car waxes.
• Wax has a melting point above approximately 45
°C (113 °F) (which differentiates waxes from fats
and oils).
• Used as bases for the preparation of cosmetics,
ointments, polishes, lubricants and candles.
• Fats and oils my be saponified by means of either
aqueous or alcoholic alkali but waxes are only
saponified by alcoholic alkali. (this fact is used for
the detection of fats when added as adulterants
to waxes).

18. • Examples• Jojoba wax (Simmondsia
chinensis)• Carnauba wax (Copernicia
cerifera)• Beeswax (Apis mellifera)

19. CASTOR OIL/ Recinus oil

20. • Castor oil - Synonym Ricinus oil.
• Biological Source - Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained
by the cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus
communis, family Euphorbiaceae.
• Geographical Source - Castor seeds are produced in
almost all tropical and sub-tropical countries. In India,
castor is one of the major oil seed crops, and India is
the second largest producer of castor seeds in the
world, Brazil, Thailand, U.S.A.& Romania are other
countries producing this drug on large scale. In India, it
is largely grown in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and
Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh produces about 60% of the
total crop in India. India is exporter of medicinal castor
oil. The other two forms of castor oil i.e. hydrogenated
and dehydrated are also getting exported regularly.

21. • Composition of Seeds
• Since castor oil is a fixed oil of therapeutic importance and
purgative in action, it cannot be consumed freely. Apart from the
oil, seeds also contain some of the toxic substances.
• Seeds contains toxic substances. seeds consist of 75% kernel
and 25% of hull, seeds weigh from 0.1 to 1gm.
• Castor seeds are rich in phosphorus content and most of it is in
the form of Phytin.
• Hull is rich in mineral and also contains an alkaloid Ricinine,
resin, pigment, etc.
• The oil content of the kernel varies from 36% to 60%. Amongst
different varieties.
• Castor seeds contain several enzymes including lipase, maltase
and invertase.
• The proteinous toxic principle Ricin, constituting about 3% of the
whole seeds, is poisonous.

23. • DESCRIPTION OF OIL:
• COLOUR : Pale yellow or colourless liquid.
• ODOUR : Slight and characteristic
• TASTE : Bland then slightly acrid &
nauseating
• It is viscous and transparent liquid
• It is soluble in alcohol, insoluble in mineral oil.
miscible in chloroform, solvent ether, glacial
acetic acid and petroleum ether.

25. • STANDARDS :
• 1. WEIGHT PER ML : 0.945 TO 0.965 GM
• 2. ACID VALUE : NOT MORE THAN 2
• 3. IODINE VALUE : 80 TO 90
• 4. SAPONIFICATION VALUE : 176 TO 187
• 5. ACETYL VALUE : NOT LESS THAN 143
• 6. OPTICAL ROTATION : +3.5° TO +6.0°
• 7. SOLIDIFYING POINT : -10 TO -18°C
• 8. VISCOSITY : 6 TO 8 POISES

26. • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
• Castor seeds are rich in phosphorus content and most
of it is in the form of phytin.
• Hull is rich in mineral and also contains an alkaloid
Ricinine, resin, pigment, etc.
• CASTOR OIL CONTAINS TRIGLYCERIDE OF RICINOLEIC
ACID 80%.
• THE VISCOSITY OF CASTOR OIL IS DUE TO RICINOLEIC
ACID.
• OTHER GLYCERIDES ARE ISORICINOLEIC, LINOLEIC,
STEARIC AND ISOSTEARIC ACID.
• IT CONTAINS HEPTALDEHYDE. UNDECENOIC ACID &
SEBACIC ACID. • RICINOLEIC ACID

27. • PREPARATION OFPREPAREAL CASTOR OIL :
• Castor oil is prepared- 1. By crushing the seeds in hydraulic press
and 2. in Ghani consists of screw press. The oil is produced is non-
medicinal castor oil.
• Seeds are graded, impurities are removed, hulls are removed and
decorticated, which help in controlling acid value and improves the
colour of the oil.
• The castor cake with hulls increase the manorial value.
• Decorticated seeds are pressed under hydraulic press with a
pressure of 2 tonnes per square inch, it helps in extracting out 30%
of the oil present in the seeds at room.
• Oil is known as cold drown oil, rest of the oil is removed by
increasing the pressure, hot pressing, or solvent extraction process.
• This oil is not suitable for medical purpose.
• The cold drown oil is steamed at 80°c, to destroy the enzyme lipase
and Ricin, then bleached, deacidified with sodium carbonate to
remove free fatty acid.
• If necessary, oil is washed with hot water.
• Finally it is treated with activated earth or animal charcoal to
remove the impurities by adsorption and filled into containers.

28. • CHEMICAL TEST :
• 1. Castor oil + petroleum ether = Completely
soluble in petroleum ether =Castor oil is
present
• 2. Castor oil + equal volume of alcohol = Clear
liquid upon cooling at 0°c for (3 hours) =
Castor oil is present

29. • USES :
• Castor oil is cathartic.
• It is used as lubricant, in paints, enamel,
varnish, grease, polish, printing ink, hydraulic
and brake spirit, aromatic castor oil, or in the
form of capsules, abortifacient paste.
• Ricinoleic acid is used in creams, jellies, lip-
sticks, perfumed hair oil, soap etc. purgative.
• Castor seed cake is used as manure.

30. Chaulmoogra oil

31. • SYNONYMS : • Gynocardia oil, Hydnocarpus oil.
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE : •
• Chaulmoogra oil is fixed oil obtained by cold
expression method from ripe seeds of
• Hydnocarpus anthelmintic
• Hydnocarpus heterophylla
• Hydnocarpus wightiana,
• Hydnocarpus laurifolia,
• Family - Flacourtriaceae.
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : • Chaulmoogra plants
found in Myanmar,

32. • DESCRIPTION : •
• COLOUR : Yellow to Brownish (Liquid Yellow)
• ODOUR : Characteristic
• TASTE : Some what acrid
• SOLUBILITY : Slightly soluble in alcohol,
soluble in chloroform, ether, benzene, carbon
disulphide.
• STORAGE : Light and in cool place.
• DOSE :
• 0.3 to 1.0 ml by intramuscular subcutaneous
injection.

33. • STANDARDS :
• 1. WEIGHT PER ML : 0.935 TO 0.960 GM
• 2. ACID VALUE : NOT MORE THAN 10
• 3. SAP. VALUE : 195 TO 213
• 4. IODINE VALUE : 93 TO 104
• 5. SPECIFIC ROTATION : +48° TO + 60°
• 6. REFRACTIVE INDEX : 1.472 TO 1.476

34. • METHOD OF PREPARATION :
• Seeds are sub-ovoid obtusely angular and 2
cm in length.
• Seed contain 40 – 45% fixed oil, the seeds are
decorticated by machine after grading the
kernels, are pressed with hydraulic press and
the oil obtained is filtered.

35. • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
• It contains ester of unsaturated fatty acid of
chaulmoogra acid 27% and hydnocarpic acid
48% and glycerides of palmitic acid.

36. • USES :
• It gives strong bactericidal effect against
mycobacterium leprae and m. tuberculosis.
• It is useful in the treatment of TB., leprosy,
psoriasis, and rheumatism.
• it is used externally only.

38. BEES WAX

39. • Synonyms: Yellow wax, Cera alba.
• Biological Source- Obtained from the honey
comb of the bees Apis mellifera and other
species of Apis belonging to the family Apidae.
• Geographical source: It is produced in France,
Italy, West Africa, India.

40. • Preparation:
• 1) The combs and capping of honeycomb are
broken and boiled in soft water.
• 2) These are then enclosed in a porous bag
weighed to keep under water, the boiling
causes oozing of the wax, which get collected
outside the bag and form a cake after cooling.
• 3) The debris on outer surface is removed by
scraping.
• 4) The process is repeated several times and
finally wax is skimmed off.

41. Description:
• Colour : Yellow to yellowish-brown
• Odour : Agreeable and honey-like
• Non crystalline solid. Soft to touch and
crumbles under pressure of fingers to plastic
mass. Under molten condition, it can be given
any desired shape.
• It breaks with a granular fracture.
• Insoluble in water ,Soluble in hot alcohol,
ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, fixed
and volatile oils.

42. Standards:
• M.P. : 62 to 65°c
• Specific gravity : 0.958 to 0.967
• Acid value : 5 to 10
• Saponification value : 90 to 103
• Ester value : 80 to 95
Identification test:
Saponification cloud test: 0.5g bees wax +
20ml aq. Caustic soda, Boil for 10 minutes =
No turbidity is produced.

43. Chemical constituents:
• It consists of esters of straight chain
monohydric alcohols with straight chain acids.
Constituent is myricin i.e. myricyl palmitate
80%, free cerotic acid 15%, melissic acid and
aromatic cerolein.
• Indian bees wax contains low acid value and
European bees wax has acid value of 17-22.

44. • Uses:
• In the preparation of ointments, plasters and
polishes.
• Also used in the manufacturing of candles,
moulds in dental and electronic industries,
cosmetics for lip- sticks, face cream.
• Is an ingredient of paraffin ointment.
• Adulteration: Adulterated with colophony, hard
paraffin stearic acid, Japan wax, spermaceti,
carnauba wax. Adulteration can be detected on
the basis of solubility and melting point.

45. WOOL FAT / LANOLIN

46. • WOOL FAT(lanolin)
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Hydrous wool fat is the
purified fat like substance obtained from the
wool of Ovies aries Linn. Family: Bovidae.
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Lanolin is
commercially manufactured in Australia,
U.S.A. and to a very less extent in India.

47. METHOD OF PREPARATION:
• Raw wool contains 31% wool fibres, suint or
wool sweat(chemically potassium salts of fatty
acids), 32% earthy matter and 25% wool grease
or crude lanolin.
• Crude lanolin is separated by washing with
sulphuric acid or suitable organic solvent or soap
solution.
• It is further purified or bleached. The product is
known as anhydrous lanolin or wool fat.
• Hydrous wool fat is prepared by mixing
anhydrous product with 30% water.

48. DESCRIPTION:
• Colour - whitish-yellow
• Odour - Faint and characteristic
• Taste - bland
• Solubility - insoluble in water - soluble in
chloroform and solvent ether.
• STANDARDS(Anhydrous lanolin)
• Melting point: 34 to 44 degree celsius
• Acid value: not more than 1
• Iodine value: 18-36
• Saponification value: 90-105
• Peroxide value: not more than 20

49. • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
• It contains mainly esters of cholesterol and
isocholesterol with caranubic, oleic, myristic,
palmitic, lanoceric and lanopalmitic acids.
• It also contains 50% water.
• IDENTIFICATION TEST:
• 0.5g wool fat in chloroform + 1ml acetic
anhydride + 2 drops of sulphuric acid = Deep
green colour indicates the presence of
cholesterol.
• USES: Used as water absorbable ointment base .
Used as a common ingredient and base for water
soluble creams and cosmetics.