Lexicography involves processes for determining word meanings and constructing dictionaries. It includes designing guidelines, researching words and definitions, and formatting entries for publication. There are two related disciplines: practical lexicography focuses on compiling dictionaries, while theoretical lexicography analyzes lexicons and develops theories to improve dictionaries. Corpora are important resources used in both disciplines to study word usage and inform dictionary content. Word sketches were developed to efficiently analyze large corpora and streamline the process of identifying relevant collocates for dictionary entries.

1. LEXICOGRAPHY
Noor Atiqah binti Rapaiee 0910572
Nur Hafizah binti Musa 0825704
Nur Syamimi binti Hambali 091983

2. 1. DEFINITION
Lexicography
processes involved in the determination of word meaning
and the construction of dictionaries
 designing domain specific guidelines for dictionary construction
 research and gathering of old and new words and the associated
quotations
 etymologies and pronunciations
 researching and writing of definitions
 researching word usage
 text encoding and formatting for storage and publication.

3. Cont.
etymologies and pronunciations
researching and writing of definitions
researching word usage
text encoding and formatting for storage
and publication.

4. TWO RELATED DSICIPLINES:
a) Practical lexicography
 The art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries.
b) Theoretical lexicography
 The scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the
semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon
(vocabulary) of a language.
 Developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data
in dictionaries.
 The needs for information by users in specific types of situation.
 How users may best access the data incorporated in printed and electronic
dictionaries.
This is sometimes referred to as 'metalexicography'.

5. 2. SCOPE OF THE USED OF LEXICOGRAPHY IN
LANGUAGE STUDY
Practical lexicographic work involves several activities, and the compilation of
well crafted dictionaries require careful consideration of some of the
following aspect:
• Profiling the intended users
• Defining the communicative and cognitive functions of the dictionary
• Selecting and organizing the components of the dictionary
• Choosing the appropriate structures for presenting the data in the dictionary
• Selecting words and affixes for systematization as entries
• Selecting collocations, phrases and examples
• Choosing lemma forms for each word or part of word to be lemmatized
• Defining words and organizing definitions
• Specifying pronunciations of words
• Labeling definitions and pronunciations for register and dialect
• Selecting equivalents in bi- and multilingual dictionaries
• Translating collocations, phrases and examples in bi- and multilingual
dictionaries
• Designing the best way in which users can access the data in printed and
electronic dictionaries

6. Theoretical lexicography
- Concerns the same aspects as lexicography but is meant to
lead to the development of principles that can improve the
quality of future dictionaries. Several branches of such
academic dictionary research are:
• Dictionary criticism - evaluating the quality of one
or more dictionaries
• Dictionary history - tracing the traditions of a type of
dictionary in a particular country or language
• Dictionary typology - classifying the various genres
of reference works (ex: monolingual versus bilingual
dictionary)
• Dictionary structure - formatting the various ways
in which the information is presented in a dictionary
• Dictionary use - observing the reference acts and
skills of dictionary users
• Dictionary IT - applying computer aids to the process
of dictionary compilation

7. 3. Relevance to Language Learning/
Corpus Linguistics
• Printed bilingualised learners’ dictionaries,
typically include an L2 definition immediately
followed by an L1 translation and provide access
to both monolingual and bilingual information.
• The corpora that they use to produce the
dictionary:
HOW THEY DECIDE?
Current, reliable, user friendly, more information,
and relevancy.

8. 4. TYPE OF CORPora USED IN LANGUAGE
STUDY
• Corpora are used for the production of dictionaries and
grammar books.
• Examples : for dictionaries: Collins Cobuild, British National
Corpus (BNC), Longman Corpus Network and Online
Dictionaries.
• For Grammar books: COBUILD Corpus of Spoken and
Written British, American and Australian English, LOB
Corpus of Written British English, Kohlapur Corpus of
Written Indian English, London-Lund Corpus of Spoken
British English, UTS/Macquarie Corpus of Spoken Australian
English.

10. 5. APPLICATION ON LANGUAGE RESEARCH
• Grammar books
• Oxford English Dictionary (OED)
• BNC (British National Corpus on-line)website,
which in this case includes literary and
journalistic texts

11. 6. Other Relevant
Information
• Professor Kev Nair is regarded as the father of fluency
lexicography. - Fluency lexicography came into existence as a
separate branch of dictionary writing
• Lexicography is not merely focusing on English language but
also other language as well like Arabic Lexicography and
German Lexicography.
• Lexicographer is a linguist whose specific expertise is in
writing dictionaries.
• A lexicographer is concerned with what words are, what they
mean, how the vocabulary of a language is structured, how
speakers of the language use and understand the words, how
the words evolved and what relationships exists between
words.

12. 7. Conclusion
• Lexicography is divided into two related discipline
that is practical lexicography and theoretical
lexicography.
• The relevancy of lexicography to language
learning and corpus linguistics.
• Lexicography corpora.
• Related studies pertaining to lexicography.

13. SYNOPSIS
Lexical Profiling Software and its Lexicographic
Applications – a Case Study
Adam Kilgarriff and Michael Rundell
http:// www.kilgarriff.co.uk/2002-kilgRundell-
Euralex-Sketches

14. PROBLEM
TECHNOLOGY
• Large corpus & easily access = leads to
information overload
• Traditional’ approach analysing data make
unreasonable demands towards human
memory.
• Time-consuming
• Human editors cannot process such high
volumes of data with any degree of reliability.

15. SOLUTIONS
1. COBUILD project (early 1980s)
: a corpus of not much over 7 million words–
and often found themselves wanting more
2. WORD SKETCHES
: aim to improve on existing collocate lists by
using POS-tagged and (partially) analysed corpus
data to identify the relevant collocates for a
range of distinct grammatical relations.

16. CORPUS
• creating the text for the new Macmillan
English Dictionary (MED) : Word Sketches for
over 8000 English words
: CORPUS:over 200 million words
: EASY & DIFFICULT WORDS
: examples: forge (easy) & challenge (difficult)

17. FINDINGS
1. The Word Sketches not only streamlined the
process of searching for significant word
combinations, but often provided a more revealing,
and more efficient, way of uncovering the key
features of a word's behaviour than the (now
traditional) method of scanning concordances.
2.For genuinely difficult words – the Word Sketches
provided far more than just a rapid summary of
collocational preferences.

18. REFLECTIONS
1. This assignment opens our mind towards
something that we never think before on
how the dictionary is produced. It is a
challenging task actually to enlighten others.
2. The challenging part to finish this task is to
get full cooperation from all parties involved.
3. It makes us realise the importance of
cooperation.