This document summarizes key provisions of Russia's new Federal Law No. 135-FZ on Protection of Competition passed in 2006. It overviews new definitions introduced, such as vertical agreements and collective dominance. It outlines criteria for determining dominant positions and monopoly prices. It describes expanded authority for the Federal Antimonopoly Service to regulate economic concentration and ensure non-discriminatory access. Procedures for merger control and state aid are also established.
This presentation by the RCC Romania was prepared for a roundtable discussion on Criminalisation of cartels and bid rigging conspiracies at the 131st meeting of the OECD Working Party 3 on 9 June 2020. More papers, presentations and contributions from delegations on the topic can be found out at www.oecd.org/daf/competition/criminalisation-of-cartels-and-bid-rigging-conspiracies.htm
Pavel Antonov, Head of Legal Operations at Accountor Russia, shed light on the legal side of the sanctions issue, covering the following topics: practical meaning of sanctions for foreign companies, restrictions for business deals (legal consequences for businesses & individuals), measures to be taken for legal compliance and avoiding risks, and business in the Crimea – what is allowed and what is not?
This document outlines the structure and objectives of state standardization and surveillance committees in Belarus. It discusses the relevant laws and regulations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of various state bodies that perform standardization, metrological surveillance, and enforcement. The key bodies mentioned are the State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus and its regional and municipal subcommittees. The objectives of governmental surveillance are outlined as preventing violations of technical requirements, conformity rules, and metrological norms. Coordination and interaction between surveillance bodies, as well as responsibilities and sanctions for noncompliance, are also summarized.
The Essential Commodities Act was passed in 1955 to ensure easy availability of essential goods and protect consumers from exploitation. It empowers the government to regulate production, supply, distribution and prices of essential commodities. The list of essential commodities has been reduced over time from 70 items to only 7 presently through periodic reviews. The Act aims to balance consumer interests and allow for a free market in goods not deemed essential. It has been amended several times, including removing restrictions on many agricultural goods in 2001.
The document summarizes the key provisions of the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 in India. The act aims to ensure the availability of essential commodities to consumers and protect them from exploitation. It allows the central government to regulate and control the production, distribution, and pricing of essential commodities. The act defines essential commodities, provides for issuance of control orders, sets penalties for violations, and establishes procedures for seizure, appeal and prosecution related to essential commodities.
Plastic has several advantages including being lightweight, easy to mold and finish, strong and tough, corrosion and chemical resistant, a good insulator, water resistant, and cheap to produce. However, plastic also has disadvantages like being a non-renewable resource, soft, potentially causing cancer, and producing toxic fumes when burned. It can also become brittle at low temperatures or deform under load and has low heat resistance.
This document summarizes key provisions of Russia's new Federal Law No. 135-FZ on Protection of Competition passed in 2006. It overviews new definitions introduced, such as vertical agreements and collective dominance. It outlines criteria for determining dominant positions and monopoly prices. It describes expanded authority for the Federal Antimonopoly Service to regulate economic concentration and ensure non-discriminatory access. Procedures for merger control and state aid are also established.
This presentation by the RCC Romania was prepared for a roundtable discussion on Criminalisation of cartels and bid rigging conspiracies at the 131st meeting of the OECD Working Party 3 on 9 June 2020. More papers, presentations and contributions from delegations on the topic can be found out at www.oecd.org/daf/competition/criminalisation-of-cartels-and-bid-rigging-conspiracies.htm
Pavel Antonov, Head of Legal Operations at Accountor Russia, shed light on the legal side of the sanctions issue, covering the following topics: practical meaning of sanctions for foreign companies, restrictions for business deals (legal consequences for businesses & individuals), measures to be taken for legal compliance and avoiding risks, and business in the Crimea – what is allowed and what is not?
This document outlines the structure and objectives of state standardization and surveillance committees in Belarus. It discusses the relevant laws and regulations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of various state bodies that perform standardization, metrological surveillance, and enforcement. The key bodies mentioned are the State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus and its regional and municipal subcommittees. The objectives of governmental surveillance are outlined as preventing violations of technical requirements, conformity rules, and metrological norms. Coordination and interaction between surveillance bodies, as well as responsibilities and sanctions for noncompliance, are also summarized.
The Essential Commodities Act was passed in 1955 to ensure easy availability of essential goods and protect consumers from exploitation. It empowers the government to regulate production, supply, distribution and prices of essential commodities. The list of essential commodities has been reduced over time from 70 items to only 7 presently through periodic reviews. The Act aims to balance consumer interests and allow for a free market in goods not deemed essential. It has been amended several times, including removing restrictions on many agricultural goods in 2001.
The document summarizes the key provisions of the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 in India. The act aims to ensure the availability of essential commodities to consumers and protect them from exploitation. It allows the central government to regulate and control the production, distribution, and pricing of essential commodities. The act defines essential commodities, provides for issuance of control orders, sets penalties for violations, and establishes procedures for seizure, appeal and prosecution related to essential commodities.
Plastic has several advantages including being lightweight, easy to mold and finish, strong and tough, corrosion and chemical resistant, a good insulator, water resistant, and cheap to produce. However, plastic also has disadvantages like being a non-renewable resource, soft, potentially causing cancer, and producing toxic fumes when burned. It can also become brittle at low temperatures or deform under load and has low heat resistance.
Presentation on marketing of medical devices in Europe (24.01.2012)Christian Dekoninck
Presentation on the legal implications & compliance in the sales & marketing of medical devices in Europe given at the 3rd annual Medical Device Reimbursement Conference in Brussels (Q1 Productions, January 24th, 2012)
Conflict of interest in health technology assessment decisions : case law in ...Market iT
The document discusses conflicts of interest in health technology assessment decisions in France. It describes how a drug withdrawal scandal led France to pass the Bertrand Law in 2013 to increase transparency around conflicts. The law requires disclosure of agreements between healthcare professionals and companies. The document analyzes six cases reviewed by the French Council of State related to conflicts at the national health agency. Four cases led to decisions being suspended or invalidated due to conflicts, while two others found conflicts irrelevant after interests were disclosed. The Council of State based decisions on acknowledging negative conflicts and absence of required interest disclosures. However, few cases have been decided against the agency given the volume of assessments. Increased regulation may lead to more transparency but also more cases being decided by the
This document summarizes a Supreme Court case from the Philippines regarding a car accident.
Priscilla Rodriguez was struck by a passenger bus while crossing the street. She sued the bus company, who had an insurance policy with Western Guaranty Corporation. The trial court found the bus company and insurer liable and awarded damages. Western Guaranty appealed, arguing its liability was limited by the schedule of indemnities in the policy.
The Supreme Court upheld the appellate court's decision. It found the schedule did not limit the types of damages that could be awarded, only monetary amounts for specific injuries. The policy stated the insurer was liable for "all sums necessary" for bodily injury to third parties. Therefore, Western Guaranty
The Consumer Product Safety Commission plays an important role in protecting consumers through several key Acts. The Flammable Fabrics Act regulates flammable clothing. The Poison Prevention Packaging Act requires child-resistant packaging for household substances. The Federal Hazardous Substances Act mandates cautionary labeling for hazardous products. The Consumer Product Safety Act bans unsafe products and authorizes product recalls. The Refrigerator Safety Act requires magnetic latches to allow exiting of refrigerators. These Acts help reduce safety risks from consumer products in the home.
The document provides an overview of regulations for medicinal products in Germany. Medicinal products are regulated by laws addressing manufacturing, marketing, distribution, and pharmacovigilance. Medicinal products for human use require a marketing authorization from either the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices or the Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines. The document then discusses specific regulations regarding pricing and state funding, manufacturing, clinical trials, marketing, advertising, packaging and labeling, traditional herbal medicines, patents, trademarks, and regulatory authorities.
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances(amendment) actshashiprabha20
It is an Act of Parliament of India that prohibits a person the production, manufacturing ,cultivation, possession, sale, purchasing, transport, storage, and consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substances.
Extra-Territorial Income Case - Vincenzo RisoVincenzo Riso
1) The document discusses the US-Extraterritorial Income case at the WTO regarding the US FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act.
2) The Act provided an exclusion from taxable income for "extraterritorial income" derived from export sales, but the EU argued this constituted an illegal export subsidy.
3) The WTO panel found that the Act's tax benefits were contingent on export performance and did not satisfy the criteria for tax measures to avoid double taxation, and therefore violated WTO subsidies rules.
foodwatch-Report 2014 Lost in the supermarketfoodwatchDE
1) The document discusses how European food law aims to protect consumers from health hazards and fraud but often fails to do so in practice.
2) While the law provides for preventive protection, consumers are regularly exposed to health risks from issues like food additives, contaminants, and antibiotic resistance, as well as widespread fraudulent and deceptive labeling practices.
3) Insufficient enforcement of food laws, weak information rights for consumers, and inadequate food controls have allowed these issues to persist, despite the legal framework requiring preventive action.
The document is a quiz about judicial review of EU acts under Article 263 TFEU. It tests knowledge of the types of measures and applicants that can be reviewed, the standing requirements for privileged and non-privileged applicants, and key concepts like direct and individual concern established in case law. The summary advises a company called Argenco on bringing an annulment action against an EU regulation limiting wine imports. While the regulation does not directly concern Argenco, prior communication from national authorities could establish direct concern. As a member of a closed class of importers, Argenco may also show individual concern and thus admissibility.
This document provides background information on proportionate liability laws in Australia. It discusses how prior to 2001, rising liability insurance premiums caused a crisis. This led to various government inquiries and the Ipp Report recommending proportionate liability to replace joint and several liability. All Australian states and territories have since passed proportionate liability legislation for certain claims. The document outlines the categories of proportionate liability cases and compares the common law position to the current proportionate liability regime.
This document discusses advertising food in the European context and provides a methodology for assessing compliance. It notes that food advertising is partially harmonized at the EU level and compliance must first be checked against both horizontal and vertical EU requirements, as well as local requirements of the first EU country. If expanding to a new EU country, compliance with those local requirements must also be checked, as long as they do not infringe the principle of free movement of goods. National measures restricting advertising must be justified by an imperative requirement like public health or consumer protection and be proportional. The document then provides more details on advertising food in Belgium, including relevant legislation and codes of conduct as well as enforcement mechanisms.
The document discusses three EU directives that will fundamentally change the international tax environment: 1) the Directive on Administrative Cooperation in taxation will increase exchange of information between countries; 2) the 4th Anti-Money Laundering Directive strengthens regulations around beneficial ownership and increases transparency; 3) the Directive on Mandatory Disclosure of aggressive tax planning will require disclosure of potentially abusive tax schemes.
Piszcz is the forcing of services on suppliers an abuse of a dominant positionMichal
This document summarizes a Polish Supreme Court case regarding a poultry producer, DROP, that was found by competition authorities to have abused its dominant position in markets for duck and goose eggs. The Supreme Court overturned the previous rulings, finding that DROP's conduct did not actually foreclose the veterinary services market or transfer its dominance. The competition authority failed to prove DROP had incentives to leverage its power or that DROP's actions created barriers to competition in veterinary services. The authority also did not properly define the relevant markets.
The document summarizes Turkey's economic reforms and competition law and policy. It outlines Turkey's liberalization of markets through privatization, regulation, and strengthening competition law. It describes Turkey's Competition Authority and the Competition Board that oversees enforcement. The Competition Act prohibits cartels, abuse of dominant market positions, and mergers that significantly impede competition. Undertakings found in violation face fines, damages payments, and other sanctions. The reforms aim to promote a sustainable, competitive economy in Turkey.
European Export Controls & Sanctions: Enforcement and Disclosuresjasperhelder
This document summarizes the key differences between US and EU export control and sanctions enforcement and voluntary self-disclosures. It outlines when US trade controls are relevant to non-US transactions, how EU controls interact with US rules, and enforcement practices in both the US and EU. The document advises considering factors like risk of discovery, board awareness, and legal implications when deciding whether to make a voluntary self-disclosure of violations. Thorough preparation and full disclosure are recommended if a self-disclosure is made.
The Health and Safety Executive has charged Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust with criminal liability under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 following an investigation into four patient deaths between 2005-2014. If found criminally liable, the Trust faces fines as well as damage to its reputation. This prosecution serves as a warning to other NHS trusts of their responsibilities under health and safety law. It also signals a potential shift in the HSE's enforcement strategy to prosecute healthcare organizations for substantive failures in patient care.
Consumerism aims to protect consumers and ensure they receive good value for money spent. Consumer education is important to create awareness of rights and responsibilities. Governments should develop strong consumer protection policies regarding health and safety, access to information, redressal, and freedom to organize. Some problems Indian consumers face include shortages, lack of competition, unfamiliarity with products, low literacy, and unorganized consumer groups. The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 established consumer councils and forums to provide simple and speedy redressal of consumer disputes.
This document discusses the establishment of the single European market and the four fundamental freedoms, including the free movement of goods. It notes that the EU uses directives, regulations, and common policies to achieve the goals of the Treaty, including abolishing obstacles to free movement. National measures restricting free movement of goods are prohibited unless they can be justified under exceptions for public health, safety, or other priorities while also being proportional. The principle of mutual recognition and rules on jurisdiction, applicable law, and resolving disputes were developed to facilitate cross-border business transactions in the single market.
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The document provides an overview of regulations for medicinal products in Germany. Medicinal products are regulated by laws addressing manufacturing, marketing, distribution, and pharmacovigilance. Medicinal products for human use require a marketing authorization from either the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices or the Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines. The document then discusses specific regulations regarding pricing and state funding, manufacturing, clinical trials, marketing, advertising, packaging and labeling, traditional herbal medicines, patents, trademarks, and regulatory authorities.
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1) The document discusses the US-Extraterritorial Income case at the WTO regarding the US FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act.
2) The Act provided an exclusion from taxable income for "extraterritorial income" derived from export sales, but the EU argued this constituted an illegal export subsidy.
3) The WTO panel found that the Act's tax benefits were contingent on export performance and did not satisfy the criteria for tax measures to avoid double taxation, and therefore violated WTO subsidies rules.
foodwatch-Report 2014 Lost in the supermarketfoodwatchDE
1) The document discusses how European food law aims to protect consumers from health hazards and fraud but often fails to do so in practice.
2) While the law provides for preventive protection, consumers are regularly exposed to health risks from issues like food additives, contaminants, and antibiotic resistance, as well as widespread fraudulent and deceptive labeling practices.
3) Insufficient enforcement of food laws, weak information rights for consumers, and inadequate food controls have allowed these issues to persist, despite the legal framework requiring preventive action.
The document is a quiz about judicial review of EU acts under Article 263 TFEU. It tests knowledge of the types of measures and applicants that can be reviewed, the standing requirements for privileged and non-privileged applicants, and key concepts like direct and individual concern established in case law. The summary advises a company called Argenco on bringing an annulment action against an EU regulation limiting wine imports. While the regulation does not directly concern Argenco, prior communication from national authorities could establish direct concern. As a member of a closed class of importers, Argenco may also show individual concern and thus admissibility.
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For a definition of foodstuffs, the Dutch Commodities Act refers to General Food Law. The Dutch Commodities Act re. Labelling of Foodstuffs is based on Directive 2003/13/EC RE. LABELLING, PRESENTATION AND ADVERTISING FOODSTUFFS.
I note that I will only address the import side as the same applies for the export side.