The document outlines a lecture on Internet of Things (IoT) by Prof. Dr. Abdulkareem Merhej Radhi, covering the definition, characteristics, architecture, and components of IoT. Key topics include sensing, communication protocols, data handling, and security challenges. The course syllabus details a 12-week curriculum introducing practical applications and programming related to IoT systems.

1. Lecture No. One
IOT Philosophy –Definition-
Characteristics & Architecture
Prepared by
Prof. Dr. Abdulkareem Merhej Radhi
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2. Lecture Outline
- Course Syllabus
- IOT Definition
- IOT Characteristics
- General Block Diagram of IOT
- Sensors
- Major Components of IOT
- IOT Architecture
- Sensors & Actuators
- Communications
- Security and Privacy
- IOT Challenges
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3. Course Syllabus
Week 01: Introduction to IoT, Definition & Characteristics of IoT,
Physical Design of IoT, IoT Protocols.
Week 02: Sensing, Basics of Networking, Communication Protocols.
Week 03: Sensor Networks.
Week 04: Machine-to-Machine Communications.
Week 05: Introduction to Arduino Programming, Integration of
Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.
Week 06: Introduction to Python programming, Introduction to
Raspberry.
Week 07: Implementation of IoT with Raspberry.
Week 08: Data Handling and Analytics, Cloud Computing.
Week 09: Sensor-Cloud.
Week 10: Fog Computing, Smart Cities and Smart Homes.
Week 11: Connected Vehicles, Smart Grid, Industrial IoT.
Week 12: Industrial IoT, Case Study: Agriculture, Healthcare,
Activity Monitoring.
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4. What is IOT Definition )
A. Interconnection: IoT refers to the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded
computing-like devices within the existing Internet infrastructure.
B. Things: Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, bio-chip transponders on farm animals, automobiles with built-in sensors, or field
operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue. Current market examples
include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that utilize Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.
C. Network: IOT refers to a type of network to connect anything with the Internet based on
specified protocols through information sensing equipment's to conduct information exchange
and communications in order to achieve smart recognitions, positioning, tracing, monitoring, and
administration.
D. What Information can be Send: A sensor is a device that detects the change in the
environment and responds to some output on the other system. A sensor converts a physical
phenomenon into a measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a digital signal) converted into a
human-readable display or transmitted for reading or further processing. Sensors could be
temperature sensors, motion sensors, humidity sensors, air quality sensors, light sensors…etc.
These sensors, along with a connection, allow us to automatically collect information from the
environment which, in turn, allows us to make more intelligent decisions.
E. Example: On a farm, automatically getting information about the earth humidity can tell farmers
exactly when their harvests need to be watered.

5. What is IOT Definition )
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical
and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes,
and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces,
and are seamlessly integrated into the information
network, often communicate data associated with users
and their environments.

6. How an IoT System Actually Works
Sensors/Devices
First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment. This data could be as simple as a
temperature reading or as complex as a full video feed.
We use “sensors/devices,” because multiple sensors can be bundled together or sensors can be part of a
device that does more than just sense things.
Connectivity
Next, that data is sent to the cloud, but it needs a way to get there!
The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud through a variety of methods including: cellular,
satellite, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN), connecting via a gateway/router
or connecting directly to the internet via Ethernet.
Each option has tradeoffs between power feeding, range, and bandwidth. Choosing which connectivity
option is best comes down to the specific IoT application, but they all accomplish the same task: getting
data to the cloud.
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7. General Block Diagram of IOT
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9. IOT CHARACTERISTICS
The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows :
1. Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the global
information and communication infrastructure.
2. Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things.
3. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through
different networks.
4. Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up,
connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.
5. Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with
each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the
current Internet.
6. Safety: As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not
7. Connectivity: Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility.
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10. What are the major components of IoT?
1. Sensors/Actuators
2. Communication between servers or server platforms
3. Server/Middleware Platforms
4. Data Analytics Engines
5. Apps (iOS, Android, Web)
 Communication Technologies for IoT
1. Bluetooth 2. Zigbee 3. Z-Wave 4. NFC (Near-Field Communication) 5. RFID 6. WiFi
7. 2G/3G/LTE 8. Wibro/Mobile WiMax 9. PLC (Power Line Communication)
10. Ethernet

11. IOT ARCHITECTURE
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IOT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IOT. It serves to
illustrate how various technologies relate to each other and to communicate the scalability,
modularity and configuration of IOT deployments in different scenarios.

12. A. smart device / sensor layer:
The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors. The sensors enable the
interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time information to be collected and
processed. There are various types of sensors for different purposes.
Data management
DM is the ability to manage data information flow. With data management in the management
service layer, information can be accessed, integrated and controlled. Higher layer applications can
be protected from the need to process unnecessary data and reduce the risk of privacy disclosure of
the data source.
Application Layer
The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation,
Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User
interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.
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13. Sensor devices are becoming widely available
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- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

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How are the networks changing?
• Extensions
• More nodes, more connections
• Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
• M2M, IoT
• Billions of interconnected devices,
• Everybody is connected.
• Expansions
• Broadband
• LTE, 5G
• Enhancements
• Smart networks
• Data-centric and content-oriented networking
• Context-aware (autonomous) systems

15. Sensors & Actuators
• Sensors:
• They are mainly input components
• They sense and collect surrounding information
• Basically three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
• Actuators:
• They are mainly output components
• They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
• Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
• Controlling motors to move objects
• Displaying messages
• and others…
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16. Things
• We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
• A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
• A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
• Sensors & actuators
• Microcontroller
• Communication unit
• Power supply
• A “thing” has the following properties:
• It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy.
• It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing capability.
• It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
• Power consumption is the main design issue.
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17. Communications
• A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”
• The Role of Communications
• Providing a data link between two nodes
• Communication type:
• Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
• Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular choice
(and also our focus)
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:
• IEEE 802.15.4  used in XM1000
• IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi)
• Bluetooth
• Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
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18. Security & Privacy
• Are they important?
• What is the risk?
• What are the challenges?
• Device level
• Network level
• System level
• User level
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19. IoT Data- Challenges
• Multi-modal and heterogeneous
• Noisy and incomplete
• Time and location dependent
• Dynamic and varies in quality
• Crowed sourced data can be unreliable
• Requires (near-) real-time analysis
• Privacy and security are important issues
• Data can be biased- we need to know our data!
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