This document discusses agile software development. It begins with an agenda covering agile software development, the agile manifesto, what agility means, how agility reduces the cost of change, agile processes, and agile principles. It then defines agility as effectively responding to and communicating about change. An agile process is described as being driven by customer requirements, developing software iteratively, and delivering software increments while adapting to changes. The document concludes with 12 agile principles including satisfying customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, and continuous improvement.

1. Introduction to Software Engineering
Muhammad Nasir
Agile Software Development
m.nasir@iiu.edu.pk

2. Agenda
 Agile Software Development
 The Manifesto for Agile Software Development
 What is “Agility”?
 Agility and the Cost of Change
 An Agile Process
 Agility Principles

3. Agile Software Development
 In the modern economy, it is often difficult or impossible to predict
how a software system will evolve as time passes.
 Market conditions change rapidly, end-user needs evolve, and new
competitive threats emerge without warning.
 In many situations, you won’t be able to define requirements fully
before the project begins.
 You must be agile enough to respond to a changing business
environment.
 And change is expensive.
 Particularly if it is uncontrolled or poorly managed.
 One of the most compelling characteristics of the agile approach is
its ability to reduce the costs of change throughout the software
process.

4. The Manifesto for
Agile Software Development
 ““We are uncovering bbeetttteerr wwaayyss ooff ddeevveellooppiinngg
ssooffttwwaarree bbyy ddooiinngg iitt aanndd hheellppiinngg ootthheerrss ddoo iitt..
TThhrroouugghh tthhiiss wwoorrkk wwee hhaavvee ccoommee ttoo vvaalluuee::
• Individuals and interactions over processes and
tools
• Working software over comprehensive
documentation
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
• Responding to change over following a plan
 TThhaatt iiss,, wwhhiillee tthheerree iiss vvaalluuee iinn tthhee iitteemmss oonn tthhee rriigghhtt,,
wwee vvaalluuee tthhee iitteemmss oonn tthhee lleefftt mmoorree..””
Kent Beck et al, 2001

5. What is “Agility”?
 Effective (rapid and adaptive) response to
change!
 Effective communication among all stakeholders!
 Drawing the customer onto the team! Eliminate
“us and them” attitude
 Organizing a team so that it is in control of the
work performed!
Yielding …!
 Rapid, incremental delivery of software!

6. Agility and the Cost of Change
 A well-designed agile process “flattens” the cost of
change curve
 Allowing a software team to accommodate changes
late in a software project without dramatic cost and
time impact.
 You’ve already learned that the agile process
encompasses incremental delivery.
 When incremental delivery is coupled with other agile
practices
 such as continuous unit testing and pair
programming the cost of making a change is
attenuated.

7. Agility and the Cost of Change

8. An Agile Process
 Is driven by customer descriptions of what is
required (scenarios)!
 Recognizes that plans are short-lived! (some
requirements will persist, some will change. Customer priorities will change)
 Develops software iteratively with a heavy
emphasis on construction activities! (Design and
Construction activities are interleaved)
 Delivers multiple ‘software increments’!
 Adapts as changes occur!

9. Agility Principles - I
1. Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early
and continuous delivery of valuable software.!
2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development.
3. Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks
to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter
timescale.
4. Business people and developers must work together daily
throughout the project.
5. Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the
environment and support they need, and trust them to get the
job done.
6. The most efficient and effective method of conveying
information to and within a development team is face–to–face
conversation.

10. Agility Principles - II
7. Working software is the primary measure of progress.
8. Agile processes promote sustainable development. The
sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a
constant pace indefinitely.
9. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good
design enhances agility
10. Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not
done – is essential
11. The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge
from self–organizing teams
12. At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become
more effective, then tunes and adjusts its behavior
accordingly

11. The End
 Thanks for listening
 Questions would be appreciated.