4. • First we will see the vocal folds
First we will see the vocal folds
movement during the different-
movement during the different-
different speech
different speech
5.
6. Laryngitis
Laryngitis
• inflammation of the larynx
inflammation of the larynx
or voice box, caused by
or voice box, caused by
chemical or mechanical
chemical or mechanical
irritation or bacterial
irritation or bacterial
infection.
infection.
8. • Voice abuse or misuse
Voice abuse or misuse —
This means talking too much or too
This means talking too much or too
loudly. It can be an ongoing problem
loudly. It can be an ongoing problem
for people whose jobs depend on their
for people whose jobs depend on their
voices, including singers, actors,
voices, including singers, actors,
telephone operators, lawyers,
telephone operators, lawyers,
teachers, referees, coaches and
teachers, referees, coaches and
anyone who must shout over loud
anyone who must shout over loud
noise at work (construction workers,
noise at work (construction workers,
personnel in airports and train
personnel in airports and train
stations, factory workers).
stations, factory workers).
9.
10. • Smoking
Smoking — Cigarette smoke irritates
Cigarette smoke irritates
the larynx, causing swelling and
the larynx, causing swelling and
inflammation that thickens the vocal
inflammation that thickens the vocal
cords. This thickening can lower the pitch
cords. This thickening can lower the pitch
of the voice or make it sound raspy and
of the voice or make it sound raspy and
harsh.
harsh.
• Viral infection - common cause of acute
Viral infection - common cause of acute
laryngitis
laryngitis
• Allergies
Allergies
• Larynx cancer
Larynx cancer
11. • Tumor
Tumor
•Drinking alcohol
Drinking alcohol
heavily
heavily —
Alcohol causes a chemical irritation
Alcohol causes a chemical irritation
of the larynx that produces changes
of the larynx that produces changes
similar to those seen in smokers.
similar to those seen in smokers.
12. • Gastro esophageal reflux
Gastro esophageal reflux
disease (GERD)
disease (GERD) — GERD is a
GERD is a
disorder in which acidic fluids from the
disorder in which acidic fluids from the
stomach flow backward (reflux) into the
stomach flow backward (reflux) into the
esophagus and throat, irritating the
esophagus and throat, irritating the
larynx. Because acid reflux usually is
larynx. Because acid reflux usually is
worse when lying down, the hoarseness
worse when lying down, the hoarseness
caused by GERD often is most noticeable
caused by GERD often is most noticeable
in the morning right after awakening.
in the morning right after awakening.
13. • Work-related exposure to
Work-related exposure to
irritating chemicals or dusts
irritating chemicals or dusts —
Many industrial products are suspected
Many industrial products are suspected
of causing chronic laryngitis and other
of causing chronic laryngitis and other
respiratory problems. The U.S.
respiratory problems. The U.S.
Department of Labor monitors many of
Department of Labor monitors many of
these products and provides safety
these products and provides safety
guidelines for handling and exposure
guidelines for handling and exposure
through the Occupational Safety and
through the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA).
Health Administration (OSHA).
15. • The most common symptom is
The most common symptom is
hoarseness.
hoarseness.
• A low, raspy voice
A low, raspy voice
• A voice that tires easily, “breaks” or
A voice that tires easily, “breaks” or
“cracks”
“cracks”
• The sensation of a lump in the throat
The sensation of a lump in the throat
or a dry throat.
or a dry throat.
• Difficulty swallowing
Difficulty swallowing
• Coughing
Coughing
• Difficulty breathing
Difficulty breathing
16. • A constant urge to clear the throat
A constant urge to clear the throat
• Heavy mucus in the throat
Heavy mucus in the throat
• Chronic cough or postnasal drip
Chronic cough or postnasal drip
• Discomfort during swallowing
Discomfort during swallowing
18. • The most common sign of laryngitis is
The most common sign of laryngitis is
hoarseness. Changes in your voice can
hoarseness. Changes in your voice can
vary with the degree of infection or
vary with the degree of infection or
irritation, ranging from mild hoarseness
irritation, ranging from mild hoarseness
to almost total loss of your voice.
to almost total loss of your voice.
• If you have chronic hoarseness, your
If you have chronic hoarseness, your
doctor may want to listen to your voice
doctor may want to listen to your voice
and to examine your vocal cords, and he
and to examine your vocal cords, and he
or she may refer you to an ear, nose and
or she may refer you to an ear, nose and
throat specialist.
throat specialist.
19. • These techniques sometimes are used to help
These techniques sometimes are used to help
diagnose laryngitis:
diagnose laryngitis:
• Laryngoscope
Laryngoscope:-Your doctor can
:-Your doctor can
visually examine your vocal cords in a
visually examine your vocal cords in a
procedure called laryngoscope, by using a
procedure called laryngoscope, by using a
light and a tiny mirror to look into the back
light and a tiny mirror to look into the back
of your throat. Or your doctor may use
of your throat. Or your doctor may use
fiber-optic laryngoscope.
fiber-optic laryngoscope.
• This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube
This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube
(endoscope)
(endoscope) with a tiny camera and light
with a tiny camera and light
through your nose or mouth and into the
through your nose or mouth and into the
back of your throat.
back of your throat.
20. • Then your doctor can watch the
Then your doctor can watch the
motion of your vocal cords as you
motion of your vocal cords as you
speak.
speak.
• Biopsy
Biopsy:- If your doctor sees a
:- If your doctor sees a
suspicious area, he or she may do a
suspicious area, he or she may do a
biopsy — taking a sample of tissue
biopsy — taking a sample of tissue
for examination under a microscope.
for examination under a microscope.
24. DEFINITION
DEFINITION
o It is the acute inflammation of
It is the acute inflammation of
larynx leading to oedema of laryngeal
larynx leading to oedema of laryngeal
mucosa and underlying structures.
mucosa and underlying structures.
o Acute laryngitis is an inflammation
Acute laryngitis is an inflammation
of the vocal fold mucosa and larynx
of the vocal fold mucosa and larynx
that lasts less than 3 weeks.
that lasts less than 3 weeks.
25. ACUTE VIRAL
ACUTE VIRAL
LARYNGITIS
LARYNGITIS
• Frequently caused by “Rhinovirus”
Frequently caused by “Rhinovirus”
• Other causes:
Other causes:
– Parainfluenza
Parainfluenza
– respiratory syncytial virus
respiratory syncytial virus
– Adenovirus
Adenovirus
29. • vocal misuse
vocal misuse
• exposure to noxious
exposure to noxious
• infectious agents leading to upper
infectious agents leading to upper
respiratory tract infections The
respiratory tract infections The
infectious agents are most often viral
infectious agents are most often viral
but sometimes bacterial.
but sometimes bacterial.
•
• Frank aphonia
Frank aphonia
31. • Inhaling humidified air promotes
Inhaling humidified air promotes
moisture of the upper airway, helping
moisture of the upper airway, helping
to clear secretions and exudate.
to clear secretions and exudate.
• Complete voice rest is suggested,
Complete voice rest is suggested,
although this recommendation is
although this recommendation is
nearly impossible to follow.
nearly impossible to follow.
32. • If the patient must speak, soft
If the patient must speak, soft
sighing phonation is best. Avoidance
sighing phonation is best. Avoidance
of whispering is best, as whispering
of whispering is best, as whispering
promotes hyper functioning of the
promotes hyper functioning of the
larynx.
larynx.
• Prevailing data do not support the use
Prevailing data do not support the use
of antihistamines and corticosteroids
of antihistamines and corticosteroids
35. Definition
Definition
• Chronic laryngitis is a more
Chronic laryngitis is a more
persistent disorder that produces
persistent disorder that produces
lingering hoarseness and other voice
lingering hoarseness and other voice
changes. It usually is painless and
changes. It usually is painless and
has no significant sign of infection.
has no significant sign of infection.
37. • Vocal misuse
Vocal misuse
• Exposure to noxious agents
Exposure to noxious agents
• Infectious agents leading to upper
Infectious agents leading to upper
respiratory tract infections. The
respiratory tract infections. The
infectious agents are most often viral
infectious agents are most often viral
but sometimes bacterial.
but sometimes bacterial.
42. • Lacks firm cartilaginous skeleton.
Lacks firm cartilaginous skeleton.
• Flabby , easily collapses.
Flabby , easily collapses.
• Glottis aperture , relatively smaller.
Glottis aperture , relatively smaller.
• Mucosa swells up rapidly in response
Mucosa swells up rapidly in response
to slightest trauma or infection.
to slightest trauma or infection.
• Stridor is the most noticeable
Stridor is the most noticeable
presentation.
presentation.
51. • Voice therapy is an approach to
Voice therapy is an approach to
treating voice disorders that involves
treating voice disorders that involves
vocal and physical exercises coupled
vocal and physical exercises coupled
with behavioral changes.
with behavioral changes.
• The purpose of voice therapy is to
The purpose of voice therapy is to
help attain the best possible voice
help attain the best possible voice
and the most relief from the vocal
and the most relief from the vocal
symptoms that are bothering the
symptoms that are bothering the
patient
patient
53. The length of each individual voice therapy
The length of each individual voice therapy
session usually ranges from ½ to 1 hour.
session usually ranges from ½ to 1 hour.
The sessions are weekly.
The sessions are weekly.
However, for some types of voice
However, for some types of voice
disorders, two or more sessions per week
disorders, two or more sessions per week
are best for the first few weeks, tapering
are best for the first few weeks, tapering
down as the therapy progresses.
down as the therapy progresses.
54. The duration of the entire voice
The duration of the entire voice
therapy program is highly individual.
therapy program is highly individual.
The program can be as short as just
The program can be as short as just
a few sessions, or as long as 12
a few sessions, or as long as 12
weeks or more.
weeks or more.
