The document discusses kinship, marriage, and household as essential concepts in anthropology and sociology, exploring their structures and functions within societies. It distinguishes between various types of kinship—such as consanguineal and affinal—along with forms of marriage, including endogamy and exogamy, and their cultural implications. Additionally, it addresses family units, including nuclear and extended families, and highlights the significance of political dynasties and alliances in relation to kinship.

1. Cultural, Social, and Political
Institutions: Kinship,
Marriage, and the Household
Lesson 2

2. Introduction
• Kinship, marriage, and household are important key
concepts in the study of society and culture.
Anthropologists and sociologists examine these
concepts across different cultures and societies.

3. Kinship
• is a social institution that refers to relations
formed between members of society
• explains the nature and reason for the
formation of the different types of bonds that
exist within the society
• Sociologists define it as the different forms of
socially accepted relations among people

4. TYPES OF KINSHIP

5. Kinship by Blood
• Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is
considered as the most basic and general forms of relations.
• The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity and
descent is an important key concept.

6. Kinship by Blood
Descent
 refers to a biological relationship
 also refers to an individual’s child or offspring his/her
parents and ancestry.
Lineage
 refers to the line where one’s descent is traced.
 An individual’s descent can be traced by studying either the
person’s paternal or maternal line or both the father’s and
the mother’s line.

7. Principles of Descent
• Kinship can be studied by analyzing the relationships that
exist between persons.
• Anthropologists develop diagrams to clearly explain and
illustrate the different consanguineal relationships.

8. Principles of Descent

9. Unilineal Descent
Unilineal Descent Principle
 Where descent is usually traced by most societies through a single line of
ancestors from either the male or female line
 both males and females are members of a unilineal family but their
descent lines are recognized only through the relatives of either the male
or female member
 have two basic forms, namely, patrilineal and matrilineal

10. Patrilineal Form of Descent
• This is where both males and females belong to the kin group
of their father but they do not belong to their mother’s kin
group.
• In this form of descent, only males pass on to their children
their family identity.
• A woman’s children are members of her husband’s patrilineal
line.

11. Patrilineal Form of Descent

12. Matrilineal Form of Descent
• This focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the
female line.
• In this form of descent pattern, persons are related if they can
trace their descent through females to the same woman
ancestor.
• Both male and female offspring’s are considered members of
their mother’s matrilineal descent group but only the daughters
can pass on the family line of their offspring.

13. Matrilineal Form of Descent
Male Female
= Parents

14. Bilateral Descent
Nonunilineal or Cognatic Descent Principle
 Where societies trace their descent through the study of
both parents’ ancestors
 one of its common forms is the bilateral descent
 In a bilateral descent, kinship is traced through both
ancestral lines of the mother and father.

15. Bilateral Descent
Legend:
*Ego refers to a person to whom kinship relationships are referred to and that has no
specific gender.

16. Kinship by Marriage
Affinal kinship or kinship based on marriage
 refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs.
 When marriage takes place, new forms of social relations are developed.
Marriage
 is an important social institution wherein two persons, a man and a
woman, enter into family life.
 During this process, the partners make a public, official and permanent
declaration of their union as lifetime couples.

17. Marriage Across Culture
• Different societies have different sets of cultural practices,
norms, and rules pertaining to marriage.
• Cultures across societies have developed traditions, customs,
rules, and norms that determine how marriage will be done.

18. Endogamy and Exogamy
Endogamy or Compulsory marriage
 is practiced in some societies in their own village,
community, ethnic, social or religious group.
 Members of societies who do not follow or who
disobey the endogamous rules of marriage are
sometimes penalized mildly, though others may
receive more severe sanctions like death or ostracism.

19. Endogamy and Exogamy
Exogamy or Out-marriage
 refers to a marriage custom where an individual is
required by society’s norms and rules to marry outside
of their own group, community, or social classes
 Exogamous marriages prevent incest or marriage
within one’s own family and clan.

20. Endogamy and Exogamy

21. Monogamy and Polygamy
Monogamy
 came from the Greek words monos and gamos
which literally mean “one union”
 refers to the marriage or sexual partnering custom
or practice where an individual has only one male
or female partner to mate

22. Monogamy and Polygamy
Polygamy
 refers to the practice of having more than one partner
or sexual mate
 can be a polygyny (a man has multiple female partners
or mates), or polyandry (a woman has multiple male
partners and mates)

23. Monogamy and Polygamy

24. Postmarital Residency Rules
In this study, social scientists analyze the intersection of both the
consanguineal and affinal kinship relations. Traditionally, the residence customs
of most partners who just got married are based on well-established social
traditions. This kind of set-up is often referred to as a neolocal form of residence.
These include patrilocal, matrilocal and biolocal rules of residence.
1. Patrilocal rule of residence occurs when married couples stay in the
house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband’s kin.
2. Matrilocal rule of residence happens when the couples live with the
wife’s relatives or near the wife’s kin.
3. Biolocal residence happens when the newlywed couple stays with the
husband’s relatives and the wife’s kin alternately.

25. Referred marriage
 is when matchmakers help their single friends or
relative to find their possible husband or wife by
referring him or her to another man or woman who is
also interested in finding a life partner.
Referred and Arranged
Marriages

26. Referred and Arranged
Marriages
Fixed or arranged marriages
 is when the man or woman’s parents, community leaders,
religious officials or leaders determine the marital partner
of the individual
 is done to ensure that the young man and woman will
marry the most appropriate persona according to the
dictates and rules set by the family, community, or religious
group

27. Referred and Arranged
Marriages
1. Child marriage
It happens when parents arrange for the marriage of
their child long before the marriage takes place. The marriage
will be consummated in the future.
2. Exchange marriage
In this form of marriage there is a reciprocal exchange of
spouses between two countries, tribes, or groups.

28. Referred and Arranged
Marriages
3. Diplomatic marriage
This form of marriage occurs when an arranged marriage has been
established between two royal or political families in order to forge political or
diplomatic alliances.
4. Modern arranged marriage
In this form of marriage, the child’s parents, with the consent of the
child, choose from several possible mates. The parents organize a meeting with
the potential partner of their child. In the process of choosing the partner,
parents would usually have a say in their child’s choice.

29. Kinship by Rituals
Compadrazgo, literally translated as “godparenthood”, is a
ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family. Originating in
the medieval Catholic Church in Europe, this can be done through
the performance of Catholic rituals like baptism, confirmation, and
marriage. Through this set-up, a relationship between the child’s
biological parents, their children, and persons close to the parents
but not related by blood become a family. This type of kinship by
rituals system is usually present in Latin American countries and
Catholic countries like the Philippines.

30. FAMILY
AND THE HOUSEHOLD

31. Family and the Household
Family
is considered the basic unit of social
organization
is made up of a group of individuals who are
linked together by marriage, blood relations, or
adoption
constitutes a single household that interrelates
with each other and performs the social roles of
a husband, wife, mother, father, brother, and
sister

32. Family and the Household
• The United Nations (2014) defines family within the
household as “those members of the household who are
related, to a specified degree, through blood, adoption, or
marriage”.
• A one-person household refers to “an arrangement in which
one person makes provision for his or her own food or other
essentials for living without combining with any other person
to form part of a multi-person household”.
• A multi-person household refers to a “group of two or more
persons living together who make common provision for food
or other essentials for living”.

33. Different Definitions of Family
According to Sociologists and
Anthropologists
Sociologists
and Anthropologist
Definition of Family
George Peter Murdock
Family is a social group that has the following characteristics:
1. Share common residence
2. Presence of economic cooperation
3. Reproduce offspring
4. Includes adults of both sexes wherein at least two of whom
uphold a socially approved form of sexual relationship
5. Responsible for the socialization of infants and children
Kingsley Davis
Family is a group of individuals wherein the relationship is based on
consanguinity and kinship.
Talcott Parsons Family is a factory that develops and produces human personalities.
Bronislaw Malinowski
Family is an institution that passes down the cultural traditions of a
society to the next generation.

34. Assumptions of Major
Sociological Perspectives About Family
Theoretical Perspective Assumptions about Family
Structural Functionalism
Theory
Family is important because it performs different roles for society.
1. Agent of socialization
2. Provides emotional and practical support for family members
3. Controls sexual activity and sexual reproduction
4. Provides family members with social identity
Conflict Theory
Family is a cause of social inequality because it strengthens
economic inequality and allows the continuity of patriarchy.
Symbolic Interactionist
Theory
The family members’ interaction can produce a shared
understanding of their situations.

35. Nuclear and Extended Family
Nuclear family
 is a type of family that is made up of a group of people
who are united by social ties and is usually made up of
two adults and their socially recognized children.

36. Nuclear and Extended Family
Extended family
 is a type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family
made up of parents and their offspring.
 An extended family household may be in any of the following forms:
1. A single nuclear family and other persons related to the nucleus
2. Two or more nuclear families related to each other without any
other persons
3. Two or more nuclear families that are related to each other plus
other persons related to at least one of the nuclear families

37. Nuclear and Extended Family

38. Blended or
Reconstituted Family
Blended family
 is a type of family where the parents have a child or
children from previous marital relationships but all the
members stay and congregate to form a new family unit
 is sometimes called a step family, reconstituted family, or a
complex family

39. Blended or
Reconstituted Family

40. Kinship of Politics:
Political Dynasties
and Alliances

41. Political Dynasties
• exist when politicians elected in public offices and
government positions are relatives
• According to the pending Political Dynasty Bill of the House
of Representatives, political dynasty exists when “two or
more individuals who are related within the second degree of
consanguinity”
• or “those relatives of a person who may be the latter’s
brother or sister, direct ascendant or direct descendant,
whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half blood,
including their spouses” hold elected government positions.

42. Political Alliances
• are formed when political parties align and forge
cooperation with other stronger parties or with
the administration party to ensure victory in the
elections or guarantee the passage of legislation
• By creating alliances, politicians would continue
to receive more funds, resources and support
from the ruling party or administration party.

43. Thank You!
Prepared by:
My Anne Tan
Special thanks to:
Sed Lloyd Rongcales