Ranavalona III was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar, ruling from 1883 to 1897. As a young woman, she was selected to succeed Queen Ranavalona II upon her death. Like her predecessors, Ranavalona III entered a political marriage with Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, who largely oversaw governance. Throughout her reign, Ranavalona III tried to resist colonial efforts by France by strengthening trade with other nations, but France ultimately captured Antananarivo in 1895, ending the kingdom's sovereignty and exiling Ranavalona III.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
Shannon Selin's book about Napoleon is criticized for being very boring and poorly written. Reviews indicate the book feels as dead as its subject, Napoleon, and that readers found it difficult to stay awake while reading due to the sad writing style. The reviews suggest Wikipedia entries provide more interesting information about Napoleon than the book.
Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when an English monk named Saint Eskil established a base called "Tuna" and served as the bishop of the southern coast of Lake Mälaren. Saint Eskil was later killed by pagan Vikings for trying to convert them to Christianity. The monastery founded by Saint Eskil was eventually destroyed during the Protestant Reformation and replaced with Eskilstuna House, the royal castle. Eskilstuna was granted city privileges in 1659 and grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution as it became a major center of steel production in Sweden, earning its nickname "The City of Steel."
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
The document summarizes German federal elections between 1928 and 1938, during which time the Nazi party rose to power. Some key points:
- In 1928, the Social Democratic Party remained the largest but failed to gain a majority. The Nazi party received less than 3% of the vote.
- In 1930, the Nazi party dramatically increased its seats from 12 to 107, becoming the second largest party.
- In 1932, the Nazi party became the largest party for the first time with 37% of the vote and 230 seats.
- The 1933 and 1938 elections after Hitler became Chancellor were not free and fair, with intimidation of opposition parties. The Nazi party was the sole party by 1938.
The Nazi government in Germany was able to significantly reduce unemployment between 1933-1939 through policies like public works programs and encouraging women to leave the workforce. However, while unemployment dropped from around 6 million to only 300,000, standards of living did not improve for workers under the Nazi regime. Workers faced increasingly long hours, low wages set by the state, and removal of union rights. Overall, the Nazi economic system prioritized rearmament and military spending over improving conditions for average German citizens.
Robert Wadlow, from Alton, Illinois, was the tallest person in recorded history at 8 feet 11.1 inches tall due to a pituitary gland condition. The list also includes John Rogan, the tallest African American on record at 8 feet 9 inches; John F. Carroll who suffered from severe spinal curvature and reached 8 feet 1/4 inch; Leonid Stadnyk who grew to 8 feet 5 inches due to a pituitary tumor; and Donald A. Koehler who was recognized as the tallest living man from 1969 to 1981 reaching 8 feet 2 inches due to acromegalic gigantism. The document lists 10 of the tallest people in history, many of whom suffered from medical conditions
The document discusses Andrzej Duda, the president of Poland since 2015 and member of the nationalist conservative Law and Justice party (PiS). It outlines Duda's election and reelection as president while supported by PiS. It then discusses criticisms of PiS and Duda, including that they threaten democracy and the rule of law in Poland, want to increase control over the media and judiciary, are xenophobic and homophobic, and restrict abortion rights. Citizens and organizations in Poland oppose some actions of PiS and Duda.
Peter Driben was one of the most prolific American pin-up artists of the 1940s and 1950s. He created hundreds of covers for magazines like Beauty Parade and established himself as one of the most recognized glamour artists in America through his work for publisher Robert Harrison. Driben studied art in Boston and Paris before beginning his career drawing showgirls in Paris and creating magazine covers in the 1930s. In addition to pin-ups, he also produced advertising artwork and posters, including for the film The Maltese Falcon. After retiring from pin-up art, Driben spent his later years in Miami Beach painting portraits and other fine art works with his wife.
Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea and part of Spain. The capital and largest city is Palma, which has a population of over 400,000. Like nearby islands Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, Mallorca is a popular tourist destination, especially for visitors from Germany and the UK, receiving over 28 million passengers annually at its international airport in Palma.
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin began developing airship technology in 1874 and conducted the first flight of his airship LZ 1 over Lake Constance in 1900. While this initial flight proved the airship's potential, investors declined further funding. Undeterred, Zeppelin continued experimenting and received patents for his designs in Germany and the United States. Zeppelins went on to be the first airliners, operated by DELAG starting in 1910, carrying over 10,000 passengers on 1,500 flights by 1914. They were also extensively used as bombers and scouts by Germany in World War I.
Louis XIV ruled France from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any monarch in European history. He began personal rule in 1661 after the death of his chief minister. Louis sought to strengthen the French monarchy and centralized state power. He enacted significant legal and administrative reforms. Louis was also known for his numerous wars against other European powers such as the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in an effort to expand French territory and influence.
The 25th Dynasty was a line of Nubian pharaohs who ruled Egypt from 744-656 BC after invading from their kingdom in Kush, located in modern-day Sudan. They established their capital at Napata and assimilated Egyptian culture while also introducing some Kushite aspects. However, after defeats by the Assyrian Empire, Kushite rule over Egypt came to an end and they were replaced by the 26th Dynasty as vassals of Assyria, marking the end of the Late Period in ancient Egypt.
The Swedish Empire had a formidable military during the 17th century under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus. Gustavus reformed the army into a professional national force and introduced an effective regimental system. The Swedish army was well-equipped with modern weapons and tactics, including light artillery and combined arms. While the navy lagged behind Denmark's, Gustavus allied with other Protestant naval powers. At its peak in the early 18th century under Charles XII, the Swedish military numbered over 150,000 troops and achieved a major victory over a larger Russian force at the Battle of Narva in 1700.
Ranavalona III was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar, ruling from 1883 to 1897. As a young woman, she was selected to succeed Queen Ranavalona II upon her death. Like her predecessors, Ranavalona III entered a political marriage with Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, who largely oversaw governance. Throughout her reign, Ranavalona III tried to resist colonial efforts by France by strengthening trade with other nations, but France ultimately captured Antananarivo in 1895, ending the kingdom's sovereignty and exiling Ranavalona III.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
Shannon Selin's book about Napoleon is criticized for being very boring and poorly written. Reviews indicate the book feels as dead as its subject, Napoleon, and that readers found it difficult to stay awake while reading due to the sad writing style. The reviews suggest Wikipedia entries provide more interesting information about Napoleon than the book.
Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when an English monk named Saint Eskil established a base called "Tuna" and served as the bishop of the southern coast of Lake Mälaren. Saint Eskil was later killed by pagan Vikings for trying to convert them to Christianity. The monastery founded by Saint Eskil was eventually destroyed during the Protestant Reformation and replaced with Eskilstuna House, the royal castle. Eskilstuna was granted city privileges in 1659 and grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution as it became a major center of steel production in Sweden, earning its nickname "The City of Steel."
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
The document summarizes German federal elections between 1928 and 1938, during which time the Nazi party rose to power. Some key points:
- In 1928, the Social Democratic Party remained the largest but failed to gain a majority. The Nazi party received less than 3% of the vote.
- In 1930, the Nazi party dramatically increased its seats from 12 to 107, becoming the second largest party.
- In 1932, the Nazi party became the largest party for the first time with 37% of the vote and 230 seats.
- The 1933 and 1938 elections after Hitler became Chancellor were not free and fair, with intimidation of opposition parties. The Nazi party was the sole party by 1938.
The Nazi government in Germany was able to significantly reduce unemployment between 1933-1939 through policies like public works programs and encouraging women to leave the workforce. However, while unemployment dropped from around 6 million to only 300,000, standards of living did not improve for workers under the Nazi regime. Workers faced increasingly long hours, low wages set by the state, and removal of union rights. Overall, the Nazi economic system prioritized rearmament and military spending over improving conditions for average German citizens.
Robert Wadlow, from Alton, Illinois, was the tallest person in recorded history at 8 feet 11.1 inches tall due to a pituitary gland condition. The list also includes John Rogan, the tallest African American on record at 8 feet 9 inches; John F. Carroll who suffered from severe spinal curvature and reached 8 feet 1/4 inch; Leonid Stadnyk who grew to 8 feet 5 inches due to a pituitary tumor; and Donald A. Koehler who was recognized as the tallest living man from 1969 to 1981 reaching 8 feet 2 inches due to acromegalic gigantism. The document lists 10 of the tallest people in history, many of whom suffered from medical conditions
The document discusses Andrzej Duda, the president of Poland since 2015 and member of the nationalist conservative Law and Justice party (PiS). It outlines Duda's election and reelection as president while supported by PiS. It then discusses criticisms of PiS and Duda, including that they threaten democracy and the rule of law in Poland, want to increase control over the media and judiciary, are xenophobic and homophobic, and restrict abortion rights. Citizens and organizations in Poland oppose some actions of PiS and Duda.
Peter Driben was one of the most prolific American pin-up artists of the 1940s and 1950s. He created hundreds of covers for magazines like Beauty Parade and established himself as one of the most recognized glamour artists in America through his work for publisher Robert Harrison. Driben studied art in Boston and Paris before beginning his career drawing showgirls in Paris and creating magazine covers in the 1930s. In addition to pin-ups, he also produced advertising artwork and posters, including for the film The Maltese Falcon. After retiring from pin-up art, Driben spent his later years in Miami Beach painting portraits and other fine art works with his wife.
Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea and part of Spain. The capital and largest city is Palma, which has a population of over 400,000. Like nearby islands Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, Mallorca is a popular tourist destination, especially for visitors from Germany and the UK, receiving over 28 million passengers annually at its international airport in Palma.
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin began developing airship technology in 1874 and conducted the first flight of his airship LZ 1 over Lake Constance in 1900. While this initial flight proved the airship's potential, investors declined further funding. Undeterred, Zeppelin continued experimenting and received patents for his designs in Germany and the United States. Zeppelins went on to be the first airliners, operated by DELAG starting in 1910, carrying over 10,000 passengers on 1,500 flights by 1914. They were also extensively used as bombers and scouts by Germany in World War I.
Louis XIV ruled France from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any monarch in European history. He began personal rule in 1661 after the death of his chief minister. Louis sought to strengthen the French monarchy and centralized state power. He enacted significant legal and administrative reforms. Louis was also known for his numerous wars against other European powers such as the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in an effort to expand French territory and influence.
The 25th Dynasty was a line of Nubian pharaohs who ruled Egypt from 744-656 BC after invading from their kingdom in Kush, located in modern-day Sudan. They established their capital at Napata and assimilated Egyptian culture while also introducing some Kushite aspects. However, after defeats by the Assyrian Empire, Kushite rule over Egypt came to an end and they were replaced by the 26th Dynasty as vassals of Assyria, marking the end of the Late Period in ancient Egypt.
The Swedish Empire had a formidable military during the 17th century under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus. Gustavus reformed the army into a professional national force and introduced an effective regimental system. The Swedish army was well-equipped with modern weapons and tactics, including light artillery and combined arms. While the navy lagged behind Denmark's, Gustavus allied with other Protestant naval powers. At its peak in the early 18th century under Charles XII, the Swedish military numbered over 150,000 troops and achieved a major victory over a larger Russian force at the Battle of Narva in 1700.
2. Sten Sture den äldre ger sig i krig mot Axelsönerna, för att ta deras
besittningar. Han intar deras fästen Öland med Borgholms slott, Stegeborgs
slott och Raseborgs slott. Dock går den möjlighet att ta Gotland som fanns
svenskarna ur händerna, när Ivar Axelsson (Tott) överlämnar ön till danskarna.
Sten Sture och kung Hans möts på Öland. Ön erkänns som svensk, mot att
Gotland erkänns som danskt.
Bartholomaeus Ghotans mässbok trycks för Strängnäs stift.
De svenska murarnas skråordning utfärdas.
Familjen Fugger skaffar sig kontroll över silvergruvorna i Tyrolen, Thuringen
och Ungern. De blir efter det ekonomisk garant för tysk-romerske kejsaren.
Vad hände det året 1487 (födelseår)
3. Jörgen Kock
Jörgen Kock, född 1487 i Westfalen, död 1556, var en
framgångsrik borgmästare och myntmästare i Malmö. Under
Kocks ledning kom Malmö att uppleva en storhetstid. Jörgen kom
troligtvis från Westfahlen i Tyskland eftersom samtida krönikörer
kallar honom för "vestphalus". Första gången han omtalas i
Danmark är i Malmö 1517. Året därpå blir han kung Kristian II:s
myntmästare på Malmöhus då han efterträdde den förre
myntmästaren Dines Blicher. Han var gift med Citze Kortsdatter
som tidigare varit gift med den rike köpmannen Walter Kniphof i
Köpenhamn. Han blev därigenom styvfar till Claus Kniphof.
4. Kristian II (danska: Christian 2.), i Sverige
även känd som Kristian Tyrann, född 1 juli 1481 på
Nyborgs slott, Danmark, död 25 januari 1559 på
Kalundborgs slott, Danmark, var kung av Danmark
och Norge 1513–1523 samt kung av Sverige 1520–
1521. Han var son till kung Hans, och sonson till
Kristian I. Kristian gifte sig den 12 augusti 1515
med Elisabet av Österrike. De fick sex barn men
inget av dem efterträdde honom som kung. Kristian
avsattes som dansk kung år 1523 och avsade sig
år 1546 alla anspråk på tronen.
Jörgen Kock blev ”Myntmästare” till
Kung Kristian II (Tyrann)
5. Kristian II präglade mycket dåliga klippingar, små och
oregelbundet fyrkantiga. Under befrielsekriget följde Gustav
Vasa hans exempel. I Sverige övergavs denna myntning redan
1522, då man började slå "runt mynt", ören; dessutom slogs
örtugar, halvörtugar eller fyrkar, och små "hola penningar".
Örtugspräglingen slutade under Johan III. Gustav Vasa präglade
även 4- och 2-penningar; de förra försvann efter Sigismunds, de
senare efter Johan III:s tid. Även halvörena försvann snart - dock
präglades några under Gustav II Adolfs och drottning Kristinas
tid - och öret blev Sveriges minsta silvermynt till mitten av Adolf
Fredriks regering.
Kristian II och hans mynt
6. Claus Kniphof, född omkring 1500, död 30 oktober 1525, var en
dansk kapare.
Claus Kniphof var styvson till borgmästare Jörgen Kock och angrep
i Kristian II:s tjänst 1525 Bergen och försökte ordna hjälp till Søren
Norby i Skåne. Hans kaperier tillfogade hansestäderna stor skada,
men efter en förbittrad strid tillfångatogs Kniphof av hamburgarna
under ledning av Ditmar Koel och blev trots Kristians fullmakt avrättad
som sjörövare.
Jörgen Kocks styvson var en dansk kapare
7. Bevarade räkenskaper visar att Jörgen under perioden påsken 1518
till april 1523 levererat slagna mynt till ett värde av över en halv
miljon mark. I juni 1520 var Jörgen personligen på det av Kristian II
intagna slottet Tre Kronor i Stockholm och fick mottaga en betydande
mängd indrivet silver. Den sista myntningen 1523 på nära 42.000
mark gick till kungen som tog med dessa på sin landsflykt för att
köpa en legohär som skulle hjälpa honom att återta Danmark.
Samma år blev han också borgmästare i Malmö och lovade att hålla
staden för kungens räkning.
Hur mycket mynt levererades
8. 1522 förvärvade Jörgen Kock en stor fastighet invid den
viktiga Adelgatan i nära anslutning till hamnporten. Här
uppförde han fram till 1524 ett av de mera påkostade
borgarhusen i Norden. Jörgen Kocks hus finns ännu
bevarat i Malmö, om än invändigt kraftigt ombyggt.
Tomten upptog en större del av kvarteret och hit lät han
flytta också myntverkstaden.
Gissa vem som lät bygga Kockska Huset
9. https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Kocks_hus#/media/Fil:Kockska_huset_2,_Malm%C3%B6.jpg
Jörgen Kocks Hus
Jörgen Kocks hus är det mest imponerande
byggnadskomplexet från Malmös äldre historia. De
ståtliga tegelmurarna symboliserar inte enbart 1500-talets
Malmöhistoria utan också en stor portion dansk
rikshistoria.
Jörgen Kock omtalas som myntmästare för hela Danmark
år 1518. Han bodde vid denna tid på Myntergården i
Malmö, föregångaren till det nuvarande Malmöhus. 1522
inköpte han en fastighet mitt i Malmö av Sorö kloster.
Denna fastighet låg strategiskt vid korsningen av den
stora huvudgatan ”Den lange adelgatan” och stredet som
ledde ner till hamnporten och Malmös viktiga
skeppsbrygga. Åren 1522-1524 uppförde han sitt alltjämt
till stora delar existerande palats. Så mäktig var Jörgen att
han efter 1525 förlade Danmarks mynttillverkning till sin
egen gård. Detta kunde han göra då stora delar av
kvarteret söder om bostadsbyggnaderna ingick i hans
tomt.
11. Längan utmed Västergatan var ursprungligen uppförd som ett
radhus i två våningar, en hyreslänga med tre bostäder. Den östra
lägenheten intill hörnhuset ingick i Jörgens privata bostad. Samtliga
byggnader har kryssvälvda källare.
Hörnbyggnaden ståtar med en mängd utsmyckningsdetaljer, merparten
i dag dock kopior. Originalen finns bevarade på Malmö museum. I
hörnet ses Jungfru Maria stående på månskäran, bärande
Jesusbarnet. Sockeln är daterad 1525. Samma årtal finns över en av
vindsluckorna. Över en annan lucka ses Jörgens och Citzes
vapensköldar. Liknande sköldar finns hos de två lejon som står på
gavelns sidotinnar.
Uppfört som ett radhus
12. Kungens fiender under ledning av hans farbror Fredrik I belägrade
under en lång tid Malmö och till slut, i början av 1524, fick Jörgen
kapitulera. Han fick behålla sin borgmästaretitel och även
myntningsverksamheten. Den nye kungen fick själv låna 1.500 mark
av Jörgen vilket givetvis var en bra affär för borgmästaren.I augusti
kom Gustav Vasa till Malmö för att under en vecka fredsförhandla
med danskar och tyskar. Kungen bodde då hemma hos Jörgen.
Han uppskattade sin värd så mycket att Jörgen, när Gustav Vasas
förstfödde son Erik skulle döpas, var en av faddrarna. Den 15
augusti 1526 adlades Jörgen Kock av danske kungen.
Belägring av Malmö
13. Under Kocks driftiga ledning kom Malmö att uppleva en verklig
storhetstid. Kock tillät lutherska predikanter att predika i Malmö
och staden blev därigenom under slutet av 1520-talet en av de
viktiga platserna för den lutherska reformationsrörelsen i
Danmark. Han inlät sig i vittfamnande planer att i anslutning till
Lübeck hävda borgerskapet intressen och få Malmö och
Köpenhamn upphöjda till ett slags fria riksstäder.
Storhetstid i Malmö
14. 1533 dog den danske kungen Fredrik I. Protestanterna i landet
fruktade att katolicismen skulle återinföras och Köpenhamn och
Malmö inledde därför ett samarbete. Man tog också kontakt med den
lybske borgmästaren Jürgen Wullenwever och detta blev upptakten till
ett tre år långt inbördeskrig i Danmark, Grevefejden. Till en början såg
det lovande ut, men i januari 1535 vände sig lyckan. När Kock i
spetsen för borgarfanor från Malmö och Landskrona drog mot adelns
och svenskarnas förenade trupper vid Helsingborg, led han ett
förintande nederlag och undkom själv med knapp nöd. På våren
belägrades Malmö, och Kock tvingades innan Malmö kapitulerade att
ge sig över till Köpenhamn. Till slut kapitulerade även Köpenhamn.
För att inte bli avrättad tvingades Jörgen att falla på knä på
landsvägen utanför staden framför den nye kungen Kristian III.
1533 dog den danske kungen Fredrik 1…
15. Fredrik I, hertig av Holstein och kung av Danmark, född
7 oktober 1471, död 10 april 1533, andre son till Kristian
I av Oldenburg och Danmark, och Dorotea av
Brandenburg.
Fredrik erhöll 1482 den gottorpska delen av
hertigdömena men gjorde senare anspråk på andra
delar av riket och låg i långvarig tvist om detta med sin
bror Hans och hans son Kristian II. När det stora upporet
i Jylland utbröt mot Kristian II blev Fredrik utropad till
kung och kröntes 7 augusti 1524. Hans makt inskränktes
betydligt genom löften till de adelsmän som stött honom.
I stället blev det riksrådet som fick mest att säga till om i
riket, endast i hertigdömena hade Fredrik större
inflytande.
1533 dog Fredrik I
16. Jörgen Kock vann snabbt kungens gunst men avsattes som
borgmästare. Redan 1537 lyckades han återfå sin stora
konfiskerade förmögenhet då han genom att ge kungen
12.000 mark till befästandet av Malmöhus vann dennes
förtroende. 1540 återinsattes han som borgmästare och behöll
detta ämbete till sin död.
Innan sin död donerade Jörgen Kock och hans hustru Citze en
enorm summa pengar till Malmös fattiga. Han och hustrun fick
deras gravställe i mittgången av S:t Petri kyrka, mitt framför
predikstolen.
Han donerade en förmögenhet
17. I augusti kom Gustav Vasa till Malmö för
att under en vecka fredsförhandla med
danskar och tyskar. Kungen bodde då
hemma hos Jörgen. Han uppskattade sin
värd så mycket att Jörgen, när Gustav
Vasas förstfödde son Erik skulle döpas,
var en av faddrarna. Den 15 augusti 1526
adlades Jörgen Kock av danske kungen.
Känd gäst Gustav Vasa
