The document discusses different types of operating systems including mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. It provides details on each type such as mainframe systems using batch processing to reduce setup time. Multiprocessor systems can increase throughput and reliability through parallel processing. Distributed systems distribute computation across physical processors connected through a network. Real-time systems have well-defined time constraints and may be hard or soft depending on secondary storage limitations.

1. Types of Operating System
Operating System Concepts

2. Introduction
 What is an Operating System?
 Mainframe Systems
 Desktop Systems
 Multiprocessor Systems
 Distributed Systems
 Clustered System
 Real -Time Systems
 Handheld Systems
 Computing Environments
Operating System Concepts

3. What is an Operating System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
Operating System Concepts

4. Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
2.Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of
the hardware among the various application programs
for the various users.
3.Applications programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems,
video games, business programs).
4.Users (people, machines, other computers).
Operating System Concepts

5. Operating System Definitions
 Resource allocator – manages and allocates
resources.
 Control program – controls the execution of
user programs and operations of I/O devices .
 Kernel – the one program running at all times
(all else being application programs).
Operating System Concepts

6. Mainframe Systems
 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically
transfers control from one job to another.
First rudimentary operating system.
 Resident monitor
 initial control in monitor
 control transfers to job
 when job completes control transfers back to monitor
Operating System Concepts

7. Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System
Operating System Concepts

8. Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Operating System Concepts
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.

9. Multiprogramming
 We can execute Multiple Programs on the System at a
time
 Multi-programming the CPU will never get idle.
Operating System Concepts

10. OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
 I/O routine supplied by the system.
 Memory management – the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
 CPU scheduling – the system must choose
among several jobs ready to run.
 Allocation of devices.
Operating System Concepts

11. Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs
that are kept in memory and on disk.
 A job swapped in and out of memory to the
disk.
 On-line system must be available for users to
access data and code.
Operating System Concepts

12. Parallel Systems
 Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in
close communication.
 Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and
a clock; communication usually takes place through
the shared memory.
 Advantages of parallel system:
 Increased throughput
 Economical
 Increased reliability
 graceful degradation
 fail-soft systems
Operating System Concepts

13. Parallel Systems (Cont.)
 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
 Each processor runs and identical copy of the operating
system.
 Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
 Most modern operating systems support SMP
 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor
schedules and allocated work to slave processors.
 More common in extremely large systems
Operating System Concepts

14. Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
Operating System Concepts

15. Distributed Systems
 Distribute the computation among several
physical processors.
 Loosely coupled system – each processor has its
own local memory; processors communicate with
one another through various communications
lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resources Sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Communications
Operating System Concepts

16. Distributed Systems (cont)
 Requires networking infrastructure.
 Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
 May be either client-server or peer-to-peer
systems.
Operating System Concepts

17. General Structure of Client-Server
Operating System Concepts

18. Clustered Systems
 Clustering allows two or more systems to share
storage.
 Provides high reliability.
 Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the application
while other servers standby.
 Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the
application.
Operating System Concepts

19. Real-Time Systems
 Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.
 Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
 Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time.
Operating System Concepts

20. Real-Time Systems (Cont.)
 Hard real-time:
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
 Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-
purpose operating systems.
 Soft real-time
 Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
advanced operating-system features.
Operating System Concepts

21. Operating System Concepts