The document provides an extensive overview of JavaScript programming concepts, including types, functions, objects, arrays, classes, and asynchronous programming with async/await. It covers various features and functionalities introduced in ECMAScript standards from ES1 to ES2017, with practical code examples for each topic. The content is aimed at Java and C# programmers transitioning to JavaScript, highlighting important aspects to be aware of in this programming language.

1. Javascript
Introduction to Web Programming
by Dr. David Rodenas
david-rodenas.com
twitter.com/drpicox
github.com/drpicox
for Java and C# programmers
© 2017

2. History (I)
2
Self Scheme
(apply + '(1 2 3 4 5 6))
===> 21
(set! f (lambda (n) (+ n 100)))
(map f '(1 2 3))
===> (101 102 103)
Mocha

3. History (II)
3
Self Scheme
Mocha

4. History (III)
4
Self Scheme
Mocha
Livescript

5. History (IV)
5
Self Scheme
Mocha
Livescript
Javascript
Java

6. History (IV)
6
Self Scheme Java
Javascript
ECMAScript

7. Compatibility (I)
7
ECMAScript
ECMAScript 1
ECMAScript 2
ECMAScript 3
ECMAScript 4
ECMAScript 5
- default
- strict
ECMAScript 2015
ECMAScript 2016
ECMAScript 2017
https://github.com/tc39/proposals

8. Compatibility (II)
8
http://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/

9. Compatibility (III)
9
http://caniuse.com/

10. Compatibility (IV)
10
https://developer.mozilla.org

11. Good parts
11
https://www.infoq.com/presentations/efficient-programming-language-es6

12. Be Careful
let value = getSomeValue();
if (value !== value) {
alert('Value is not equal to itself');
}
// is there the alert possible?
12

13. Javascript

14. Javascript Types
• Everything is an Object
• Number: 1, 2, 5, 5000,-10, 3.14, 1e2, 1e-2, Infinity, NaN
• String: 'hello','a','long word'
• Boolean: true, false
• Array: [1,2,3], ['hi','there'], [3,'times', true]
• Date: new Date('December 17, 1995 03:24:00'), Date.now()
• RegExp: /ab+c/g, new RegExp('ab+c','g')
• Function: function hello() { return world; }
• Object: any of above, {}, {hello: 'world'}
14

15. Javascript Types
• Everything is an Object, but
• null
• undefined
15

16. Number (immutable)
• IEEE-754: 1, 2, 5, 5000, -10, 3.14, 1e2, 1e-2, Infinity, NaN, …
• Methods: toFixed, toExponential, …
• Math: it has all methods and constants that Number should
have
• Cast to number:
• let number = Number(value);
• let number = parseInt(value, 10);
• let number = +value;
16

17. Number (immutable)
17
Test it: (1.)

18. String (immutable)
• Any UCS-2 chain: 'hello', 'a', 'long word', …
• Character is length 1 string
• 'e' === 'hello'[1]
• Properties/Methods: length, slice, trim, concat, split, indexOf,
…
• Cast to string:
• let string = String(value);
• let string = value.toString();
• let string = '' + value;
18

19. String (immutable)
let single = 'single comma string';
let double = "double comma string";
let template = `template with ${'inter' + "polation"}`;
19

20. String (immutable)
20
Test it: (2.)

21. Boolean (immutable)
• Just true / false
• Cast to boolean:
• let boolean = Boolean(value)
• let boolean = !!value
21

22. "Boolean" (immutable)
22
FALSY TRUTHY
false true
null []
undefined {}
"" "false"
0 "0"
NaN ...

23. Boolean
// Ternary expressions
cond ? aValue : bValue
true ? aValue : bValue
null ? aValue : bValue
cond && aValue || bValue
true && aValue || bValue
null && aValue || bValue
aValue || bValue
23

24. Boolean (immutable)
24
Test it: (3.)

25. Array
• [1,2,3], [42,'sense',{of: 'life'}], [], …
• Properties: length, push/pop, shift/unshift, slice, map/reduce/
every/some, indexOf…
• Mixed content:
• Allow contents of different type for each element, including other
arrays
• Dynamic length:
• array = ['a','b','c']; array[4] = 'e';
• array[3] === undefined
• array.length = 3
25

26. Array mutators
26
// As stack
let array = ['b','c','d'];
array.push('e');
let e = array.pop();
array.unshift('a');
let a = array.shift();
// As queue
array.push('e');
let b = array.shift();
array.unshift('a');
let e = array.pop();
// Insert
let array = ['a','c','d'];
array.splice(1, 0, 'b');
// Remove
let array = ['a','x','b','c'];
array.splice(1, 1);
// Sort
let array = ['c','a','b'];
array.sort();
// Reverse
let array = ['c','b','a'];
array.reverse();

27. Array non-mutators
// As functional array
let copy = array.slice();
let numbers = ['a','b',1,2,3,'c'].slice(2,5);
let moreNumbers = [1,2,3].concat([4,5]);
let odds = numbers.filer(n => n % 2);
let doubles = numbers.map(n => n * 2);
let sum = numbers.reduce((s,n) => s + n);
let allPositives = numbers.every(n => n >= 0);
let thereIsATwo = numbers.some(n => n == 2);
let firstBig = numbers.find(n => n >= 3);
let bigIndex = numbers.findIndex(n => n >= 3);
let indexOfTwo = numbers.indexOf(2);
// Spread destructuring
let copy = [...numbers];
let concat = [...numbers, 4, 5, ...[6, 7, 8]];
let [one,...tail] = numbers;
27

28. Array
28
Test it: (4.)

29. Objects
• Anything but undefined or null: 'hello', 3, {rule: 'world'}, …
• Properties: prototype, constructor, …
• Static Methods: assign, create, defineProperties, defineProperty, freeze,
getOwnPropertyDescriptor, getOwnPropertyNames,
getOwnPropertySymbols, getPrototypeOf, is, isExtensible, isFrozen,
isSealed, keys, preventExtensions, seal, setPrototypeOf,
• Methods: hasOwnProperty, isPrototypeOf, propertyIsEnumerable,
toLocaleString, toSource, toString, valueOf, …
• Built-in objects: Array, ArrayBuffer, Boolean, DataView, Date, Error,
EvalError, Float32Array, Float64Array, Function, Generator,
GeneratorFunction, Infinity, Int16Array, Int32Array, Int8Array, InternalError,
JSON, Map, Math, NaN, Number, Object, Promise, RangeError, Reflect,
RegExp, Set, String, Symbol, SyntaxError, TypeError, TypedArray,
URIError, Uint16Array, Uint32Arrray, Uint8Array, Uint8ClampedArray,
WeakMap, WeakSet, …
29

30. Objects
• JSON constructor is the most common one
• let car = { color: 'blue' };
• Are string key/any value maps:
• Get property:
obj.propertyName
obj['propertyName']
• Set property:
obj.propertyName = newValue
obj['propertyName'] = newValue
30

31. Object
// Object is a Map:
// pairs string-value (properties)
let object1 = {
property: 'anyValue',
};
let object2 = new Object();
object.property = 'anyValue';
let object3 = new Object();
object['prop' + 'erty'] = 'anyValue';
31

32. Object
// By default, you can set any property
object.property = 'anyValue';
// And you can get any value
let value = object.property;
console.assert(value === 'anyValue');
// even if not defined
let notDefined = object.notDefined;
console.assert(notDefined === undefined);
32

33. Be Careful
let car = {
color: 'blue'
};
let carOwners = {};
carOwners[car] = 'elon';
JSON.stringify(carOwners); // hint: car is not string
33

34. Objects
// Spread & destructuring (in standardisation)
let main = {peter: 'tyrion', lena: 'cersei'};
let others = {sean: 'eddard', jason: 'khal'};
let copy = {...main};
let addFields = {...main, emilia: 'daenerys'};
let composed = {...main, ...others};
let {peter, lena} = main;
let {peter, ...rest} = main;
// Computed keys
let main = {['peter']: 'tyrion'};
// shorthand property names
let peter = 'tyrion';
let main = { peter };
34

35. Object
35
Test it: (5.)

36. Functions
• Are Objects
• Like arrays, numbers, strings, ...
• You can assign to a variable, object property, passed as an
argument, returned as result...
• Do not use new Function('n', 'n * 2')
36

37. Functions
// Short notation
const incr = a => a + 1;
const incr = (a) => a + 1;
const incr = a => { return a + 1; };
const incr = (a) => { return a + 1; };
const sum = (a, b) => a + b;
const sum = (a, b) => { return a + b };
37

38. Functions
// Short notation in object definition
const incrementer = {
incr(a) {
return a + 1;
},
};
incrementer.incr(3); // 4
// Long notation: function definition
function incr(a) {
return a + 1;
}
// Long notation: function expression
const incr = function(a) {
return a + 1;
}
38

39. Functions
// Function arguments can missmatch
incr(1) // === incr(1, ignoreOtherArguments)
incr() // === incr(undefined)
// Variable arguments
const sum = (first, ...rest) => first + sum(...rest);
sum(1, 2, 3) === sum(...[1, 2, 3])
// Arguments may have default values
const add = (a, b = 1) => a + b;
add(3) === 4
39

40. Functions
// May return any kind of object
const cast(tony, pepper) => ({ tony, pepper });
// No return or empty return is undefined
const makeUndefined() => { return; };
// Be careful: semicolon is optional (ops undefined)
const makeThree() => {
return
1 + 1 + 1;
};
40

41. Functions
// High order functions
const reduce = (array, fn, zero) => {
if (array.length === 0) { return zero; }
return fn(
array[0],
reduce(array.slice(1), fn, zero),
);
};
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
const sum = (array) => reduce(array, add, 0);
41

42. Function
42
Test it: (6.)

43. Class
• Are new in ES2015
• They can be transpiled to any browser that supports
Object.create and Object.defineProperties
• It uses a notation similar to object short hand
• There are no private fields (yet)
43

44. Class
// have one single constructor
class Rectangle {
constructor(height, width) {
this.height = height;
this.width = width;
}
}
// new instances with new
const square = new Rectangle(5, 5);
// access to set/get like any object
square.width = square.width + 1;
square['height'] = square['height'] + 1;
44

45. Class
// have functions (no methods)
class Animal {
speak() {
return 'makes noise';
}
}
// has not method overloading
class Animal {
speak() {
return 'makes noise';
}
speak(predatorNear) { // avoid duplicates
return predatorNear ? 'is silent' : 'makes noise';
}
}
45

46. Class
// may have "methods"
class Rectangle {
constructor(height, width) {
this.height = height;
this.width = width;
}
}
// new instances with new
const square = new Rectangle(5, 5);
// access to set/get like any object
square.width = square.width + 1;
square['height'] = square['height'] + 1;
46

47. Class (this)
// use «this» to access private members
class Pet {
constructor(name) {
this.name;
}
getName() {
return this.name;
}
salute() {
return `Hi ${this.getName()}`;
}
speak() {
return 'makes noise';
}
}
47

48. Class (this)
// there is no method
const boby = new Pet('boby');
// only functions
const speak = boby.speak;
speak();
const getName = boby.getName;
getName();
const lucas = {
name: 'lucas',
getName
};
lucas.getName();
48
METHOD
giphy.com

49. Class
// use extends for inheritance
class Animal {
speak() {
return 'makes noise';
}
}
// add behaviour
class Cat extends Animal {
purr() { … }
}
// or redefine behaviour
class Lion extends Cat {
speak() { return 'roars'; }
}
49

50. Class
50
Test it: (7.)

51. Closures
• Functions inside functions can access to variables and
arguments of outer functions.
• Variables and arguments keep their existence after the outer
function is finished.
51

52. Closures
const makeMultiply = (times) => {
return (value) => times * value;
};
const triple = makeMultiply(3);
triple(3) // === 9
52

53. Closures
const makeCounter = (initial) => {
return () => {
const current = initial;
initial += 1;
return current;
};
};
const countGuests = makeCounter(1);
const countActors = makeCounter(1);
// countActors() ? countActors() ?
// countGuests() ? countActors() ? countGuests() ?
53

54. Closures
// The equivalent in old Java
public IntSupplier makeCounter(int initial) {
final AtomicInteger counter =
new AtomicInteger(initial);
return new IntSupplier() {
public int getAsInt() {
return counter.getAndIncrement();
}
};
}
54

55. Closures
55
Function Call 4
Return @address
Stack
Function Call 3
Return @address
Function Call 2
Return @address
Function Call 1
Return @address
Current
Stack Frame
Grow
Local Variables
Local Variables
Local Variables
Local Variables

56. Closures
56
Function Call 4
Return @address
Stack
Function Call 3
Return @address
Function Call 2
Return @address
Function Call 1
Return @address
Local Variables
Local Variables
Local Variables
Local Variables
Scopes
Global
Scope
Parent Scope
new
new
new
new

57. Closures
// Use as callbacks
const startClock = () => {
let count = 0;
let intervalId = setInterval(() => {
console.log(count += 1);
}, 1000);
return () => {
clearInterval(intervalId);
};
};
let stopClock = startClock();
// …wait few seconds…
stopClock();
57

58. Closures
// Use to create modules
let myObj = (() => {
let privateState = …;
const privateFunction = () => { … }
return {
publicMethodA: function() {
…do something with privateState…
},
publicMethodB: function() {
…do something with privateFunction…
},
…
};
}());
58

59. Closures
59
Test it: (8.)

60. Async/Await
• Javascript is asynchronous in its foundation.
• Traditionally it uses callbacks to handle asynchronicity: you
pass a function which is called when the operation is finished
with the resulting data as argument.
• ES2015 standarises: a kind of object for dependency inversion,
it allows you to call an operation before knowing which function
(or functions) handles the resulting data.
• ES2017 introduces async/await: promises were introduced in
the core, and functions can natively generate them and
consume them emulating a synchronized methods (but they
are not blocking and may be interleaved with other callbacks)
60

61. Async/Await
• There is only one thread
• no interferences
• no semaphores
• no deadlocks
• no quantum loss
• but also:
• no parallel processing
• no preemption (a callback may freeze the whole system)
61

62. Async/Await
// Event loop
while (true) {
const events = waitForEvents();
events.forEach(event => {
const callbacks = getEventCallbacks(event);
callbacks.forEach(callback => {
try {
callback(event);
} catch (e) { … }
});
});
}
62

63. Async/Await
// Traditional callback
setTimeout(() => {
console.log('5 seconds passed');
}, 5000);
const cb = () => console.log('5 seconds passed');
setTimeout(cb, 5000);
63

64. Async/Await
// Traditional callback
const button = document.getElementById('my-button');
button.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
console.log('my-button-clicked', event);
});
const req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.onreadystatechange = () => {
if (req.readyState === 4 && req.status !== 200) {
console.log('loaded', req.responseText);
}
}
req.open("GET", "/api/fruits");
req.send(null);
64

65. Async/Await
// Traditional callback
const get = (url, cb) => {
const req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.onreadystatechange = () => {
if (req.readyState === 4 && req.status !== 200) {
cb(req.responseText);
}
}
req.open("GET", url);
req.send(null);
};
get('/api/fruits', (response) => {
console.log('loaded', response);
});
65

66. Async/Await
// With Promises
const responsePromise = fetch('/api/fruits');
responsePromise.then((response) => {
console.log('loaded', response);
});
66

67. Async/Await
// Promises and chaining
const responsePromise = fetch('/api/fruits');
responsePromise.then((response) => {
console.log('loaded', response);
});
const bananaPromise =
responsePromise.then(response => {
return response.fruits.banana;
});
bananaPromise.then((banana) => {
minion.eat(banana);
});
67

68. Async/Await
// Promises creation
const delay = (ms) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(resolve, ms);
});
};
delay(5000).then(() => {
console.log('5 seconds passed');
});
68

69. Async/Await
// Promises creation
const failAfter = (ms) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(reject, ms);
});
};
failAfter(5000).then(() => {
console.log('5 seconds passed');
}, () => {
console.log('it has failed');
});
69

70. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
sayHelloDelayed(5000);
70

71. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
console.log('this message prints before "hello"');
sayHelloDelayed(5000);
71

72. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
console.log('this prints before "hello"');
sayHelloDelayed(5000);
console.log('this also prints before "hello"');
72

73. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
console.log('this prints before "hello"');
const resultPromise = sayHelloDelayed(5000);
console.log('this also prints before "hello"');
73

74. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
console.log('this prints before "hello"');
const resultPromise = sayHelloDelayed(5000);
console.log('this also prints before "hello"');
resultPromise.then(() => {
console.log('this prints after "hello"');
});
74

75. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
(async () => {
console.log('this prints before "hello"');
const resultPromise = sayHelloDelayed(5000);
console.log('this also prints before "hello"');
resultPromise.then(() => {
console.log('this prints after "hello"');
});
})();
75

76. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
(async () => {
console.log('this prints before "hello"');
const resultPromise = sayHelloDelayed(5000);
console.log('this also prints before "hello"');
await resultPromise;
console.log('this prints after "hello"');
})();
76

77. Async/Await
// Async functions
const sayHelloDelayed = async (ms) => {
await delay(ms);
console.log('hello');
};
(async () => {
console.log('this prints before "hello"');
await sayHelloDelayed(5000);
console.log('this prints after "hello"');
})();
77

78. Async/Await
// Async functions
(async () => {
try {
await failDelayed(5000);
} catch (e) {
console.log('failed after 5 seconds');
}
})();
78

79. Closures
79
Test it: (9.)

80. Import/Export
• Allows to link with other files and get and publish symbols
• Symbols can be named or default
• Two path import possibilities:
• paths beginning with package-name import from package
• relative paths (a.k.a. './…') import from file in the current directory
• It has fallbacks:
• it automatically appends .js .jsx or .json if not specified
• if destination is a folder it reads index.js[x]
80

81. Import/Export
import rule from "./rule";
import * as math from "math-tools";
import { sqrt } from "math-tools";
import { sqrt as sq } from "math-tools";
import { min, max } from "math-tools";
import { min, max as big, … } from "math-tools";
import defaultMember, { sqrt } from "math-tools";
import defaultMember, * as math from "math-tools";
import "math-tools";
81

82. Import/Export
export { sqrt, min, max };
export { squareRoot as sqrt, min, max };
export let sqrt, min, max;
export let min = (a,b) => a < b ? a : b;
export const min = (a,b) => a < b ? a : b;
export default expression;
export default function (…) { … }
export default async function (…) { … }
export default async class (…) { … }
export default function sqrt(…) { … }
export { sqrt as default, … };
export * from './other-file';
export { name1, name2, …, nameN } from './other-file';
export { import1 as name1, name2, …, nameN } from …;
82

83. Import/Export
83
https://rollupjs.org/repl

84. «Self» Inheritance

85. Object
• Java, C#, C++, … are class oriented
• Classes inherits from other Classes
• Javascript is instance oriented
• Objects (instances) inherits from other objects
85
car:
prototype is
mcQueen: raceCar:
prototype is
Car
instance of
mcQueen: RaceCar
inherits from

86. Object
• Javascript is “classless” but has inheritance
• Java, C# is class oriented
• Javascript is instance oriented
• Inheritance is performed through prototype
• Every object can become a prototype of other object
• Every object has another object as prototype
• The main prototype of almost all objects is Object.prototype
86

87. Object
// By default objects have a Object's prototype
let car1 = {
color: 'blue',
};
let car2 = Object.create(Object.prototype);
car.color = 'blue';
87
carX:
.color
Object.prototype:prototype is

88. Object
// Object.prototype
{
constructor: …,
hasOwnProperty: …,
toString: …,
…
}
88

89. Object
// But it can have no prototype
let prototypelessObject = Object.create(null);
// Object.getPrototypeOf(prototypelessObject) ?
// Object.getPrototypeOf(Object.prototype) ?
// Object.getPrototypeOf(Object) ?
89
prototypelessObject: nullprototype is

90. Object
// Objects can have any object as prototype
let car = {
color: 'blue',
};
let tesla = Object.create(car);
// car.color ?
// tesla.color ?
90
car:
.color
Object.prototype:tesla:
prototype is
has value fallback
prototype is
has value fallback

91. Object
// Objects inherits its prototype properties
let car = {
color: 'blue',
};
let tesla = Object.create(car);
tesla.brand = 'tesla';
// tesla.color ?
// tesla.brand ?
// Object.keys(tesla) ?
91
car:
.color
tesla:
.brand

92. Object
// Objects can overwrite prototype properties
let car = {
color: 'blue',
};
let ferrari = Object.create(car);
ferrari.color = 'red';
// car.color ?
// ferrari.color ?
92
car:
.color
ferrari:
.color

93. Be Careful
let car = {
color: 'red'
};
let parkingSpot = {
car: car,
};
let wolowitzParkingSpot = Object.create(parkingSpot);
wolowitzParkingSpot.car.color = 'gray';
// wolowitzParkingSpot.car.color ?
// car.color ?
93
car:
.color
parkingSpot:
.car

94. Object
class Object {
private Map<String,Object> properties;
private Object prototype;
public Object get(String key) {
if (properties.containsKey(key)) {
return properties.get(key);
} else if (prototype != null) {
return prototype.get(key);
} else {
return Undefined;
}
}
public void set(String key, Object value) {
properties.put(key, value);
}
}
94

95. Object
• In matter of speaking:
• Object.method.property are like Java/C# static members
ex: Object.create
• Object.prototype.property are like Java/C# instance members
ex: Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf
• Only properties, in matter of speaking:
• methods are properties whose value is a function
• members are properties whose value is not a function
• Object is a map, with an optional fallback map called prototype
95

96. Be Careful
let wordCount = {};
let word;
while (word = getSomeWord()) {
if (wordCount[word]) {
wordCount[word] ++;
} else {
wordCount[word] = 1;
}
}
// does it works? always?
96

97. «Self» Classes

98. Class
Object.getPrototypeOf(Function) ?
98

99. Class
Object.getPrototypeOf(Function) ?
typeof Function ?
99

100. Class
Object.getPrototypeOf(Function) === Function.prototype
typeof Function === 'function'
100

101. Class
Object.getPrototypeOf(Function) === Function.prototype
Object.getPrototypeOf(Object) ?
typeof Function === 'function'
typeof Function ?
101

102. Class
Object.getPrototypeOf(Function) === Function.prototype
Object.getPrototypeOf(Object) === Function.prototype
Object.getPrototypeOf(Number) === Function.prototype
typeof Function === 'function'
typeof Object === 'function'
typeof Number === 'function'
102

103. Class
Object.getPrototypeOf(Function) === Function.prototype
Object.getPrototypeOf(Object) === Function.prototype
Object.getPrototypeOf(Number) === Function.prototype
typeof Function === 'function'
typeof Object === 'function'
typeof Number === 'function'
…
// Functions are constructors!
new Number(3)
103

104. Class
function Animal() {
}
let animal = new Animal();
104
Animal.prototype:animal:

105. Class
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
let fievel = new Animal('fievel');
105
Animal.prototype:
fievel:
.name

106. Class
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Animal.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise');
};
let fievel = new Animal('fievel');
106
Animal.prototype:
.speak
fievel:
.name

107. Class
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Animal.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise');
};
let fievel = new Animal('fievel');
let tanya = new Animal('tanya');
107
Animal.prototype:
.speak
tanya:
.name
fievel:
.name

108. Class
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Animal.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise');
};
let fievel1 = new Animal('fievel');
let fievel2 = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Animal.call(fievel2, 'fievel');
108

109. Class
function Animal(name) { this.name = name; }
Animal.prototype.speak = function() { … };
function Lion(name) {
Animal.call(this, name + ' the lion');
}
Lion.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Lion.prototype.constructor = Lion;
Lion.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(this.name + ' roars!');
};
109
Animal.prototype:
.speak
.constructor
Lion.prototype:
.speak
.constructor

110. Class
class Animal {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
speak() {
console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise');
}
}
class Lion extends Animal {
constructor(name) {
super(name + ' the lion');
}
speak() {
console.log(this.name + ' roars');
}
}
110

111. Class
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Animal.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise');
}
class Lion extends Animal {
constructor(name) {
super(name + ' the lion');
}
speak() {
console.log(this.name + ' roars');
}
}
111

112. Everything is an Object

113. Everything is an object
const array = [1,2,3];
array.foo = 'bar';
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
add.foo = 'bar';
113