This document provides an introduction to C++ and covers 10 topics: 1) Object-oriented programming principles, 2) Classes and objects, 3) Functions, 4) Constructors and destructors, 5) Operator overloading and type conversion, 6) Inheritance, 7) Pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 8) Working with files, 9) Templates, and 10) Exception handling. Each topic is briefly described in 1-2 paragraphs with examples provided for some concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling. The document serves as a high-level overview of key C++ concepts and features.

1. INTERODUCTION TO C++
ATM PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:-
AMRESH KUMAR DR.MUKESH SHARMA
(14IT004) (H.O.D of CS/IT
DEPARTMENT)

2. TOPICS:-
1.Principal of object-oriented programing
2.Classes and Objects
3.Funtions in C++
4.Constructor and Destructor
5.Operator Overloading and type conversion
6.Inheritance
7.Pointers,Virtual funtions and Polymorphism
8.Working with files
9.Templates
10.Exception handling

3. The C++ Language:-
 Bjarne Stroupstrup, the language’s creator
C++ was designed to provide
Simula’s facilities for program
organization together with C’s
efficiency and flexibility for
systems programming.

4. 1.PRINCIPLES OF OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMING
Conventional programming, using high level languages such as
COBOL,FORTRAN and C,is commonly known as procedure
oriented programming (POP). In the POP approach, the problem
is viewed as a sequence of things to be done such as
reading,calculating and printing. A number of functions are
written to accomplish these tasks. The primary focus is on
functions. A typical structure for procedural programming is
shown in the fig

5. Another serious drawback is that it does not model real world
problems very well.
Some characteristics exhibited by procedure-oriented programming are:
1) Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).
2) Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
3) Most of the functions share global data.
4) Data move openly around system from function to function.
5) Functions transform data from one form to another.
6) Employs top-down approach in program design.
The major motivating factor in the invention of object-oriented programing
Is to remove some flaws encountered in the procedural approach

6. Some of the striking features of object – oriented programming are:
 Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
 Programs are divided into what are known as objects.
 Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together.
 Data is hidden and cannot be accessed without functions.
 Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
 New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
 Follows bottom-up approach in program design.

7. The OOP language is divided into four major concepts.
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
Encapsulation in C++
Encapsulation is one of the major cores of OOP. It is the
mechanism that binds code and data together and keeps
them safe and away from outside inference and misuse. In
short, it isolates a data from outside world. Encapsulation
can be called as the core concept of OOP because it is
encapsulation that reduces the maintenance burden, and
limiting your exposure to vulnerabilities.

8. Inheritance in C++
This technique also supports the hierarchical classification in
which each object would not need to be redefined by all its
characteristics explicitly. It prevents the programmer from
unnecessary work and it is the inheritance concept that does
this job.
Polymorphism in C++
Polymorphism,means the ability
To take more than one works.
Polymorphismc may be:-
1.Operator overloading
2Funtion overloading

9. Abstraction in c++
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features
Without including the background detailsor explanations.
Let's take one real life example of a TV, which you can turn on and
off, change the channel, adjust the volume, and add external
components such as speakers, VCRs, and DVD players, BUT you do
not know its internal details, that is, you do not know how it
receives signals over the air or through a cable, how it translates
them, and finally displays them on the screen.

10. 2.CLASSES AND OBJECTS
CLASSES
When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type.
This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the
class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist
of and what operations can be performed on such an object.
class box
{
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
};

11. OBJECTS
A class provides the blueprints for objects, so basically an
object is created from a class. We declare objects of a class
with exactly the same sort of declaration that we declare
variables of basic types.
box b1;//1st object of box
box b2;//2nd object of box

12. 3.FUNTIONS
A function is a group of statements that together perform a
task. Every C++ program has at least one function, which
is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define
additional functions.
The C++ standard library provides numerous built-in
functions that your program can call. For example,
function strcat() to concatenate two strings,
function memcpy() to copy one memory location to another
location and many more functions.
SYNTAX:-
Return-type function name(Arguments)
{
Body of the funtions
}

13. 4.CONSTRUCTOR AND DESTRUCTOR
CONSTRUCTOR
A class constructor is a special member function of a class
that is executed whenever we create new objects of that
class.
A constructor will have exact same name as the class and it
does not have any return type at all, not even void.
Constructors can be very useful for setting initial values for
certain member variables.
DESTRUCTOR
A destructor is a special member function of a class that is
executed whenever an object of it's class goes out of scope
or whenever the delete expression is applied to a pointer to
the object of that class.
A destructor will have exact same name as the class prefixed
with a tilde (~)

14. 5.OPERATOR OVERLOADING AND TYPE
CONVERSION
OPERATOR OVERLOADING
Overloaded operators are functions with special names the keyword
operator followed by the symbol for the operator being defined.
Like any other function, an overloaded operator has a return type
and a parameter list.
box operator+(int box)
TYPE CONVERSION
Implicit conversions do not require any operator. They are
automatically performed when a value is copied to a compatible
type. For example:
short a=2000;
int b;
b = (int) a; // c-like cast notation
b = int (a); // functional notation

15. 6.INHERITANCE
Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of another
class, which makes it easier to create and maintain an
application. This also provides an opportunity to reuse the
code functionality and fast implementation time.
When creating a class, instead of writing completely new
data members and member functions, the programmer can
designate that the new class should inherit the members of
an existing class. This existing class is called the base
class, and the new class is referred to as the derived class.
Eg:-
class derieved class:acess specifier base class

16. 7.THIS POINTER AND VIRTUAL FUNCTION
POINTER
Every object in C++ has access to its own address through an
important pointer called this pointer. The this pointer is an
implicit parameter to all member functions. Therefore, inside
a member function, this may be used to refer to the invoking
object.
Friend functions do not have a this pointer, because friends are
not members of a class. Only member functions have
a this pointer.
VIRTUAL FUNTION
A virtual function is a member function that is declared within
a base class and redefined by a derived class. To create virtual
function, precede the function’s declaration in the base class
with the keyword virtual. When a class containing virtual
function is inherited, the derived class redefines the virtual
function to suit its own needs.

17. 8.WORKING WITH FILES
we have been using the iostream standard library, which
provides cinand cout methods for reading from standard input
and writing to standard output respectively.
This tutorial will teach you how to read and write from a file.
This requires another standard C++ library called fstream,
which defines three new data types:
ofstream This data type represents the output
file stream and is used to create files
and to write information to files.
ifstream This data type represents the input
file stream and is used to read
information from files.
fstream This data type represents the file
stream generally, and has the
capabilities of both ofstream and
ifstream which means it can create
files, write information to files, and
read information from files.

18. 9.TEMPLATES
Templates are the foundation of generic programming, which
involves writing code in a way that is independent of any
particular type.
A template is a blueprint or formula for creating a generic
class or a function. The library containers like iterators and
algorithms are examples of generic programming and have
been developed using template concept.
There is a single definition of each container, such
as vector, but we can define many different kinds of vectors
for example, vector <int> or vector <string>.
template <class type> ret-type func-name(parameter list)
{
// body of function
}

19. 10.EXCEPTION HANDLING
An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a
program. A C++ exception is a response to an exceptional
circumstance that arises while a program is running, such as an
attempt to divide by zero.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a
program to another. C++ exception handling is built upon three
keywords: try, catch, andthrow.
 throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows
up. This is done using a throw keyword.
 catch: A program catches an exception with an exception
handler at the place in a program where you want to handle
the problem. Thecatch keyword indicates the catching of an
exception.
 try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular
exceptions will be activated. It's followed by one or more
catch blocks.

20. Assuming a block will raise an exception, a method catches an
exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. A
try/catch block is placed around the code that might generate
an exception.
Try
{
// protected code
}
catch( ExceptionName e1 )
{
// catch block
}
catch( ExceptionName e2 )
{ // catch block
}
catch( ExceptionName eN )
{
// catch block
}