The Indus Water Treaty, signed on September 19, 1960, established water-sharing protocols between India and Pakistan, as both countries depend heavily on the Indus river system for agriculture. The treaty, brokered by the World Bank, delineated responsibilities regarding water use, ensuring Pakistan retained control over the western rivers (Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus) while India managed the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi). Ongoing disputes regarding water projects highlight the fragile relationship and the critical nature of water resources for both nations.

1. INDUS WATER TREATY

2. INSTRUCTOR
MR ALI HAIDER
COLLABORATOR
ANAM SIDDIQUE

4. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Eighty percent of its agricultural
output comes from the Indus Basin. Pakistan has one of the
world's largest canal systems built much before Independence by
the British. After Independence, problems between the two
countries arose over the distribution of water. Rivers flow into
Pakistan territory from across India. Indus Water Treaty On April
1, 1948, India stopped the supply of water to Pakistan from every
canal flowing from India to Pakistan. Pakistan protested and India
finally agreed on an interim agreement on May 4, 1948.

5. In 1951 David Lilienthal former head of both the
Tennessee valley Authority and the U.S Atomic
Energy Commission, visited the region for the
purpose of researching articles that he was to
write for Collier’s magazine. He suggested that
India and Pakistan should work toward an
agreement to jointly develop and administer the
Indus river system, possibly with advice and
financing from the World Bank. Eugene Black,
who was the president of the World Bank,
agreed. At his suggestion.

7. • Critical disputes resolution was the
intervention of the World Bank
• Both countries had applied to World Bank for
development loans
• World Bank (International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development) decided to
refuse development loans to India and Pakistan.

9. World Bank would approve loans if 3 conditions
were met.
• Indus basin had enough water for both
countries
• The basin was treated as a single unit implying
all the rivers were to be discussed
• Past grievances put aside and technical rather
than a political focus retained

10. Divide Indus Basin into 2 parts

11. •Indus Waters Treaty, signed on September 19,
1960, between India & Pakistan and brokered
by the World Bank. The treaty fixed and
delimited the rights and obligations of both
countries concerning the use of the waters of
the Indus River system.
•The Indus Waters Treaty is a water sharing
treaty between the Republic of India and
Islamic republic of Pakistan.

13. Pakistan has control under the treaty into
following
Western Rivers
Chenab
Jhelum
Indus
Eastern Rivers
India has control under the treaty into following
Sutlej
Beas
Ravi

15. The Government of Pakistan
•Mohammad Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)
The Government of India
•Shri Jawaharlal Nehru, (Prime Minister of India)

17. •Indus, Chenab and Jhelum are the lifelines of
Pakistan as the country is highly dependent on
these rivers for its water supply. Since these
rivers do not originate from Pakistan but flow to
the country through India, Pakistan fears the
threat of drought and famine.
•While Chenab and Jhelum originate from India,
Indus originates from China, making its way to
Pakistan via India.

18. India started work on the project in 2007. In 2010,
Pakistan took the matter to the Permanent Court
of Arbitration at The Hague, which stayed the
project for three years. But in 2013, the court
ruled that the Kishanganga was “a run-of-the-river
plant within the meaning of the Indus Waters
Treaty and that India may accordingly divert water
from the Kishanganga (Neelum River) for power
generation”.

19. Numerous disputes were peacefully settled over
the years through the Permanent Indus
Commission. In a significant challenge to the
treaty, in 2017 India completed the building of
the Kishanganga dam in Kashmir and continued
work on the Ratle hydroelectric power station
on the Chenab River despite Pakistan’s
objections and amid ongoing negotiations with
the World Bank over whether the designs of
those projects violated the terms of the treaty.

21. • India always want to damage Pakistan
economically
• The Indus Water Treaty (1960) signed with
India under Stress
•No interference was agreed by India and
Pakistan in the natural flows of the western
rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) and eastern
rivers (Ravi, Beas and Sutlej), respectively
• We must have a strategy to ensure so.
Absence of such strategy could spell disaster
for the entire region!!!!