The document discusses international management concepts including defining international management as applying management concepts across borders and adapting to different environments. It then covers topics like globalization trends, the political, legal and technological environments faced by multinational corporations, ethics and corporate social responsibility challenges, and emerging issues around civil society and non-governmental organizations.

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Welcome to MGT 480
International Management
Tonight:
Syllabus & Course Overview
Definition of International Management
Refresher on Global Business Environment
Globalization & Economic Trends
Political/Regulatory/Technological Environment
Ethics & Corporate Social Responsibility

2. 2
International Management
 International management
 The process of applying management concepts and
techniques in a multinational environment and adapting
management practices to different economic, political, and
cultural environments
 Multinational corporations (MNC)
 Operations in more than one country
 International sales,
 Nationality mix of managers and owners
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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1
Chapter 1
Globalization & Economic Trends

4. 4
Market Value
Billions of U.S. Dollars
Sales
Billions of U.S. Dollars
Top Ten Global MNCs
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. General Electric
$328.11
2. Microsoft
284.43
3. ExxonMobil
283.61
4. Pfizer
269.66
5. Wal-Mart Stores
241.19
6. Citigroup
The Top 10 global MNCs Ranked by Market Value, Sales, Profits,
and Share-Price Gain, 2003
1. Wal-Mart Stores
258.68
2. BP
232.57
3. ExxonMobil
222.88
4. Royal Dutch/Shell
201.93
5. General Motors
183.24
6. DaimlerChrysler

5. 5
Top Ten Global MNCs
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Profits
Billions of U.S. Dollars
1. ExxonMobil
20.96
2. Citigroup
17.85
3. General Electric
15.00
4. HSBC Holdings
11.65
5. Royal Dutch/Shell
11.41
6. Bodafone Group
The Top 10 global MNCs Ranked by Market Value, Sales, Profits,
and Share-Price Gain, 2003
Share-Price Gain
1. Mizuho Financial 636%
2. Research in Motion 550
3. UFJ Holdings 420
4. SK 383
5. Rakuten 381
6. Sumitomo Mitsui Fin. 331
7. Elan 311
8. Bharti Tele-Ventures 276
9. Yahoo! Japan 241
10.Mitsui Trust Hldgs. 229
Data: Morgan Stanley Capital International Standard & Poor’s Compustat
Source: http://images.businessweek.com/mz/0o4/30/0430_62intbg1_a.gif

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Globalization
 Process of integration among countries around the world
 Social
 Political
 Economic
 Cultural
 Technological
 Benefits of growing global trade and investment
 Wealth
 Jobs
 Technology
 Lower prices

7. 7
Globalization
 Criticisms of globalization
 Offshoring of business services jobs to lower-wage countries
 Growing trade deficits
 Slow wage growth
 Environmental and social impacts

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Global and Regional Integration
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
 Regional Agreements
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
 U.S.—Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)
 Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA)
 European Union (EU)
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

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Trends in International
Investment and Trade
 International investments
 80 percent from developed countries
 Foreign direct investment (FDI)
 Economic growth potential (esp. China and Asia in general)
 Trade growing faster than most domestic economies
 Over one-half of world trade is accounted for by
 United States
 European Union
 Japan

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The World’s Largest Economies 2005 and 2020 (Projected) Measured byThe World’s Largest Economies 2005 and 2020 (Projected) Measured by
GDP at Market Exchange Rates:GDP at Market Exchange Rates:

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The World’s Largest Economies 2005 and 2020 (Projected) Measured byThe World’s Largest Economies 2005 and 2020 (Projected) Measured by
GDP at Purchasing Power Parity (ppp)GDP at Purchasing Power Parity (ppp)

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Most Populous Countries in 1980, 2000, andMost Populous Countries in 1980, 2000, and
2050 (Projected):2050 (Projected):

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World Foreign Direct Investment Inflows (inWorld Foreign Direct Investment Inflows (in
millions of dollars):millions of dollars):

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World Foreign Direct Investment Outflows (inWorld Foreign Direct Investment Outflows (in
millions of dollars):millions of dollars):

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Trade Flows Among World Regions, 2005 (in billions of dollars or percent)Trade Flows Among World Regions, 2005 (in billions of dollars or percent)

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Top 10 Trading Partners ofTop 10 Trading Partners of
the United States, 2003the United States, 2003
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Importing U.S. Exporting U. S.
Rank Country Exports Rank Country Imports
1 Canada 169,924
2 Mexico 97,412
3 Japan 52,004
4 United Kingdom 33,828
5 Germany 28,832
6 China 28,368
7 South Korea 24,073
8 Netherlands 20,695
9 Taiwan 17,448
10 France 17,053
(in millions of dollars)
1 Canada 221,595
2 China 152,436
3 Mexico 138,060
4 Japan 118,037
5 Germany 68,113
6 United Kingdom 42,795
7 South Korea 37,229
8 Taiwan 31,599
9 France 29,219
10 Ireland 26,747
Adapted from: Table 1-4: Top 10 Trading partners of the United States, 2003 (in millions of dollars).

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World’s MostWorld’s Most
Competitive Nations, 2006Competitive Nations, 2006

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Market Potential Indicators Ranking for Emerging Markets,Market Potential Indicators Ranking for Emerging Markets,
20072007

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Economic Performance
 India
 Low per capita GDP
 Recent trend of locating software and high value-added
services to this country
 Attractive to U.S. and British investors (well educated,
English speaking, technologically sophisticated workers)
 Middle East and Central Asia
 Large oil reserves
 Highly unstable geopolitical and religious forces
 Plagued by continuing economic problems
Developing and Emerging Countries

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Economic Performance
 Africa
 Considerable natural resources
 African nations remain very poor and undeveloped
 International trade is not a major source of income
 Populace divided into 3,000 tribes that speak 1,000
languages and dialects
 Major political instability
 Poverty, starvation, illiteracy, corruption, overcrowding
among many social problems negatively affecting economic
sector
Developing and Emerging Countries

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Review and Discuss
1. How has globalization affected different world regions? What
are some of the benefits and costs of globalization for different
sectors of society?
2. How has NAFTA affected the economies of North America and
the EU affected Europe? What importance do these economic
pacts have for international managers in North America, Europe
and Asia?
3. Why would MNCs be interested in South America, India, the
Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa, the less developed and
emerging countries of the world?
4. If you were a foreign investor, what asset classes and regions
would you seek to invest in today?

22. Chapter
1
Chapter 2
Political,
Regulatory,
Technological,
Dimensions

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Political Environment:
 Ideologies (ideas reflecting beliefs and values
influencing behavior/culture of nations and political
systems) underlie the actions of governments.
 Evaluate a political system along two dimensions: (1)
rights of citizens based on a system of government (range
democratic to totalitarian); (2) Focus of political system
on individualism vs. collectivism.
 No pure form of government (how is the US collectivist?)
 Democratic tend to emphasize individualism and
totalitarian tends to emphasize collectivism.
 What challenges are involved in different political
environments?

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Legal and Regulatory Environment
 Confusion and challenge for the MNC due to many
different laws and regulations in global business
operations
 MNCs must carefully evaluate legal framework in each
market before doing business

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Legal and Regulatory Issues
 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (
http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/docs/dojdocb.html)
 Illegal to influence foreign officials through
 Personal payment
 Political contributions
 When bribes removed, MNCs more willing to do business in that
country
 Restrictive bureaucratization
 Government controls often inefficient and uncorrected
 Local politics often prevail over national concerns
 Privatization

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Regulation of Trade
and Investment
 Individual countries use legal and regulatory policies to
affect the international management environment
 If a country is perceived to engage in unfair trade
practices (WTO and similar agreements)
 Government support (subsidies)
 Require MNCs to accept local partners
 Response may be
 Retaliatory tariffs
 Restrictive trade regulations

27. 27
Technological Environment and Global
Shifts in Production
 Biotechnology
 Nanotechnology
 Satellites
 Automatic translation telephones
 Artificial intelligence and embedded learning technology
 Advancements in computer chip technology
 Supercomputers
 E-business
 Business-to-business (B2B)
 Business to consumer (B2C) transactions
 e-tailing
 Financial services (e-cash)

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Technological Environment and Global
Shifts in Production
 Telecommunications
 Wireless or mobile telephone service
 Economic growth hampered by poor communication services
 Wireless is more affordable than installed phone lines
 Some governments recognize the need to privatize this service
 Technology, outsourcing and offshoring
 Technology has reduced and eliminated some work in
middle management and white-collar jobs
 Global competition has forced some MNCs to outsource jobs
to offshore productions (lower labor and other costs)
 Emerging technology makes work more portable

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Expected Winners/Losers
in Selected Occupations

30. 30
Ethics and Social Responsibility
 Ethics:
 Study of morality and standards of conduct
 Dilemmas arising from conflicts between ethical standards
between countries most evident in employment practices
 Inferring right vs. wrong in legal sense

31. Chapter
1
Chapter 3
Ethics & Social Responsibility

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Ethics and Social Responsibility
 Ethics:
 Study of morality and standards of conduct
 Dilemmas arising from conflicts between ethical standards
between countries most evident in employment practices
 Inferring right vs. wrong in legal sense

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Ethics and Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):
Closely related to ethics
Actions of a firm to benefit society beyond
requirements of law and direct interests of
firm
CSR involves taking voluntary action
CSR concerns include working conditions in
factories and service centers as well as
environmental impacts of corporate activities

34. 34
Ethics and Social Responsibility
 Employment and business practices
 Difficult to establish a universal foundation of employment
practices
 Difficult dilemmas in deciding working conditions, expected
consecutive work hours, and labor regulations.
 Offshoring due to differences in labor costs

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Ethics and Social Responsibility
 Human Rights
 Currently no universally adopted standard
 A great deal of subjectivity and culturally biased viewpoints
exist
 Some basic rights: life, freedom from slavery or torture,
freedom of opinion and expression, general ambiance of
nondiscriminatory practices
 Human rights violations still rampant globally

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Ethics and Social Responsibility
 Corruption
 Government corruption pervasive element in international
business environment
 Scandals in Russia, China, Pakistan, Lesotho, South Africa,
Costa Rica, Egypt and elsewhere

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Corruption Index:
Least and Most Corrupt Countries

38. 38
Ethics and Social Responsibility
Around the World
 Ethical issues
 Workers not well paid (often work 12 hours a day, 7 days a
week)
 Piracy of intellectual property, counterfeiting, and industrial
spying
 Human rights violations
 Use of prisoner and child labor
Ethical Problems and
Concerns
China

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Ethics and Social Responsibility
Around the World
 Political campaign contributions & lobbyists
 Fraud in mortgage sector
 Attitude of caveat emptor
 Rising wage inequality
 middle class wages stagnant for a decade
 Lack of health benefits for workers
 Loss of promised retirement benefits
Ethical Problems and
Concerns
United States

40. 40
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and
Sustainability
 CSR: Action of a firm to benefit society beyond the
requirements of the law and direct interests of the firm
 Sustainability: Development that meets humanity’s
needs without harming future generations
 Why are MNCs getting involved in corporate social
responsibility? Are they displaying a sense of social
responsibility, or is this merely a matter of good business?
Defend your answer.

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Rise of Civil Society and NGOs
 Emergence of organized civil society and NGOs altered
 Business environment globally
 Role of MNC within global business environment
 NGOs in the U.S. and globally
 Save the Children
 Oxfam
 CARE
 World Wildlife Fund
 Conservation International

42. 42
Rise of Civil Society and NGOs
 Corporations receiving heavy criticism
 Nike
 Levi’s
 Chiquita
 Major criticisms
 Exploitation of low-wage workers
 Environmental abuses
 Intolerable workplace standards
 Response to social obligations
 Agreements and codes of conduct
 Maintenance of standards in domestic and global operations
 Cooperation with NGOs regarding certain social issues

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Trust in Leaders
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Average Across All 15 Countries Surveyed
NGO leaders
Leaders at the U.N.
Spiritual/religious leaders
Leaders of Western Europe
Managers of the global economy
Managers of the national economy
Executives of MNCs
Leaders of the U.S.A.
52
42
41
36
36
35
33
27
Adapted from Figure 3-1: Trust in Leaders: Percentage Saying “A Lot” and “Some Trust”

44. 44
Principles of the Global Compact
http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/faq.html

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Millennium Development Goals

46. 46
Case: AIDS and Pharmaceuticals
 See pages 82-90