This document discusses and compares the "hockey stick" climate reconstruction by Mann et al. from 1999 against previous understandings of past climate change over different timescales. It notes that pre-1990 reconstructions showed natural variation ("wiggly-ness") over the last 1000 years including a Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age, whereas the hockey stick plot showed temperatures as stable until recent times. The document questions aspects of the hockey stick methodology and conclusions.
This document contains a list of ideas, people, organizations, and resources that could provide support for an art project launching in October 2007, including community boards, city council members, producers, funders, city agencies, parks departments, artists, educators, and experts who could offer advice, connections, funding, volunteers, materials, and other assistance. It also outlines plans for scheduling, communicating with stakeholders, doing research, thinking outside the box, and setting goals to ask for more support.
This document discusses common misconceptions about reverse mortgages and provides facts to clarify them. It addresses myths such as the bank taking the home, debt requirements, loan repayment, impact on heirs and benefits, restrictions on funds, and eligibility. The purpose is to educate homeowners on the true nature of reverse mortgages and how they can enhance retirement through increased cash flow without losing homeownership. The process for obtaining a reverse mortgage is also outlined in simple steps.
Cracking Into Embedded Devices - HACK.LU 2K8guest441c58b71
The document discusses offensive techniques for compromising embedded devices, focusing on exploiting vulnerabilities in HTTP, UPnP, SNMP, and Wi-Fi to gain remote access. Many examples are provided of specific devices that were compromised through bugs like cross-site request forgery, privilege escalation flaws, and password leaks. The goal of the research is to show how embedded devices are easier to hack than general purpose systems and can be used as stepping stones into internal corporate networks.
The document summarizes a Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), also known as a reverse mortgage, which allows senior homeowners to convert home equity into tax-free cash without having to make monthly mortgage payments. Key points covered include: who qualifies for a HECM, how the loan amount is calculated, interest rates, flexible payment options, and the application process. The summary emphasizes that a HECM allows seniors to access home equity for retirement needs while continuing to live in their home.
This document appears to be a list of prices for various items totaling $1979.88. The prices range from $79.96 to $429.99 with most prices being under $300. The total of all listed prices is close to $2000.
This document appears to be a list of prices for various items totaling $1979.88. The prices range from $79.96 to $429.99 with most prices being under $300. The document expresses gratitude but does not provide any other context around the listed amounts.
This document contains a list of ideas, people, organizations, and resources that could provide support for an art project launching in October 2007, including community boards, city council members, producers, funders, city agencies, parks departments, artists, educators, and experts who could offer advice, connections, funding, volunteers, materials, and other assistance. It also outlines plans for scheduling, communicating with stakeholders, doing research, thinking outside the box, and setting goals to ask for more support.
This document discusses common misconceptions about reverse mortgages and provides facts to clarify them. It addresses myths such as the bank taking the home, debt requirements, loan repayment, impact on heirs and benefits, restrictions on funds, and eligibility. The purpose is to educate homeowners on the true nature of reverse mortgages and how they can enhance retirement through increased cash flow without losing homeownership. The process for obtaining a reverse mortgage is also outlined in simple steps.
Cracking Into Embedded Devices - HACK.LU 2K8guest441c58b71
The document discusses offensive techniques for compromising embedded devices, focusing on exploiting vulnerabilities in HTTP, UPnP, SNMP, and Wi-Fi to gain remote access. Many examples are provided of specific devices that were compromised through bugs like cross-site request forgery, privilege escalation flaws, and password leaks. The goal of the research is to show how embedded devices are easier to hack than general purpose systems and can be used as stepping stones into internal corporate networks.
The document summarizes a Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), also known as a reverse mortgage, which allows senior homeowners to convert home equity into tax-free cash without having to make monthly mortgage payments. Key points covered include: who qualifies for a HECM, how the loan amount is calculated, interest rates, flexible payment options, and the application process. The summary emphasizes that a HECM allows seniors to access home equity for retirement needs while continuing to live in their home.
This document appears to be a list of prices for various items totaling $1979.88. The prices range from $79.96 to $429.99 with most prices being under $300. The total of all listed prices is close to $2000.
This document appears to be a list of prices for various items totaling $1979.88. The prices range from $79.96 to $429.99 with most prices being under $300. The document expresses gratitude but does not provide any other context around the listed amounts.
This document discusses the main parts of animal cells including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuoles. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have. The functions of each cell part are described briefly.
The document outlines the stages of the cell cycle including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. It provides a tour through each stage of the cell cycle from interphase through cytokinesis.
This document appears to be a list of prices for various items totaling $1979.88. The prices range from $79.96 to $429.99 with most prices being under $300. The total of all the listed prices is close to $2000.
The cell cycle consists of interphase followed by mitosis, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, ending with cytokinesis where the cell divides into two daughter cells. During interphase the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. The stages of mitosis then work to separate the duplicated DNA and split the cell into two identical daughter cells through cytokinesis.
Este documento presenta la lista de autores que contribuyeron al libro "Ginecología y Obstetricia". En total hay 57 autores, la mayoría de los cuales son médicos de diferentes hospitales españoles. También incluye el índice del libro, que contiene 15 temas sobre obstetricia.
The LAPD developed a strategy to attract more applicants who don't have college degrees but want to make a difference. The strategy aims to get people interested in the LAPD who have not previously considered it as a career. The creative strategy seeks to get people to think about the LAPD in a new way and confront stereotypes by highlighting the many roles officers play in keeping LA safe.
The document discusses FHA 203k renovation lending programs. It summarizes the key differences between the Streamlined 203k loan (up to $35,000 for renovations) and the Full 203k loan (over $35,000 for renovations). The Full 203k loan requires an FHA consultant and allows for structural renovations. The document also provides guidelines on borrower eligibility, credit scores, income requirements, appraisals, fees, and the renovation loan process.
An introduction to the science of climate change, intended for the non-scientist.
This presentation introduces the most important concepts and data sources concerning climate change.
This presentation is licensed for anyone to use under the Creative Commons license. Download it, share it, make derivitive works - just provide attribution.
This document contains a summary of an article criticizing claims made in the TV show West Wing and by David Suzuki about climate change in Alaska and Canada. It argues that claims of a 7 degree warming in Alaska over 30 years and winter arriving later in London, Ontario are not supported by temperature records from those locations, which instead show little warming or even slight cooling trends. It criticizes media and organizations for perpetuating exaggerated claims about climate change that are not backed by data.
Earth's Temperature _ A Brief History Of Recent ChangesIngre1930685
This document discusses changes in Earth's temperature over the past 420,000 years and the role of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Key points:
1. Temperatures varied between around 5-17°C over the past 420,000 years in 100,000 year cycles driven by variations in Earth's orbit and tilt.
2. The last 10,000 years have been remarkably stable until recently, allowing civilization to develop.
3. Carbon dioxide levels never exceeded 300 ppm until the last century due to human activity like burning fossil fuels. Rising CO2 is the primary cause of recent temperature increases.
4. If greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated, temperatures may increase 2-6°C
The document discusses the impacts of global warming and climate change. It notes that average global temperatures have risen 0.74° Celsius since 1800 and are projected to increase by 1.8-4° Celsius in the next 50 years due to greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts include melting ice caps and glaciers, rising sea levels that could flood coastal cities by 2100, more droughts and forest fires, reduced food production, and increased disease. Stronger hurricanes and other extreme weather in recent years provide evidence that climate change impacts have already begun.
Lesson1 climate and change GCSE Edexcel B Geographysarah marks
The document discusses several natural causes of past climate change:
1) Solar activity, with periods of lower sunspot activity corresponding to "Little Ice Ages" and higher activity to warm periods like the Medieval Warm Period. However, solar activity does not correlate with warming since 1975.
2) Orbital cycles known as Milankovitch cycles, which cause ice ages and warm interglacial periods over 100,000 year cycles.
3) Large volcanic eruptions, which eject aerosols that reflect sunlight and cause short-term global cooling lasting several years.
4) Ocean circulation patterns, with changes potentially causing Europe to be 6-8°C cooler during glacial periods due to reductions in the
1Data Set Description The dataset to be used for the project.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Data Set Description
The dataset to be used for the project is the data on the global land temperatures. The dataset tracks the changes in global and temperature over several decades. The data is sourced from the Berkeley National Laboratory. This rich dataset contains data from Berkeley Surface Temperature Study. The reports are drawn from sixteen archives. The information on the global land temperatures is organized using various variables. The methodologies used in the creation of the dataset also allow the use of weather observations that were made through short-time series. This allows the use different forms of data on weather trends.
The explanation of all the variables as shown on Kaggle.com is as follows:
· temperatures and global ocean and land temperatures
· LandAverageTemperature: global average land temperature in celsius
· LandAverageTemperatureUncertainty: the 95% confidence interval around the average
· LandMaxTemperature: global average maximum land temperature in celsius
· LandMaxTemperatureUncertainty: the 95% confidence interval around the maximum land temperature
· LandMinTemperature: global average minimum land temperature in celsius
· LandMinTemperatureUncertainty: the 95% confidence interval around the minimum land temperature
· LandAndOceanAverageTemperature: global average land and ocean temperature in celsius
Research Design
The chosen dataset present opportunities to find empirical evidence to support or disprove claims that there has been a change in the land temperatures as part of the aspects of global climate change. And the dataset is relatively large on global land temperature, the uncertainties are really small. The research question to be answered using the data set is whether there has been a statistically significant change in land temperature between 1850 and 2015.
Research Question
· Whether there has been a statistically change in the global land temperature around the world between 1850 and 2015?
· Which is the warmest year (based on annually averaged land temperature) since 1850?
Data Cleaning & Data Processing
In deliverable 1 of this project, we have identified a number of the issues with the data set. The first issue which we have identified with the data set is that there are missing values or missing measurements related to the maximum and minimum land temperatures and the average, maximum, and minimum land and ocean temperatures, as he reporting of that data did not start until 1850.
Therefore, first of all, we have resolved these issues by removing all the missing data time period and for this research project, we would be emphasizing or exploring the time period between 1850 and 2015. The data for all the variables now begins with 1950 and there are no missing values in the data set now. The observations for a single state, country, city after cleaning the data set for missing values in shown in exhibit 1 in the appendix.
Along with this, the second issue in the data has also been cor ...
Christian Louboutin: Innovating with Red Solesget joys
Christian Louboutin is celebrated for his innovative approach to footwear design, marked by his trademark red soles. This in-depth look at his life and career explores the origins of his creativity, the milestones in his journey, and the impact of his work on the fashion industry. Learn how Louboutin's bold vision and dedication to excellence have made his brand synonymous with luxury and style.
Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson: Titans of Influence and Inspirationgreendigital
Introduction
In the realm of entertainment, few names resonate as Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. Both figures have carved unique paths in the industry. achieving unparalleled success and becoming iconic symbols of perseverance, resilience, and inspiration. This article delves into the lives, careers. and enduring legacies of Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. exploring how their journeys intersect and what we can learn from their remarkable stories.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
Orpah Winfrey: The Queen of All Media
Winfrey's career breakthrough came in 1986 when she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show." The show became a cultural phenomenon. drawing millions of viewers daily and earning many awards. Winfrey's empathetic and candid interviewing style resonated with audiences. helping her tackle diverse and often challenging topics.
Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
Dwayne Johnson: From The Ring to The Big Screen
Dwayne Johnson's wrestling career took off in the late 1990s. when he became one of the most charismatic and popular figures in WWE. His larger-than-life persona and catchphrases endeared him to fans. making him a household name. But, Johnson had ambitions beyond the wrestling ring.
In the early 20
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
$21.92 billion in 2023 to $28.11 billion in 2024 at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
Barbie Movie Review - The Astras.pdffffftheastras43
Barbie Movie Review has gotten brilliant surveys for its fun and creative story. Coordinated by Greta Gerwig, it stars Margot Robbie as Barbie and Ryan Gosling as Insight. Critics adore its perky humor, dynamic visuals, and intelligent take on the notorious doll's world. It's lauded for being engaging for both kids and grown-ups. The Astras profoundly prescribes observing the Barbie Review for a delightful and colorful cinematic involvement.https://theastras.com/hca-member-gradebooks/hca-gradebook-barbie/
Matt Rife Cancels Shows Due to Health Concerns, Reschedules Tour Dates.pdfAzura Everhart
Matt Rife's comedy tour took an unexpected turn. He had to cancel his Bloomington show due to a last-minute medical emergency. Fans in Chicago will also have to wait a bit longer for their laughs, as his shows there are postponed. Rife apologized and assured fans he'd be back on stage soon.
https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/matt-rife-cancels-bloomington-show/
At Digidev, we are working to be the leader in interactive streaming platforms of choice by smart device users worldwide.
Our goal is to become the ultimate distribution service of entertainment content. The Digidev application will offer the next generation television highway for users to discover and engage in a variety of content. While also providing a fresh and
innovative approach towards advertainment with vast revenue opportunities. Designed and developed by Joe Q. Bretz
This document discusses the main parts of animal cells including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuoles. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have. The functions of each cell part are described briefly.
The document outlines the stages of the cell cycle including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. It provides a tour through each stage of the cell cycle from interphase through cytokinesis.
This document appears to be a list of prices for various items totaling $1979.88. The prices range from $79.96 to $429.99 with most prices being under $300. The total of all the listed prices is close to $2000.
The cell cycle consists of interphase followed by mitosis, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, ending with cytokinesis where the cell divides into two daughter cells. During interphase the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. The stages of mitosis then work to separate the duplicated DNA and split the cell into two identical daughter cells through cytokinesis.
Este documento presenta la lista de autores que contribuyeron al libro "Ginecología y Obstetricia". En total hay 57 autores, la mayoría de los cuales son médicos de diferentes hospitales españoles. También incluye el índice del libro, que contiene 15 temas sobre obstetricia.
The LAPD developed a strategy to attract more applicants who don't have college degrees but want to make a difference. The strategy aims to get people interested in the LAPD who have not previously considered it as a career. The creative strategy seeks to get people to think about the LAPD in a new way and confront stereotypes by highlighting the many roles officers play in keeping LA safe.
The document discusses FHA 203k renovation lending programs. It summarizes the key differences between the Streamlined 203k loan (up to $35,000 for renovations) and the Full 203k loan (over $35,000 for renovations). The Full 203k loan requires an FHA consultant and allows for structural renovations. The document also provides guidelines on borrower eligibility, credit scores, income requirements, appraisals, fees, and the renovation loan process.
An introduction to the science of climate change, intended for the non-scientist.
This presentation introduces the most important concepts and data sources concerning climate change.
This presentation is licensed for anyone to use under the Creative Commons license. Download it, share it, make derivitive works - just provide attribution.
This document contains a summary of an article criticizing claims made in the TV show West Wing and by David Suzuki about climate change in Alaska and Canada. It argues that claims of a 7 degree warming in Alaska over 30 years and winter arriving later in London, Ontario are not supported by temperature records from those locations, which instead show little warming or even slight cooling trends. It criticizes media and organizations for perpetuating exaggerated claims about climate change that are not backed by data.
Earth's Temperature _ A Brief History Of Recent ChangesIngre1930685
This document discusses changes in Earth's temperature over the past 420,000 years and the role of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Key points:
1. Temperatures varied between around 5-17°C over the past 420,000 years in 100,000 year cycles driven by variations in Earth's orbit and tilt.
2. The last 10,000 years have been remarkably stable until recently, allowing civilization to develop.
3. Carbon dioxide levels never exceeded 300 ppm until the last century due to human activity like burning fossil fuels. Rising CO2 is the primary cause of recent temperature increases.
4. If greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated, temperatures may increase 2-6°C
The document discusses the impacts of global warming and climate change. It notes that average global temperatures have risen 0.74° Celsius since 1800 and are projected to increase by 1.8-4° Celsius in the next 50 years due to greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts include melting ice caps and glaciers, rising sea levels that could flood coastal cities by 2100, more droughts and forest fires, reduced food production, and increased disease. Stronger hurricanes and other extreme weather in recent years provide evidence that climate change impacts have already begun.
Lesson1 climate and change GCSE Edexcel B Geographysarah marks
The document discusses several natural causes of past climate change:
1) Solar activity, with periods of lower sunspot activity corresponding to "Little Ice Ages" and higher activity to warm periods like the Medieval Warm Period. However, solar activity does not correlate with warming since 1975.
2) Orbital cycles known as Milankovitch cycles, which cause ice ages and warm interglacial periods over 100,000 year cycles.
3) Large volcanic eruptions, which eject aerosols that reflect sunlight and cause short-term global cooling lasting several years.
4) Ocean circulation patterns, with changes potentially causing Europe to be 6-8°C cooler during glacial periods due to reductions in the
1Data Set Description The dataset to be used for the project.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Data Set Description
The dataset to be used for the project is the data on the global land temperatures. The dataset tracks the changes in global and temperature over several decades. The data is sourced from the Berkeley National Laboratory. This rich dataset contains data from Berkeley Surface Temperature Study. The reports are drawn from sixteen archives. The information on the global land temperatures is organized using various variables. The methodologies used in the creation of the dataset also allow the use of weather observations that were made through short-time series. This allows the use different forms of data on weather trends.
The explanation of all the variables as shown on Kaggle.com is as follows:
· temperatures and global ocean and land temperatures
· LandAverageTemperature: global average land temperature in celsius
· LandAverageTemperatureUncertainty: the 95% confidence interval around the average
· LandMaxTemperature: global average maximum land temperature in celsius
· LandMaxTemperatureUncertainty: the 95% confidence interval around the maximum land temperature
· LandMinTemperature: global average minimum land temperature in celsius
· LandMinTemperatureUncertainty: the 95% confidence interval around the minimum land temperature
· LandAndOceanAverageTemperature: global average land and ocean temperature in celsius
Research Design
The chosen dataset present opportunities to find empirical evidence to support or disprove claims that there has been a change in the land temperatures as part of the aspects of global climate change. And the dataset is relatively large on global land temperature, the uncertainties are really small. The research question to be answered using the data set is whether there has been a statistically significant change in land temperature between 1850 and 2015.
Research Question
· Whether there has been a statistically change in the global land temperature around the world between 1850 and 2015?
· Which is the warmest year (based on annually averaged land temperature) since 1850?
Data Cleaning & Data Processing
In deliverable 1 of this project, we have identified a number of the issues with the data set. The first issue which we have identified with the data set is that there are missing values or missing measurements related to the maximum and minimum land temperatures and the average, maximum, and minimum land and ocean temperatures, as he reporting of that data did not start until 1850.
Therefore, first of all, we have resolved these issues by removing all the missing data time period and for this research project, we would be emphasizing or exploring the time period between 1850 and 2015. The data for all the variables now begins with 1950 and there are no missing values in the data set now. The observations for a single state, country, city after cleaning the data set for missing values in shown in exhibit 1 in the appendix.
Along with this, the second issue in the data has also been cor ...
Christian Louboutin: Innovating with Red Solesget joys
Christian Louboutin is celebrated for his innovative approach to footwear design, marked by his trademark red soles. This in-depth look at his life and career explores the origins of his creativity, the milestones in his journey, and the impact of his work on the fashion industry. Learn how Louboutin's bold vision and dedication to excellence have made his brand synonymous with luxury and style.
Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson: Titans of Influence and Inspirationgreendigital
Introduction
In the realm of entertainment, few names resonate as Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. Both figures have carved unique paths in the industry. achieving unparalleled success and becoming iconic symbols of perseverance, resilience, and inspiration. This article delves into the lives, careers. and enduring legacies of Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. exploring how their journeys intersect and what we can learn from their remarkable stories.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
Orpah Winfrey: The Queen of All Media
Winfrey's career breakthrough came in 1986 when she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show." The show became a cultural phenomenon. drawing millions of viewers daily and earning many awards. Winfrey's empathetic and candid interviewing style resonated with audiences. helping her tackle diverse and often challenging topics.
Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
Dwayne Johnson: From The Ring to The Big Screen
Dwayne Johnson's wrestling career took off in the late 1990s. when he became one of the most charismatic and popular figures in WWE. His larger-than-life persona and catchphrases endeared him to fans. making him a household name. But, Johnson had ambitions beyond the wrestling ring.
In the early 20
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
$21.92 billion in 2023 to $28.11 billion in 2024 at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
Barbie Movie Review - The Astras.pdffffftheastras43
Barbie Movie Review has gotten brilliant surveys for its fun and creative story. Coordinated by Greta Gerwig, it stars Margot Robbie as Barbie and Ryan Gosling as Insight. Critics adore its perky humor, dynamic visuals, and intelligent take on the notorious doll's world. It's lauded for being engaging for both kids and grown-ups. The Astras profoundly prescribes observing the Barbie Review for a delightful and colorful cinematic involvement.https://theastras.com/hca-member-gradebooks/hca-gradebook-barbie/
Matt Rife Cancels Shows Due to Health Concerns, Reschedules Tour Dates.pdfAzura Everhart
Matt Rife's comedy tour took an unexpected turn. He had to cancel his Bloomington show due to a last-minute medical emergency. Fans in Chicago will also have to wait a bit longer for their laughs, as his shows there are postponed. Rife apologized and assured fans he'd be back on stage soon.
https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/matt-rife-cancels-bloomington-show/
At Digidev, we are working to be the leader in interactive streaming platforms of choice by smart device users worldwide.
Our goal is to become the ultimate distribution service of entertainment content. The Digidev application will offer the next generation television highway for users to discover and engage in a variety of content. While also providing a fresh and
innovative approach towards advertainment with vast revenue opportunities. Designed and developed by Joe Q. Bretz
The Evolution of the Leonardo DiCaprio Haircut: A Journey Through Style and C...greendigital
Leonardo DiCaprio, a name synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acting excellence. has captivated audiences for decades with his talent and charisma. But, the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut is one aspect of his public persona that has garnered attention. From his early days as a teenage heartthrob to his current status as a seasoned actor and environmental activist. DiCaprio's hairstyles have evolved. reflecting both his personal growth and the changing trends in fashion. This article delves into the many phases of the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut. exploring its significance and impact on pop culture.
_7 OTT App Builders to Support the Development of Your Video Applications_.pdfMega P
Due to their ability to produce engaging content more quickly, over-the-top (OTT) app builders have made the process of creating video applications more accessible. The invitation to explore these platforms emphasizes how over-the-top (OTT) applications hold the potential to transform digital entertainment.
Modern Radio Frequency Access Control Systems: The Key to Efficiency and SafetyAITIX LLC
Today's fast-paced environment worries companies of all sizes about efficiency and security. Businesses are constantly looking for new and better solutions to solve their problems, whether it's data security or facility access. RFID for access control technologies have revolutionized this.
Top IPTV UK Providers of A Comprehensive Review.pdfXtreame HDTV
The television landscape in the UK has evolved significantly with the rise of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). IPTV offers a modern alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, allowing viewers to stream live TV, on-demand videos, and other multimedia content directly to their devices over the internet. This review provides an in-depth look at the top IPTV UK providers, their features, pricing, and what sets them apart.
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
The Unbelievable Tale of Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping: A Riveting Sagagreendigital
Introduction
The notion of Dwayne Johnson kidnapping seems straight out of a Hollywood thriller. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, known for his larger-than-life persona, immense popularity. and action-packed filmography, is the last person anyone would envision being a victim of kidnapping. Yet, the bizarre and riveting tale of such an incident, filled with twists and turns. has captured the imagination of many. In this article, we delve into the intricate details of this astonishing event. exploring every aspect, from the dramatic rescue operation to the aftermath and the lessons learned.
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The Origins of the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping Saga
Dwayne Johnson: A Brief Background
Before discussing the specifics of the kidnapping. it is crucial to understand who Dwayne Johnson is and why his kidnapping would be so significant. Born May 2, 1972, Dwayne Douglas Johnson is an American actor, producer, businessman. and former professional wrestler. Known by his ring name, "The Rock," he gained fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) before transitioning to a successful career in Hollywood.
Johnson's filmography includes blockbuster hits such as "The Fast and the Furious" series, "Jumanji," "Moana," and "San Andreas." His charismatic personality, impressive physique. and action-star status have made him a beloved figure worldwide. Thus, the news of his kidnapping would send shockwaves across the globe.
Setting the Scene: The Day of the Kidnapping
The incident of Dwayne Johnson's kidnapping began on an ordinary day. Johnson was filming his latest high-octane action film set to break box office records. The location was a remote yet scenic area. chosen for its rugged terrain and breathtaking vistas. perfect for the film's climactic scenes.
But, beneath the veneer of normalcy, a sinister plot was unfolding. Unbeknownst to Johnson and his team, a group of criminals had planned his abduction. hoping to leverage his celebrity status for a hefty ransom. The stage was set for an event that would soon dominate worldwide headlines and social media feeds.
The Abduction: Unfolding the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping
The Moment of Capture
On the day of the kidnapping, everything seemed to be proceeding as usual on set. Johnson and his co-stars and crew were engrossed in shooting a particularly demanding scene. As the day wore on, the production team took a short break. providing the kidnappers with the perfect opportunity to strike.
The abduction was executed with military precision. A group of masked men, armed and organized, infiltrated the set. They created chaos, taking advantage of the confusion to isolate Johnson. Johnson was outnumbered and caught off guard despite his formidable strength and fighting skills. The kidnappers overpowered him, bundled him into a waiting vehicle. and sped away, leaving everyone on set in a state of shock and disbelief.
The Immediate Aftermath
The immediate aftermath of the Dwayne Johnson kidnappin
11. This plot " " climate over the last thousand years was stable. Therefore the recent " " global temperature rises be because of Simply this plot " " proves Man's guilt, and that we adopt a " " way of life as soon as possible. proved unnatural MUST Greener supposedly MUST man's effect upon the environment.
12. This plot " " climate over the last thousand years was stable. Therefore the recent " " global temperature rises be because of Simply this plot " " proves Man's guilt, and that we adopt a " " way of life as soon as possible. proved unnatural MUST Greener supposedly MUST man's effect upon the environment. To save the planet..
13. The IS important to " " it is also effecting you NOW. "Hockey stick" them
14. The IS important to " " it is also effecting you NOW. "Hockey stick" them
16. When this plot was first produced it is fair to say, it totally rewrote the past climate books / understanding of the time. Literally it replaced them. In the following series of slides I'll try to illustrate how the "Hockey stick" was made. You can then judge for yourselves whether it stands up to closer scrutiny or not.
23. Timescale Deliberately misinterpretted data set Wieghting Temp. scale no M.W.P. no L.I.A.
24. There are a few other areas we'll cover as well.. This diagram however is a bit "overcrowded" with concerns for the time being...
25. Timescale Deliberately misinterpretted data set Wieghting Temp. scale no M.W.P. no L.I.A.
26. First, we should look "back" to the previous best understanding of past climate. Paleoclimatology as it is called. Simply put it is merely our best guess / knowledge of what the climate was. Pre 1990, our understanding of paleoclimatology is probably well illustrated by the following examples.
28. a bit of background... Pre 1990 Most past temperature reconstructions looked something like
29. Untill about 1990, the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures were similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
30. Some "wiggly-ness" temperature plots from the 1990 IPCC report... Original caption: Figure 2: Temperature variations over the last million years. Courtesy of the British Antarctic Survey Please note the use of the terms, and, Although not on these figures, (or indicated) the term (Hint - growth of civilization) was also used... "Medieval Warm Period" "Little Ice Age" "Holocene Maximum"
31. Let us look at the 3 timescales covered by this diagram. The following "blow ups" effectively show the previous "consensus" view of what past climate was thought to be.
32. Let us look at the 3 timescales covered by this diagram. The following "blow ups" effectively show the previous "consensus" view of what past climate was thought to be. (Untill the "Hockey stick" replaced all this with a mere 1 thousand year climate "reconstruction"..)
84. "Wiggly-ness" Regardless of the timescale from 1,000,000 to 1,000 years the temperature constantly appears to rise and fall perfectly naturally..
88. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report. If "old school" past temp. reconstructions could be described as "wiggly", this plot depicts temp. as the "past was flat".
99. Another obvious difference between "wiggly-ness", and flat earth temperature plots is.. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
107. = 0.4 degrees celsius THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
108. Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
109. Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
110. Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
111. Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
112. Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
113. Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
114. = 1.9 degrees celsius Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
115. = 0.4 degrees celsius THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
116. = 1.9 degrees celsius Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
117. = 0.4 degrees celsius THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
118. = 1.9 degrees celsius Untill about 1990 the old school "consensus" (wiggly-ness) reconstructions of the last 1,000 years of global temperatures was similar to that shown in this chart from the 1990 IPCC report. (Probably roughly drawn from Lamb 1965)
119. IPCC 3rd Report (aka the new "consensus") Temperature reconstructions / plots. The beginning of the modern "flat earth society" (I wish that joke was funny... It would be if it were not so damned true.)
121. IPCC 1990 Figure 7c. Please note, not accreditied to anyone in IPCC report BUT, Steve McIntyre of climateaudit.org found the following...
122. Figure 2. Black - Lamb 1965 CET (with update); red - digitized IPCC 1990 Figure 1c. Maybe the IPCC hoped no one would defend it.. Nobody dared. Steve McIntyre investigated though. " I recently re-read Lamb 1965. It's Table 2 provided a table of Central England temperature estimates in 50 year intervals."
123. In the "old school" past climate reconstructions, "wiggly-ness" abounded vitually everywhere.
124. In the "old school" past climate reconstructions, "wiggly-ness" abounded vitually everywhere. In the new versions, everything appeared very flat. Untill very recently of course.
125. In the "old school" past climate reconstructions, "wiggly-ness" abounded vitually everywhere. In the new versions, everything appeared very flat. Untill very recently of course.
126. In the "old school" past climate reconstructions, "wiggly-ness" abounded vitually everywhere. In the new versions, everything appeared very flat. Untill very recently of course. The Flat Earth society
127. In the "old school" past climate reconstructions, "wiggly-ness" abounded vitually everywhere. In the new versions, everything appeared very flat. Untill very recently of course. Seems appropriate. The Flat Earth society
129. Can past (or present)climatic be found elsewhere, other than "old school" reconstructions. "Wiggly-ness"
130. Can past (or present)climatic be found elsewhere, other than "old school" reconstructions. "Wiggly-ness" YES, for example the sun..
131. Over the last 1,000 years, we see that (again using a reversed scale of C14 as a proxy) solar activity is highly correlated with long term temperature trends.
132. Look at the following reconstruction data by Judith Lean of the Naval Research Library and charted from her data at NOAA by Junkscience.com shows that interestingly, the sun's output does appear to be higher today than they have been in many, perhaps hundreds of years . Surely not "wiggly-ness" in the sun's output..
133. Look at the following reconstruction data by Judith Lean of the Naval Research Library and charted from her data at NOAA by Junkscience.com shows that interestingly, the sun's output does appear to be higher today than they have been in many, perhaps hundreds of years . Surely not "wiggly-ness" in the sun's output.. This is raising considerable concern at present, since the above was written the number of sun spots has considerably reduced.
134. An updated plot would show (and now do) a recent dramatic reduction. Solar Cycle 23 STILL has not finished If it continues.. (Solar cycle 23 was supposed to end in October 2007, typed May 2008)
135. An updated plot would show (and now do) a recent dramatic reduction. Solar Cycle 23 STILL has not finished If it continues.. The sun's output is not "flat" (obviously) and we WILL get colder. How much colder, for how long, nobody knows. How much human suffering, again nobody knows. (Solar cycle 23 was supposed to end in October 2007, typed June 2008)
136. An updated plot would show (and now do) a recent dramatic reduction. Solar Cycle 23 STILL has not finished If it continues.. The sun's output is not "flat" (obviously) and we WILL get colder. How much colder, for how long, nobody knows. How much human suffering, again nobody knows. BUT, it is obvious, preparing for warming alone WILL kill millions of the poor, the world over. (Solar cycle 23 was supposed to end in October 2007, typed June 2008)
137. I wish we would prepare (for cooling - just in case...) As surely as it was an iceburg that sank the Titanic, WE ARE LOOKING THE WRONG WAY.
138. I wish we would prepare (for cooling - just in case...) As surely as it was an iceburg that sank the Titanic, WE ARE LOOKING THE WRONG WAY. The present CO2 "obsession" is blinding us.
140. THE proof of AGW One of THE leading proponents of AGW, and realclimate.org founder member .nonsense Micheal Mann of the University of Massachusetts electrified the climate science world, and the political world as a whole, with his revised temp. reconstruction, shown here, (next slide) it's called The Hockey Stick.
147. So why was the Hockey Stick so influential ? - it appeared to provide a much more sophisticated statistical analysis than earlier efforts. It claimed to have "statistical skill", reporting highly significant verification RE and r2 statistics. It used - a much larger data set than had been considered in prior studies. Stephen McIntyre quote/s Ohio presentation, May 2008.
149. As an example of the "types" of statistical "methods" Mann et al employed, in making the Hockey Stick, I'll try to look at "weighting" simply.
150. An example of the effect of weighting. Imagine two data points, A = 10 and B = 2. The mean of these two data points is, 10 + 2 = 12 divided by 2 = 6 The mean of A and B is 6 If we decide we want to weight one of the data points by 390, for example (like Mann did..), how does this effect the mean of this example. (10x390) 3900 = (2x1) 2 = 3902 3902 divided by (390 = 1) 391 = 9.795 The (weighted) mean of A and B is 9.795
151. An example of the effect of weighting. Imagine two data points, A = 10 and B = 2. The mean of these two data points is, 10 + 2 = 12 divided by 2 = 6 The mean of A and B is 6 If we decide we want to weight one of the data points by 390, for example (like Mann did..), how does this effect the mean of this example. (10x390) 3900 = (2x1) 2 = 3902 3902 divided by (390 = 1) 391 = 9.795 The (weighted) mean of A and B is 9.795 Weighting can have a significant effect on what the data shows. Where used weighting should be realistically justified. If you like non-existent wild goose chases, try finding an explanation of Mann's justification of the weightings he used...
152. Data set A Data set B An example of the effect of weighting. Here is a plot showing two (imaginary) data sets, A (blue line) and B (green line),
153. Data set A Data set B Mean of A & B An example of the effect of weighting. Here is a plot showing two (imaginary) data sets, A (blue line) and B (green line), and, a black line for the mean of the two data sets.
154. An example of the effect of weighting. Here is a plot showing two (imaginary) data sets, A (blue line) and B (green line), and, a black line for the mean of the two data sets. The red (dashed) line is a weighted mean. Can you guess which data set I weighted by 390.....
155. Mean of A & B 390 weighted Mean of A & B An example of the effect of weighting. Here is a plot showing two (imaginary) data sets, A (blue line) and B (green line), and, a black line for the mean of the two data sets. The red (dashed) line is a weighted mean. Can you guess which data set I weighted by 390.....
156. An example of the effect of weighting. Here is a plot showing two (imaginary) data sets, A (blue line) and B (green line), and, a black line for the mean of the two data sets. The red (dashed) line is a weighted mean. Can you guess which data set I weighted by 390.....
157. Figure5: Two tree ring chronologies from the MBH98 data set. Top: Sheep Mountain, CA, USA. Bottom: Mayberry Slough, AR, USA. Both series are the same length, but due to the 20th Century trend in the top panel, Mann's algorithm gives it the weight of the bottom series in the PC1. 390 times
158. Figure5: Two tree ring chronologies from the MBH98 data set. Top: Sheep Mountain, CA, USA. Bottom: Mayberry Slough, AR, USA. Both series are the same length, but due to the 20th Century trend in the top panel, Mann's algorithm gives it the weight of the bottom series in the PC1. 390 times
159. Steve McIntyre quote regarding weighting, " This shows about as vividly as one could imagine that the hockey stick made out of bristlecone pine. " IS
161. Some other examples of the "methods" or "statistical techniques" Mann et al used.
162. Figure 4 . Reproduction of a chart in MM05a. Histog ram of ‘Hockey Stick’ Indexes of PC1s from red noise under conventional PC algorithm and under Mann PC algorithm. use a “dodgy” algorithm.. What if you..
163. It appears from the previous diagram that the algorithm Mann used would split a data set up into three bands (effectively) high, medium, and low. The high and low "sets" would give a similar shaped plot to the original dataset, but the temperature shown would be higher or lower than the complete dataset. The unused portions of the datasets were then (mostly) put into the censored files.
164. Figure 9. Removal of the bristlecone pines from the AD1400 network changes the results from the red line to the pink line, thereby removing the characteristic “hockey stick” shape and leaving behind mere noise. Source: Wahl and Ammann (2005) http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/ammann/millennium/recon/WEB_examples.jpg (unpublished). omit data… What if you..
165. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
166. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
167. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
168. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
169. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
170. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
171. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
172. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
173. “it is interesting to examine the first 5 PC series in the CENSORED file at Mann's FTP site." These PC series have been calculated from the 50 non-bristlecone pine series and obviously there is no 20th Century hockey stick shaped series among them. These PC series have presumably been calculated with Mann's flawed method, but even this method could not mine a hockey stick shape without the bristlecones.
175. http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=2153#more-2153 Yes "R" rated tree ring data... Many climate audit readers will remember Mann's "CENSORED" directory, in which Mann calculated principal components on a network that excluded bristlecone pines (which needless to say didn't have a HS shape..) Now Juckes et al introduce us to a new type of climate data: "restricted" data. The Team has introduced a novel classification system - PG and R. Juckes et al say that the Indigirka series is R - rated and so it can't be used in their reconstruction.
176. http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=2153#more-2153 Here are their exact words from the Euro Hockey Team for excluding the Indigirka series: " The Indigirka series used by MSH2005 is not used here because IT IS NOT AVALIABLE FOR UNRESTRICTED USE. "
177. http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=2153#more-2153 Here are their exact words from the Euro Hockey Team for excluding the Indigirka series: " The Indigirka series used by MSH2005 is not used here because IT IS NOT AVALIABLE FOR UNRESTRICTED USE. "
178. Fortunately, this CO2 “obsession” has not taken over the whole world YET. (It is close to doing so however.)
179. Fortunately, this CO2 “obsession” has not taken over the whole world YET. Some research is still done in climate science that shows (It is close to doing so however.)
180. Fortunately, this CO2 “obsession” has not taken over the whole world YET. Some research is still done in climate science that shows (It is close to doing so however.) "Wiggly-ness"
181. There still is good reason to hope this mess can be turned around. Regardless of the (so called) "Settled science"
182. There still is good reason to hope this mess can be turned around. Regardless of the (so called) "Settled science" Time
183. There still is good reason to hope this mess can be turned around. Regardless of the (so called) "Settled science" Time will
184. There still is good reason to hope this mess can be turned around. Regardless of the (so called) "Settled science" Time will tell
185. There still is good reason to hope this mess can be turned around. Regardless of the (so called) Time will tell Put another way, mother nature batted first, is still batting, and will continue to bat, way after man has left the field. We still have not even got hold of the bat, it is still firmly in her grip. "Settled science"
186. There still is good reason to hope this mess can be turned around. Regardless of the (so called) Time will tell Put another way, mother nature batted first, is still batting, and will continue to bat, way after man has left the field. We still have not even got hold of the bat, it is still firmly in her grip. However some try to delude themselves (and us) of reality. "Settled science"
187. Other examples of recent natural variation supporting research (Tree and none tree studies)
188. CLIMATIC CHANGES IN SUBARCTIC EURASIA BASED ON MILLENNIAL TREE RING CHRONOLOGIES Olga V. Sidorova, Mukhtar M. Naurzbaev, Eugene A. Vaganov V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Source - http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T3-016.pdf
189. The Eurasian long-term tree-ring chronologies have revealed the global climate fluctuations (Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age, current warming.) As last as a current temperature changes are characterized the spatial heterogeneity - different value of temperature fluctuation in different subarctic sectors. Current warming started at the beginnig of the 19th Century and presently does not exceed the amplitude of the medieval warming. The tree ring chronologies do not indicate unusually abrupt temp. rise during the last century, which could be reliably associated with greenhouse gas increasing in the atmosphere of our planet. The current period is characterised by heterogeneous warming effects in the subarctic regions of Eurasia. Conclusions (of this study)
190. Fig. 2. Combined northern Eurasia tree ring chronology. Source - http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T3-016.pdf
192. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research.
193. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. (Your shocked, arn't you..)
194. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. Multi proxy ones at that. (Your shocked, arn't you..)
195. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. Multi proxy ones at that. (Your shocked, arn't you..) (Now your worried..)
196. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. Multi proxy ones at that. DO NOT BE, (Your shocked, arn't you..) (Now your worried..)
197. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. Multi proxy ones at that. DO NOT BE, ALL the proxies in the next study have been verified (independently checked) as to their validity and robustness. The sources are given, and can be checked as well. (Your shocked, arn't you..) (Now your worried..)
198. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. Multi proxy ones at that. DO NOT BE, ALL the proxies in the next study have been verified (independently checked) as to their validity and robustness. The sources are given, and can be checked as well. (Your shocked, arn't you..) (Now your worried..) THE STUDY, using 18 dif. proxies & no weighting issues
199. There are other “wiggly-ness” science studies in present climate research. Multi proxy ones at that. DO NOT BE, ALL the proxies in the next study have been verified (independently checked) as to their validity and robustness. The sources are given, and can be checked as well. (Your shocked, arn't you..) (Now your worried..) THE STUDY, using 18 dif. proxies & no weighting issues IS
200. A 2000-YEAR GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON NON-TREE RING PROXIES By Craig Loehle, Ph.D. and J. Huston McCulloch 2008 by Craig Loehle, Ph.D. 2007 "corrected", post pier review, - wink, wink, nudge, nudge...faired better than Mann... http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/AGW/Loehle/Loehle_McC_E&E_2008.pdf source
201.
202. Craig Loehle Relatively easy to understand what and how was done in this study. If you wanted to check it, it would not be too difficult. Open, as good science is meant to be. Unlike Mann et al.
204. Figure 2. Corrected reconstruction with 95% confidence intervals. Data for this graph is online at <http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/AGW/Loehle/> A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies
205. Figure 2. Corrected reconstruction with 95% confidence intervals. Data for this graph is online at <http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/AGW/Loehle/> A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies
206. Figure 2. Corrected reconstruction with 95% confidence intervals. Data for this graph is online at <http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/AGW/Loehle/> Mann et al Time period. A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies
207. Figure 2. Corrected reconstruction with 95% confidence intervals. Data for this graph is online at <http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/AGW/Loehle/> Mann et al Time period. A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies
208. Figure 2. Corrected reconstruction with 95% confidence intervals. Data for this graph is online at <http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/AGW/Loehle/> A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies
209. A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies “The main significance of the results here is not the details of every wiggle, which are probably not reliable, but the overall picture of the 2,000 pattern showing the MWP and LIA timing and curve shapes." The study concluded, amongst other points, that, (Please note the above "every wiggle". You thought I was being "unscientific" using "wiggly-ness".)
210. Let us make a Hockey stick plot from the Greenland ice core data to illustrate
211. How to make a hockey stick… There are many, many ways to get a graph or plot to "show what you want". Here, we will use just 5 of the "techniques" Mann et al used. Let us employ them one at a time, with the Greenland ice core data set.
213. Data set choice. I have only used one simple data set, the Greenland ice core data records that go back 49,981 years before present (BP), "present" being 1997. This record consists of, temperature in degrees celsius for central Greenland for a given time, expressed as years BP. Simply a two number entry for each data point. Choosing a data set is a difficult task, it should be, "relevant" yet "impartial" accurate and unbiased. A complex minefield in short, open to question, but science should always question.
216. Timescale. This can have great influence on the choice of data set. Too short a data set has obvious problems, how do you study what is not recorded. Too long a set of data is not an issue, it is just where do you cut the data off. This sounds "inoffensive" enough, cutting off a data set, but can have dramatic effects. You can "cut out" what you do not want. (Intensionally or not.) Let us see if we can effect what is “shown” by timescale choice.
217. An “inoffensive” timescale cut off effect simile. Imagine you find a long lost favourite family recipe for Sheperd's pie. The recipe is not complete though, part of the page/s is missing. You do not know how much of the page, or pages, is missing, but you can read. “Now put the pie under the grill until the cheese topping is browned, maybe even a little charred in places." Would you know enough to make the family it’s favourite meal ? Would you know the oven setting, or how long to cook the dish, or what ingredients to use, the proportions or weights of the ingredients. (and as for those "secret" ingredients that make all the difference...) No, obviously.
219. 49,981 years BP is obviously too long a time scale for the purpose here. We will reduce it to a more reasonable 10,500 years BP. First though, a note about data points.
220. The “as is” plot, please note the time scale along the bottom. It is skewed. This is because the number of data points varies for different time periods (I do not know why). Below is a plot of the number of measurements per 1,000 years BP.
234. Certainly the last thousand years, or less, would not seem to tell us much of particular interest, or relevance. That however, is a mute point, "relevance". What is wanted here is a timescale to produce a result, nothing more. A "hockey stick" plot.
235. Certainly the last thousand years, or less, would not seem to tell us much of particular interest, or relevance. That however, is a mute point, "relevance". What is wanted here is a timescale to produce a result, nothing more. A "hockey stick" plot. So, let us reduce the timescale to see if we can produce the “desired” result.
236. Omitted time period of ice core record. On this plot what is the new time scale.
238. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 10,500 years. This time period has “removed” the ice age, so the scaling of temperature needed to include ice age temperature variation can (has to) be reduced.
239. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 10,500 years. The temperature scale needed to plot this smaller part of the data set can be reduced from, (including ice age) Full plot = -28C to -54C = 26 degrees. to, (present interglacial or Holcene) 10,500 = -28.5C to -33C = 4.5 degrees.
240. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 10,500 years. The temperature scale needed to plot this smaller part of the data set can be reduced from, (including ice age) Full plot = -28C to -54C = 26 degrees. to, (present interglacial or Holcene) 10,500 = -28.5C to -33C = 4.5 degrees.
241. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 10,500 years. The temperature scale needed to plot this smaller part of the data set can be reduced from, (including ice age) Full plot = -28C to -54C = 26 degrees. to, (present interglacial or Holcene) 10,500 = -28.5C to -33C = 4.5 degrees.
242. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 10,500 years. The temperature scale needed to plot this smaller part of the data set can be reduced from, (including ice age) Full plot = -28C to -54C = 26 degrees. to, (present interglacial or Holcene) 10,500 = -28.5C to -33C = 4.5 degrees.
249. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 2,006 years. Less than 2 tenths of the Holocene.
250. Omitted time period of ice core record. On this plot what is the new time scale.
251. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 2,006 years. A longer time period for Mann et al would of presented another "problem" period.
252. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 2,006 years. Rather than just the one.
253. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 2,006 years. Choosing a shorter timescale meant less “processing”….
255. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 2,006 years. Reducing the time scale to a mere 751 years has an effect though.
256. Reducing the timescale to 751 years... 751 divided by 10,500 times 100 = 7.152 % of the Holocene time period.
257. Reducing the timescale to 751 years... 751 divided by 10,500 times 100 = 7.152 % of the Holocene time period.
258. Reducing the timescale to 751 years... 751 divided by 10,500 times 100 = 7.152 % of the Holocene time period. RIDICULOUS.
259. Mann et al's timescale 1,000 years... 1,000 divided by 10,500 times 100 = 9.523 % of the Holocene time period.
260. Mann et al's timescale 1,000 years... 1,000 divided by 10,500 times 100 = 9.523 % of the Holocene time period.
261. Mann et al's timescale 1,000 years... 1,000 divided by 10,500 times 100 = 9.523 % of the Holocene time period. Not much less RIDICULOUS.
262. The complete Greenland ice core data set for the last 751 years. Timescale alone though can “deal” with it..
263. Omitted time period of ice core record. On this plot what is the new time scale.
264. The complete Greenland ice core data set of 49,981 years Before Present, down to the last 751 years. Mann, what happened to the “wiggly-ness”.. Timescale has quite an effect on the plots. I doubt it effects the climate much though.
266. Temperature Scaling Always useful to emphasize or hide want you want or do not want to "show" in a plot or graph. If, for instance you have picked or used (or "made" by "processing techniques") a data set that shows little variation. Then careful scaling can create the impression it shows variation, when really there is too little... (Hint - Watch the vertical scale)
284. 4 - Algorithm use. (We will not actually omit data, we are better than that.)
285. Algorithms and other statistical techniques These are the least obvious and sometimes the most powerful ways to show what you want, rather than what the data actually portrays. Modern computers give the oppotunity to calculate the data so many ways and with such subtlety that it can be well nigh on impossible to detect it, let alone know what has or has not been "calculated"... I have not omitted any data, I have just subtracted a couple of tenths of a degree from about a dozen data points, IT'S THAT EASY...
294. The effect of an algorithm graphically depicted (6), the hockey stick and the corrected temperature curve (green line) by McIntyre between 1400 and 1980 (The green curve is not intended to indicate the true temperature, but to show a correct use of the data)
295. Two data points further moved 629783(-0.05), and 51961 ( + 0.1). One or two more are further moved for good measure,
296. Two data points further moved 629783(-0.05), and 51961 ( + 0.1).
298. We have a nice, flat base for our “hockey stick”
299. 5 - Mixing of data sets, and the deliberate misrepresentation of data
300. Mixed or mixing of data sets Never a good idea this, but the Greenland data set is complete to about 1900, so we'll add known temperature variations since, as seems generally agreed by most people. ie, O.7C rise over the 20th Century, and a fall back of about 0.6C (including a 3 to 4 year stasis) since then to now (May 2008). Before adding modern measured temp. increases, first we'll return to Mann's mixing of data sets. Mann used 112 data sets of the 300 + the study had access to. One data set specically had quite an effect..
301. The last part of the data set Mann et al used was taken from a record that stated that the increased ring width was due to other factors than temperature. Mann used the increased ring width to infer increased temperature, a clear, and dishonest use of the data set. This was done by Mann knowingly.
302. http://www.ornery.org/essays/warwatch/2007-03-04-1.html All in a Good Cause a quote from, " What were those bad numbers Mann plugged in to get his fake results? Modern bristlecone pine tree-ring data in which recent tree rings showed the widths that would normally mean unusually warm weather. However, these trees were located near temperature recording stations that showed lower than usual temperatures. So, instead of being a sign of warmer temperatures, the trees are actually responding to the increased CO2 levels."
303. Put another way, CO2 is an atmospheric plant fertilizer, NOT A POLLUTANT.
304. Put another way, CO2 is an atmospheric plant fertilizer, NOT A POLLUTANT.
305. increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere means plants grow better. Ever wondered why plants were so big in dinosaur illustrations. Higher CO2 levels meant bigger plants. Yes, REALLY,
306. increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere means plants grow better. Ever wondered why plants were so big in dinosaur illustrations. Higher CO2 levels meant bigger plants. Yes, REALLY, It's that simple.
307. The data set Mann inferred temperature from, that the original author said, THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
308. This is the effect of one data set that Mann deliberately misinterpreted.. It is obvious why he did so. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report. DID NOT represent temperature had quite an effect.
309. This is the effect of one data set that Mann deliberately misinterpreted.. It is obvious why he did so. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
310. This is the effect of one data set that Mann deliberately misinterpreted.. It is obvious why he did so. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
311. This is the effect of one data set that Mann deliberately misinterpreted.. It is obvious why he did so. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
312. This is the effect of one data set that Mann deliberately misinterpreted.. It is obvious why he did so. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
313. This is the effect of one data set that Mann deliberately misinterpreted.. It is obvious why he did so. THE "Hockey stick" graph from the 3rd IPCC report.
314. There are many, many other ways to get plots, graphs, histograms, etc, etc, to show what you want them to show, REGARDLESS OF THE DATA. In short, before you can understand what a plot shows, first you must understand the assumptions behind the statistical processes used that created the plotted data..
316. Having “carefully” selecting data, and timescale, We can now mix in modern instrument records of temperature. In the last century, (ice core records stop 95 years BP) these records show,
317.
318. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius.
319. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
320. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
321. My Greenland ice core Hockey stick plot a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
322. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
323. My Greenland ice core Hockey stick plot a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
324. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
325. My Greenland ice core Hockey stick plot a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
326. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
327. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
328. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
329. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
330. In only the last century or so.. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
331. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
332. O.M.G. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
333. O.M.G. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
334. O.M.G. Look at that go. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
335. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
336. We are a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
337. We are DOOMED. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
338. We are DOOMED. We are killing the planet. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
339. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
340. so "they" are telling us... Politicians mainly, ie Al Gore, and one or two "scientists" ie Mann et al. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
341. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
342. Usually just before clobbering us with new "Green" taxes... a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
343. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
344. Who is the "vested interest" in this.. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
345. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
346. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
347. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens.. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
348. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens.. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows.
349. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
350. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
351. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
352. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
353. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
354. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
355. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
356. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
357. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
358. Are you a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
359. Are you shocked a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
360. or a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
361. are you a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
362. are you surprised a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
363. or a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
364. are you a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
365. are you annoyed a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
366. a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
367. by being taken in by such an obvious a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
368. by being taken in by such an obvious a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens.. HOAX
369. by being taken in by such an obvious a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
370. by being taken in by such an obvious a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens.. HOAX
371. by being taken in by such an obvious a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens..
372. by being taken in by such an obvious a rise in temperature of 0.7 degrees celsius. This can be added to the plot as follows. Since 1998 however temperature has fallen. So if we plot that as well, what happens.. HOAX
379. I hope I’ve shown how easy it is to produce something that is nothing more than a fraudulent figment of my imagination. (It’s useless, but it hopefully illustrates the point..) “THE GREENLAND HOCKEY STICK PLOT” (Modern climate science is not what it should be.)
382. An observation. Mann et al used “error bars”, the grey areas in the plots of the hockey stick. This was to show possible errors in the data, both positive and negative of the value plotted. Interestingly, if you “imagine” periods of positive and negative errors in the data as plotted, you can see what follows could be plotted from their data.... (Even when done very roughly.)
394. Mann et al’s “Hockey stick” plot of the “consensus” view of our planet's past 1,000 year climate "history" was (and some still regard as IS) one of the first building blocks of what has become the biggest scam in human history so far. “Man made” Global Warming Richard S. Courtney summed it up best for me as, the attempted justification of, “taxes you HAVE to pay”
397. Sources used. http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html http://www.klimanotizen.de/html/newsletter_13e.html http://www.ncasi.org/publications/Detail.aspx?id=3025 My excel sheet - available via email, - just join the forum at globalwarmingskeptics.info and PM me (Derek) your email address, I'll send you a copy of the Excel sheet as used here.
401. MUST READ Sources. http://www.ornery.org/essays/warwatch/2007-03-04-1.html Civilization Watch First appeared in print in The Rhinoceros Times, Greensboro, NC By Orson Scott Card March 4 2007. All in a Good Cause
402. http://www.ornery.org/essays/warwatch/2007-03-04-1.html Some quotes from, All in a Good Cause "Here's a story you haven't heard, and you should have." "This means that Mann knew exactly what he was doing." "This was not an accident." "What he (Mann) published was the results that made his ideological case."
403. "Anybody who cares to can verify the story." "Where's the press?" "This story is true."