Gender Definitions Socialization Wage gap Housework gap ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 1 Sex and Gender sex – biological term for anatomical, hormonal, and genetic characteristics that determine whether one if female or male gender – socially constructed personal traits, social positions, and expectations that members of a society attach to being male or female gender roles – attitudes and activities that society links to each sex gendering – assigning gender roles, through socialization and social interactions ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. Gender Socialization Socialization: the process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure, making those elements part of their own personality Socializing agents: family, peers, media ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 3 Gendered wage gap gendered wage gap – men make more than women, on average, even when they have the same education, training, and hours worked $.81, on average – worse for Black and Latino women human capital theory – men make more than women, on average, because they have higher levels of education, training and hours worked – explains some but not all of the gap ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 4 The Gender Pay Gap ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 5 ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. Explanations for wage gap Occupational segregation–women and men are distributed among different jobs/industries “Women’s jobs” pay less–occupations predominantly filled by women are paid lower wages compared with occupations predominantly filled by men Within job wage discrimination – on average, women receive lower wages than men even within a given occupation/organization ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 7 Male- and female-dominated fields ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 8 ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. Culture and policy solutions encourage girls to go into traditionally male-dominated fields comparable worth increasing pay transparency and enforcement of anti-discrimination Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009) Paycheck Fairness Act (2011) Obama’s 2014 Executive Order ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. Time Use in a Typical Day ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 11 Gendered household division of labor ‹#› © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 12 Explanations for gendered housework Exchange theory Spouses exchange their time availability and relative resources. The spouse making more money and/or doing more hours of paid work will be able to exchange that for doing less housework. This should help the family function more productively. Doing gender By doing more/less housework, wives/husbands are fulfilling the role expectations for that social status. We are acting out our social scripts for gender by displaying different behaviors/expectations/sanctions. Feminism Our gendered division of labor is a consequence of men continuing to hav ...

1. Gender
Definitions
Socialization
Wage gap
Housework gap
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
1
Sex and Gender
sex – biological term for anatomical, hormonal, and genetic
characteristics that determine whether one if female or male
gender – socially constructed personal traits, social positions,
and expectations that members of a society attach to being male
or female
gender roles – attitudes and activities that society links to each
sex
gendering – assigning gender roles, through socialization and
social interactions

2. ‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Gender Socialization
Socialization: the process by which individuals internalize
elements of the social structure, making those elements part of
their own personality
Socializing agents: family, peers, media
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
3
Gendered wage gap
gendered wage gap – men make more than women, on average,
even when they have the same education, training, and hours
worked
$.81, on average – worse for Black and Latino women
human capital theory – men make more than women, on
average, because they have higher levels of education, training
and hours worked – explains some but not all of the gap
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

3. 4
The Gender Pay Gap
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
5
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Explanations for wage gap
Occupational segregation–women and men are distributed
among different jobs/industries
“Women’s jobs” pay less–occupations predominantly filled by
women are paid lower wages compared with occupations
predominantly filled by men
Within job wage discrimination – on average, women receive
lower wages than men even within a given
occupation/organization

4. ‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
7
Male- and female-dominated fields
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
8
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Culture and policy solutions
encourage girls to go into traditionally male-dominated fields
comparable worth
increasing pay transparency and enforcement of anti-

5. discrimination
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009)
Paycheck Fairness Act (2011)
Obama’s 2014 Executive Order
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Time Use in a Typical Day
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
11
Gendered household division of labor
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
12
Explanations for gendered housework
Exchange theory

6. Spouses exchange their time availability and relative resources.
The spouse making more money and/or doing more hours of
paid work will be able to exchange that for doing less
housework.
This should help the family function more productively.
Doing gender
By doing more/less housework, wives/husbands are fulfilling
the role expectations for that social status.
We are acting out our social scripts for gender by displaying
different behaviors/expectations/sanctions.
Feminism
Our gendered division of labor is a consequence of men
continuing to have more power in the family and workplace, and
is a cause of further gender inequality.
‹#›
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
The Price of Glory Critical Review (1200-1500 words)
What is the main argument that Horne presents in the reading?
What were some of the challenges that the combatants faced in
the Verdun battle? Why was the battle one of the bloodiest of
WWI? What does the battle of Verdun tell about the WWI in
general? How did the combatants portray the battle and the war
in general? Make sure to answer these questions and support
your argument using evidence from the book. Please make sure
to cite your evidence with in-text citations and references and
include a thesis statement.
Submission Instruction:
· Essay length: 1200-1500 words (4-5 pages, double spaced).
· Must include an introduction paragraph containing a thesis
statement that expresses your argument and how you intend to

7. defend it.
· Must include source material from the Horne book as
evidence. You may also use your textbook and other source
material in addition to Horne.
· All source material must be cited using in-text citations and
referenced (Reference page is required).
· Must contain a conclusion paragraph briefly summarizing your
main points.
· Essay needs to be in APA format.