GE2221-Engineering-Graphics_Course-Materials.pptx

GE2221 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
syllabus

Content of the Presentation
Engineering Graphics
5
 Introduction to Engineering Graphics
 Standards (BIS)
 Drawing Instruments
 Lettering
 Line types
 Dimensioning
 Projection Methods
 Quadrant system
 Introduction to all the units

INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing
7
 Drawing
Describing any object/ information
diagrammatically
 Engineering Drawing
Graphical means of expression of technical details
without the barrier of a language.
Universal language for engineers

Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing Cont.,
8
 Graphical representation of an object – Drawing
 Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object that
contains all information
- like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction.
- No construction / manufacturing of any (man -made)
engineering objects is possible without engineering
drawing.

What will you learn in this course?
9
 You will learn - How industry communicates
technical information.
 Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual
information.
 Graphics theory – geometry and projection
techniques.
 Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are
made and technical drawings are represented.

What will you learn in this course? Cont.,
10
 Conventions – commonly accepted practices and
methods used for technical drawings.
 Tools – devices used to create technical drawings
and models.
 Applications – the various uses for technical
drawings.

 Engineering drawing is completely different from artistic
drawing, which are used to express aesthetic,
philosophical, and abstract ideas.
CADD
 Computer has a major impact on the methods used to
design and create technical drawings.
 Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less
time consuming.
11
Engineering
Drawing
Manual
Drawing

ISO International Standards Organization
ANSI
JIS
BS
AS
DIN
• American National Standard Institute
Japanese Industrial Standard
•British Standard
Australian Standard
•Deutsches Institute for Normung
Bureau of Indian Standards
USA
Japan
UK
Australia
Germany
India
Countr
y
Cod
e
Full
name
BIS
13
Standard Code

BIS standards
14
BIS Code Topics
IS 10711:2001 Size and Layout of Drawing
sheets
IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses
IS 9609:2001 Lettering
IS 15021:2001 Projection Methods
IS 11669:1986 Dimensioning

Instruments required for drawing
16
 Drawing board
 Drawing sheet [A3 Size]
 Mini-drafter / T- square
 Instrument box (Compass, Divider, Protractor etc.,)
 Drawing pencils [H, 2H, HB]
 Scales, Sharpener, Eraser
 Drawing clip / pin / adhesive tape

2.Drawing Sheets
18
A Series Formats (mm)
A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105

Drawing Sheets cont.,
19
A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105

Drawing space Drawing
space
Title block
d
d
c
c
c
Border
lines
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)
Orientation of drawing sheet
Title block
A0 Engin
2
ee
0
ring Graphic
2
s 5
20
Sheet size c (min) d
(min)
A4 10 25
A3 10 20
A2 10 25
A1 20 25

A3 Drawing sheet - Dimensions
21

3. Mini –Drafter and T-Square
22

Drawing Board with Drafter and Sheet
23

4. Instrument Box
24

5.Drawing Pencils
25
 Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers
and letters
 Mechanical clutch pencils – Not allowed
7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
HB to F – Medium grade
H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
 Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H
and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.

Grades and designation of wooden
pencils
26

Grades and designation of wooden pencils
27

6.Scales, Sharpener, Eraser
28

7.Drawing clip / pin / adhesive tape
29

Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size
:
28

Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1
SCALE X:1
SCALE 1:X
for full size
for enlargement scales
for reduction scales
(X > 1)
(X > 1)
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are
correspond to “true size” of the object and they are
independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.
29

Line types
34

Line types cont.,
35

Lines used in Dimensioning
37
 Dimensioning requires the use of
Dimension lines
Extension lines
Leader lines
 All three line types are drawn thin so that they
will not be confused with visible lines.

Dimension Line
38
 Dimension line: A line terminated by
arrowheads, which indicates the direction and
extent of a dimension.

Extension Line
Long extension
lines should be
avoided.
39
 Extension line: An extension line is a thin solid
line that extends from a point on the drawing to
which the dimension refers.

Leader Line
40
 Leader Line: A straight inclined thin solid line
that is usually terminated by an arrowhead.

Leader Line
41
 Leaders may be terminated:
with an arrow, if it ends on the outline of an
object.

Leader Line
42
with a dot if it ends within the outline of an
object.

Leader Line
43
without an arrowhead or dot, if it ends within the
outline of an object.

Arrow heads
44
 Arrowheads are used as terminators on dimension lines.
 The standard size ratio for all arrowheads on mechanical
drawings is 3:1 (length to width).
4th
1st 2nd Engineerin3
grG
draphics
200
R 8.5
Of the four different arrowhead types that are authorized by the
national standard, ASME Y14.2M – 1994, a filled arrowhead is
the highest preference.

Arrowheads
45
 Arrowheads are drawn between the extension
lines if possible. If space is limited, they may
be drawn on the outside.

Exercise
46
 List the dimensioning mistakes and then
dimension the object correctly.

What are the 6 dimensioning mistakes?

1) Spacing
6) Missing dim. (ɸof hole)
3 & 4) T
ext
5) No Gap
2) Don’t dim. inside the object.

Lettering
51
 Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales
and other details on a drawing
 Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity, ease,
rapidity, and suitability for microfilming/ photocopying/any
other photographic processes
 No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
 Plain letters and numerals which are clearly distinguishable
from each other in order to avoid any confusion even in
case of slight mutilations

Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Curved
Horizontal
3
2
3
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter
Examples : Application of basic stroke
1
4 5
6
52

Lettering cont.,
53

Stroke Sequence
I T
54
L

V X W
Stroke Sequence
55

O Q G
Stroke Sequence
56

6
8
0
Stroke Sequence
S 3
57

Stroke Sequence
j y f
r
t
55

Stroke Sequence
c o a b
d p q e
56

Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.
Example
ALL ODIMENSIONS OAREOIN
MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE OSPECIFIED.
57
Sentence Composition

Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
There are 2 types of LOS :
Parallel projection
Line of sight
Perspective projection
Line of sight
parallel and
62
converge

PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
Parallel
63

PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
61

Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection
Plane of projection
Perspective projection
Plane of projection
62

Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size. Width is distorted
66

X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
X Y
Y
Observer
1ST Quad.
2nd Quad.
VP
HP
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,
IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLYAPPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
68
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDER
E
S
ng
T
in
A
eN
eri
D
ngIG
LrL
ap
U
hiS
csTRATION PROPERLLY
.

First angle vs. Third angle Projection
69
First angle Projection Third angle Projection
Object placed in FQ is above
HP and in front of VP
Object placed in TQ is below
HP and behind of VP
Front view is draw above
reference line
Front view is draw below
reference line
T
op view is arranged below FV T
op view is arranged above FV
Left side view is on the right
side of FV and Right view is on
the left side of FV
Left side view is on the left side
of FV and Right view is on the
right side of FV
Symbol Symbol

PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND
SKETCHING
Unit 1
71

SKETCHING
72
 Engineering Curves
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
 Special Curves
Cycloids
 Epicycloid
 Hypocycloid
Involutes

SKETCHING
73
 Free hand
sketching

PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES
AND PLANE SURFACES
Unit II
74

HP
VP
a’
a
A
POINTA IN
1ST QUADRANT
OBSERVER
VP
HP
POINTA IN
2ND QUADRANT
OBSERVER
a’
a
A
OBSERVER
a
a’
POINTA IN
3RD QUADRANT
HP
VP
A
OBSERVER
a
a’
POINTA IN
4 QUADRANT
TH
HP
VP
A
Point A is
Placed In
different
quadrants
and it’s Fv & Tv
are brought in
same plane for
Observer to see
clearly.
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP
. But as Tv is
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp
comes above.
Observe and
note the
process.
PROJECE
T
nIg
O
ine
N
erinO
g G
F
rap
P
hic
O
s INTS
75

A
a
a’
a’
A
a
A
a
a’
X
Y
X
Y
X
Y
For Tv
For Tv
For Tv
POINTAABOVE HP
& INFRONT OF VP
POINTA IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP
POINTAABOVE HP
& IN VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT
.
PICTORIAL
PRESENTATION
PICTORIAL
PRESENTATION
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALLABOVE CASES.
X Y
a
a’
VP
HP
X Y
a’
VP
HP Engineering Graphics
a X Y
a
VP
HP
a’
Fv above xy,
Tv below xy.
Fv above xy,
Tv on xy.
Fv on xy,
Tv below xy.
76

X
Y
X
Y
b’
a’
b
a
a b
a’
b’
B
A
TV
FV
A
B
X Y
H.P
.
Orthographic Pattern
V
.P
. a’
b’
Tv a b
Fv
X Y
H.P
.
V
.P
.
a’
a b
b’
Fv
Tv
For Tv
For Tv
Note:
Fv is a vertical line
Showing True Length
&
Tv is a point.
Note:
Fv & Tv both are
// to xy
&
both show T
. L.
1.
(Pictorial Presentation)
2.
A Line
perpendicular
to Hp
&
// to Vp
A Line
// to Hp
&
// to Vp
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation)
PROJECE
T
nIg
O
ine
N
erinO
g G
F
rap
L
hiI
cN
s ES
77

PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND
PLANE SURFACES
78
 PROJECTION OF PLANE SURFACES

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Unit III
79

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
80

• PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SURFACES
Unit IV
81

SECTION OF SOLIDS
82

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS
83

ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTIONS
Unit V
84

ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
85

PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
86

87
Thank You

Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop in students, graphic skills for communication of concepts, ideas and design of
Engineering products.
 To expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings.
CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS (Not for Examination)
Importance of graphics in engineering applications – Use of drafting instruments – BIS conventions and
specifications – Size, layout and folding of drawing sheets – Lettering and dimensioning.
UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
Basic Geometrical constructions, Curves used in engineering practices: Conics – Construction of ellipse,
parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method – Construction of cycloid – construction of involutes of
square and circle – Drawing of tangents and normal to the above curves, Scales: Construction of Diagonal
and Vernier scales. Visualization concepts and Free Hand sketching: Visualization principles –
Representation of Three Dimensional objects – Layout of views- Free hand sketching of multiple views from
pictorial views of objects
UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES
Orthographic projection- principles-Principal planes-First angle projection-projection of points. Projection
of straight lines (only First angle projections) inclined to both the principal planes - Determination of true
lengths and true inclinations by rotating line method and traces Projection of planes (polygonal and
circular surfaces) inclined to both the principal planes by rotating object method
UNIT III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone and truncated solids when the axis is
inclined to one of the principal planes by rotating object method.
UNIT IV PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position when the cutting plane is inclined to the one of the
principal planes and perpendicular to the other – obtaining true shape of section. Development of lateral
surfaces of simple and sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones.
UNIT V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
Principles of isometric projection – isometric scale –Isometric projections of simple solids and truncated
solids - Prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones- combination of two solid objects in simple vertical positions.
Perspective projection of simple solids-Prisms, pyramids and cylinders by visual ray method.
Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering
Unit
No.
Topics Page
No.
1 Plane Curves and Free Hand Sketching …. 10
Engineering Curves: Ellipse, Parabola & Hyperbola 10
Construction of Cycloid 10
Construction of Involutes 10
Scale : Diagonal and Vernier scales 10
Free Hand Sketching 11
Plane Curves & Free Hand Sketching –Assignment 6 12
2 Projection of Points, Lines and Plane
Surfaces
………………………………………………...
2
Orthographic Projection of Points 2
Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines 2
Projection of Straight Lines – Assignment 1 3
Orthographic Projection of Planes 3
Orthographic Projection of Planes – Assignment 2 4
3 Projection of Solid …………………………………. 4
Orthographic Projection of Solids 4
Truncated Solids 6
Orthographic Projection of Solids – Assignment 3 5
4 Projection of Sectioned Solids and
Development of Surfaces ………………………
5
Section of Solids 5
Development of Surface 6
Sectioned Solids & Development of Surfaces –
Assignment 4
7
5 Isometric and Perspective Projections ….. 7
Isometric Projection 7
Perspective Projection 8
Isometric & Perspective Projections –
Assignment 5
9

Orthographic Projection of Points
1. Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference
line.
 Point P, 50 mm behind the VP and 15 mm above the HP.
 Point Q, 40 mm below the HP and in the VP.
 Point R, 40 mm in front of the VP and 30 mm above the HP.
 Point S, 30 mm in front of the VP and 50 mm below the HP.
 Point T, 35 mm behind the VP and 20 mm below the HP.
2. From the figure below, determine the position of the Points with
reference to the projection planes.
Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines
1. One end P of a line PQ 70 mm long is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 25 mm
above H.P. the line is inclined at 400
to the H.P. and 300
to the V.P. Draw the
projections of PQ and find its vertical & Horizontal trace
2. A straight line 70 mm long has one end 15 mm in front of V.P. and 50
mm above H.P. while the other end is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 20 mm
above HP. Draw the plan and elevation of the line. Determine its traces (V.T,
H.T)
3. A line AB 70 mm long has its end B 25 mm above H.P. and 30 mm in
front of V.P. The end A is 55 mm above H.P and 55 mm in front of V.P. Draw its
projections and finds its inclinations with V.P. and H.P.
4. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 30 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of
V.P. The top view and front view has a length of 40 mm and 55 mm
respectively. Draw its projections.
5. End A of a line AB is 15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. The other
end is 50 mm above H.P. and 65 mm in front of V.P. The distance
between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projection and find the true
inclination and true length by rotating plane method.
6. The distance between the end projectors passing through the end point is 50
mm. The end A is 20 mm above H.P. and 15 mm in front of
V.P. The end B is 45 mm in front of V.P. The line AB is 65 mm long in
the front view. Draw the projections. Find the true inclinations and locate the
traces
7. Front view of a line AB is 500
inclined to XY line and measures 55 mm long while
its top view is 600
inclined to XY line. If end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm
in front of VP, draw its projections, find its true length and inclinations of the line
with HP and VP.
8. The mid-point M of a line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of VP.
The line measures 80 mm long and inclined at an angle of 300
to HP and 450
to
VP. Draw its projections.
UNIT II - PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES
Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering
Projection of point
Projection of straight lines inclined to both the principal planes
by rotating line method and traces
Projection of planes (polygonal and circular surfaces) inclined
to both the principal planes by rotating object method

GE 8152 – Engineering Graphics
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engg
3/12
9. A magician performs the trick of a floating stick. As seen by a person sitting right
in front, as per the orthographic projection rules, the stick has its ends 0.2
and 0.6 m above the floor and appears to be inclined at 300
to the floor. The
same two ends are found to be 0.1 m and 0.7 m respectively in front of the
screen arranged behind the stick. Adopting a suitable scale, draw the
projections of the stick. Also, find the true length of the stick and its
true angles of inclinations with the floor and the vertical screen.
10. A line PQ is inclined at 350
to VP has its ends 25mm and 55mm above the HP.
The length of the front view is 60 mm and its VT is 15mm above HP.
Determine the true length of PQ, its inclination with HP and its HT.
Assignment 1: Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines
L1. A line AB 75 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above
HP, the other end is 20 mm in front of VP and is above HP. The top view of the
line is 55 mm long. Draw the front view.
L2. A line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above HP and 20 mm in
front of VP. The other end is 15 mm above HP and in front of VP. The front view
of the line is 60 mm long. Draw the top view.
L3. A line AB has its end A 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The
end B is 60 mm above HP and the line is inclined at 300
to HP. The distance
between the end projectors of the line is 55 mm. Draw the projections and find
its inclinations with VP. Determine its V.T & H.T
L4. The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while the
length of its front view is 50mm. It’s one end A is in the HP and 122mm in
front of the V.P. Draw the projections of AB and determine its inclinations with
the H.P. and the V.P.
L5. The projections of a line measure 80 mm in the top view and 70 mm
in the front view. The mid-point of the line is 45 mm in front of VP and 35 mm
above HP. One end is 10 mm in front of VP and nearer to it. Draw the
projections. Find true length and true inclinations with reference planes.
Orthographic Projection of Planes / Sheet / Lamina / Plate
1. A square lamina of 50 mm side rests on one of the corners on the H.P. The
diagonal through that corner makes 300
to the V.P. The side containing this
corner makes equal inclinations with H.P. The surface of the lamina makes 450
to
the H.P. Draw it’s projections.
2. A hexagonal plate of size 25 mm rests on HP on one of the sides
inclined at 450
to VP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 300
with HP.
Draw the front view and top view of the plate.
3. A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm x 30 mm has its shorter side in VP and
inclined at 300
to HP. Project its top view when its front view is a square of 30 mm
long sides.
4. A hexagonal lamina of 20 mm side rests on one of its corners on the
HP. The diagonal passing through this corner is inclined at 450
to the HP. The
lamina is then rotated through 900
such that the top view of this diagonal is
perpendicular to the VP and the surface is still inclined at 450
to the HP.
5. A pentagon of side 30 mm rests on the ground on one of the corners with sides
containing the corner being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to
the corner on which it rests is inclined at 300
to VP and is parallel to HP. The
surface of the pentagon makes 500
with the ground. Draw the projections of the
pentagon.
6. A semicircular lamina of 60 mm diameter has its straight edge in VP
and inclined at an angle of 450
to HP. The surface of the lamina makes an angle
of 300
with VP. Draw the projections.
7. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests above HP on a point P on its
circumference. If its plane is inclined at 450
to HP and the top view of the
diameter PQ makes an angle of 500
with VP, draw the projections of the
lamina.
8. A circular lamina of diameter 70 mm has the end A of the diameter AB on HP and
B on VP. Draw its projections when its surface is inclined at
500
to HP and 400
to VP.

Assignment 2: Orthographic Projection of Planes
4/12
P6. A square ABCD of 40 mm side has its plane inclined at 300
to the V.P. It’s one
side is inclined at 600
to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P. Draw its projections.
P7. A rhombus of diagonals 25mm and 15mm with longer diagonal being parallel to
XY-line represents the top view of a square of diagonal 25mm, with a corner
on H.P. Draw its front view of the lamina when the edge about which is tilted, is
inclined at 450
to V.P
P8. A thin 300
– 600
set-square has its longest edge in V.P. and inclined at
300
to H.P. Its surface makes 450
with V.P. Draw its projections.
P9. A hexagonal plate of 25 mm side is resting on H.P. such that one of its corners
touches both H.P. and V.P. It makes 300
with H.P. and 600
with
V.P. Draw the projections by change of position method.
P10. A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter rests on H.P. on a point 1 on
the circumference. The lamina is inclined to H.P. such that the top view of it
is an ellipse of minor axis 35 mm. The top view of the diameter through the
point 1 makes an angle of 450
with V.P. (i) Draw the projections. (ii) Determine
the angle made by the lamina with H.P.
Orthographic Projection of Solids
1. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm resting on HP
with one of its base edges, such that, the axis is inclined at 300
to HP and parallel
to VP. Draw the projections of the prism.
2. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 55 mm is resting
on HP with one of its base edges, such that the lateral surface
containing the edge is inclined at 500
to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw the
projections.
3. A right pentagonal pyramid of side 20 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on one of
its edges of the base in the HP. The base being tilted up such that the apex
is 30 mm above HP. Draw the projection of the pyramid when the edge on
which it is resting is perpendicular to VP
4. A cylinder of diameter 35 mm and axis height 55 mm is resting on the ground on
its base. It is then tilted such that a solid diagonal is vertical. Draw its
projections.
5. A cone of diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm is lying on the ground
with a point of base on HP. The generator line passing through that point
makes an angle of 450
with HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
6. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height
60 mm with a triangular face perpendicular to HP and VP.
7. A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm rests on
the HP on one of the base corners with the base edges containing it being
equally inclined to HP. The axis is inclined at 45° to the HP and parallel to VP.
Draw the projections of the prism.
8. A cone of diameter 35mm, height 55mm is lying on the ground with one of its
generators parallel to VP and on the HP. Draw its projection.
9. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm is
resting on HP on one of its rectangular faces with the axis inclined at
450
to VP. Draw its projections.
10. A cone of diameter 40mm and height 60mm is freely suspended from one of its
base points such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw the projection.
11. A tetrahedron of edges 35 mm rests on one of its edges on the HP.
The resting edge is perpendicular to VP and one of the triangular faces containing
the resting edge is inclined at 350
to HP. Draw the projections of the
tetrahedron.
12. A tetrahedron of side 45 mm is resting on an edge on the HP such
that the face containing that edge is seen as a triangle of base 45 mm and
altitude 25 mm in top view (TV). The axis of the tetrahedron is parallel to the
VP. Draw the projections of the tetrahedron.
UNIT III - PROJECTION OF SOLID
Projection of simple solids by rotating object method

5/12
Assignment 3: Orthographic Projection of Solids
S1. Draw the top front views of a right circular cylinder of base 45mm diameter
and 60mm long when it line on HP, such that its axis is inclined at 30° to HP
and the axis appears to parallel to the VP in the top view
S2. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height
60 mm with a slant edge perpendicular to HP and VP.
S3. A cone of base diameter 35 mm and axis length 55 mm is resting on
HP on a point on circumference of the base. Draw the projections when the
base is perpendicular to both HP and VP.
S4. A pyramid has rectangular base of size 70 mm x 40 mm and height 85 mm. Its
longer edge of base is perpendicular to HP. The axis of pyramid is inclined
at 250
to the solid assuming the apex nearer to the observer.
S5. Draw the projections of a cube of side 30mm when it rests on one of its corners
with diagonal of the solid vertical
S6. A tetrahedron of edges 30 mm rests on one of its edges on the VP. That edge
is normal to the HP. One of the faces containing the resting edge is inclined at
30° to the VP. Draw the projections of the tetrahedron
S7. A Hexagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50mm long is freely
suspended from one of its base corners, such that the axis is parallel
to VP. Draw the front view and top view of the solid in the above position.
Section of Solids
1. A cube of side 35 mm is placed on HP on a face, with two of the vertical
faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 540
to the HP and
bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional top view and find the true shape.
2. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its
base on HP with one of the base edges perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a
plane inclined at 450
to the base. The cutting plane meets the axis at 20 mm
above the base. Draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the
section.
3. A cylinder of base diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm rests on its base
on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450
to HP. The
cutting plane meets the axis at a distance of 15 mm from the top base. Draw the
sectional plan and true shape of the section.
4. A cone of base diameter 35 mm and altitude 55 mm is resting on HP
on its base. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to a contour
generator and is 10 mm away from it. Draw the front view and sectional top
view and true shape of the section.
5. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 50 mm rests on the HP on
one of its ends with two rectangular faces parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to the HP and inclined at 500
to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to HP and inclined at 500
to VP at a distance of 10 mm away
from the axis. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the
section.
UNIT IV - PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Sectioning of solids to obtain true shape of section.
Development of lateral surfaces of simple, sectioned solids and
solids with cut-outs and holes

6/12
6. A right circular cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 50 mm rests on
its base on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the HP and inclined at
550
to the VP. The shortest distance between the cutting plane and the top
view of the axis is 10 mm. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true
shape of the section.
7. A pentagonal prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 80 mm is
lying on the HP on one of its rectangular faces with the axis parallel to both HP
and VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to HP and inclined at 300
to VP. The
section plane meets the axis at 16 mm from one of its ends. Draw the top view,
sectional front view and true shape of the section.
8. A tetrahedron of side 60mm is resting on HP on one of its faces. It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP, so that the true shape of the cut
section is a triangle of base 40mm and altitude 30mm. Locate the plane and
determine the angle of inclination of the VT with the reference line XY.
Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.
Development of Surface
1. Draw the development of a cube of side 20 mm.
2. Draw the development of a pentagonal prism of side 25 mm and height
60mm.
3. Draw the development of a cylinder of base diameter 25 mm and
height 30 mm.
4. Draw the development of a square pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 45
mm.
5. Draw the development of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and height
60 mm.
6. Draw the development of a cube of side 40 mm resting on its face with all the
edges equally inclined to VP, which is cut by a plane inclined at 300
to HP
and perpendicular to VP and passing through the cube at the top left corner of the
cube.
7. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on its base on
HP, with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to
VP, 500
to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP. Draw the development of
the lateral surfaces.
8. A lamp shade is formed by cutting a cone of base diameter 144 mm and
height 174 mm by a horizontal plane at a distance of 72 mm from the apex and
another plane inclined at 30 to HP, passing through one of the extremities of
the base. Draw the development of the shade. Draw the development of the
shade. Adopt a suitable scale.
9. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height 60 mm is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP and 500
to HP and passing through the axis 35 mm
above the base. Draw the development of the lower portion of the solid.
10. A cylinder of diameter 40 mm, height 75 mm is cut by plane
perpendicular to VP inclined at 550
to HP meeting the axis at the top face.
Draw the lateral development of the solid.
11. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height 60 mm is lying on
the ground on its base such that one of the base edges is parallel to and far
away from VP. It is cut by cutting planes, one is perpendicular to VP, inclined
at an angle of 400
to HP and meeting the axis at 14 mm from the base. The
other plane is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP meeting the axis at a
distance of 28 mm from the base. Draw the lateral surface development of the cut
solid.
12. A cone of 45 mm diameter and 60mm height is cut by a horizontal plane at a
distance of 15 mm from the apex and another plane inclined at 300
to HP
and meet the axis at 15 mm above the base. Draw the development of the cone.
13. A right regular cone of 50 mm base diameter and axis 60 mm long stands on
its base on HP. A circular hole of 12 mm radius is drilled through the axis of
the cone at a height of 15 mm above the base of the cone. The axis of the
hole is perpendicular to VP. Draw the development of the lateral surface of
the cone with holes in it.

7/12
14. A hexagonal prism of side of base 35 mm and axis height 60 mm stands on
its base in HP with two of its rectangular faces parallel to VP. A square hole of
side 30 mm is drilled, such that the axis of the hole is perpendicular to VP with
all the rectangular faces of the square hole are equally inclined to HP and bisects
the axis of the prism. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism
showing the shape of the hole formed in it.
Assignment 4: Sectioned Solids and Development of Surfaces
SD1. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 60 mm rests on
the HP on one of its base with an edge parallel to the VP at a distance of 8 mm
form the axis. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the
section.
SD2. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and altitude 55 mm rests on its
base on HP with two edges of the base parallel to VP. A cutting plane parallel to
the HP cuts the prism at a height of 25 mm above the base. Draw the front view
and the sectional top view.
SD3. A cone of base diameter 40 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its base on
HP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to both HP and VP, 10 mm to the
right of the axis. Draw the top view, front view and sectional side view.
SD4. A cube of side 30 mm rests on its base on the HP with a vertical face
inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 500
to HP. The plane bisects the axis of the cube. Draw the development of the
surfaces of the right portion of the cut cube.
SD5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on its
base on HP, with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular
to VP, 500
to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP. Draw the development
of the lateral surfaces.
SD6. A cylinder 40mm diameter and 70mm height is resting on its base on V.P. It
is cut by plane passing through a point 50mm from the base and inclined at 40°
to V.P. A through hole of 20mm diameter is drill at 30mm above the base.
Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder.
Isometric Projection
1. Draw the isometric view of a frustum of a cone of base diameter 50mm, top
diameter 30mm which is resting on its base on HP with its axis perpendicular to
HP.
2. A hexagonal prism of base side 20 mm and height 40 mm has a square hole of
side 16 mm at the Centre. The axes of the square and hexagon coincide. One of
the faces of the square hole is parallel to the face of the hexagon. Draw the
isometric projection of the prism with hole to full scale.
3. A hexagonal prism of base side 25mm and axis height 50mm rests on
HP on its base with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at
50° to HP and perpendicular to VP and is bisecting the axis. Draw the isometric
view of truncated prism.
4. A cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 75 mm height stands with its base
on H.P. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45° to H.P and
perpendicular to V.P, passing through a point on the axis 20 mm below the
top end. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated cylinder.
5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 65 mm is resting on
HP on its base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane
inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP and passing through a point
ON the axis at a distance of 30 mm from the apex. Draw the isometric view of
the truncated cylinder.
UNIT V - ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
Principles of isometric projection of simple solids and
truncated solids, combination of two solid objects.
Perspective projection of simple solids - Prisms, pyramids and
cylinders by visual ray method.

8/12
6. A cone of base diameter 50mm and axis height 70 mm rests on HP on its base.
It is cut by a plane inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP and bisects
the axis. Draw the isometric view of the truncated cone.
7. A square pyramid of base of 25mm side and 50mm long axis rests centrally
over a trapezoidal block of top and bottom bases of 40mm and 60mm sides
respectively with the thickness 30mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
arrangement.
Perspective Projection
1. A cube of 30 mm edge is resting on a face on the ground such that one of its faces
is parallel to PP and the center of the solid is 50 mm behind the PP. The station
point is 40 mm in front of the picture plane, 45 mm above the ground plane and
lies in a central plane which is 30 mm to the left of the nearest vertical face of the
cube.
2. Draw the perspective projection of a cube of 25 mm edge, lying on a face on
the ground plane, with an edge touching the picture plane and all vertical faces
equally inclined to the picture plane. The station point is 50 mm in front of the
picture plane, 35 mm above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which
is 10 mm to the left of the center of the cube.
3. A rectangular prism of base size 25x40x60 mm rests with it’s on the
ground such that the longer base edge recedes 30° to the right of PP with one
end of it behind PP. The station point is 45mm in front of PP, 35 mm above GP
and lying on a central plane 35 mm from the nearest vertical edge. Draw the
perspective view.
4. Draw the perspective projection of a pentagonal prism of base side 20 mm and
height 40 mm when it rests on its base on the GP with one of its rectangular
faces parallel to and 20 mm behind the PP. The SP is 45 mm in front of PP and
60mm above GP. The observer is 30 mm to the left of the axis.
5. A regular hexagonal pyramid of base edge 20 mm and height 35 mm rests on
its base on the ground plane with one of its base edges
touching the picture plane. The station point is 30 mm above the ground
plane and 40 mm in front of the PP. The central plane is 30 mm to the right of
the axis. Draw the perspective projection of the pyramid.
6. A cylinder of diameter 50 mm and length 60 mm lies on ground with its axis
perpendicular to the PP and one of its circular base touching the PP. The SP is
45 mm to the right of the axis of the cylinder, 40 mm in front of the PP and 70mm
above GP. Draw the perspective projection of the cylinder.
Assignment 5: Isometric and Perspective Projections
IP1. A cylinder of 35 mm diameter and 55 mm height stands with its base on H.P. It
is cut by a section plane inclined at 55° to H.P and meeting the axis at 15mm
from the top end. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated cylinder.
IP2. A cone of base diameter 25mm and height 40mm rests centrally over a frustum
of a hexagonal pyramid of base side 40mm, top base 30mm and 60mm height.
Draw the isometric view of the solid
IP3.A cylinder of diameter 50 mm rests on ground vertically with its axis
5 mm behind PP. The observer point is 40mm infront of PP, 100 mm above GP
and is 10 mm to the right of the nearest base corner point. a central plane
passing through the apex. Draw the perspective projection.
IP4. A square prism of 55 mm edge of base and 70 mm height is placed on the ground
behind the PP with its axis vertical and one of the edges of the base receding to
the left at an angle of 40° to the PP. The nearest vertical edge of the solid is 20
mm behind PP and 25 mm to the left of the observer who is at a distance of 120
mm in front of PP. The height of the observer above the ground is 100 mm.
Draw the perspective view of the prism.
IP5.A pentagonal pyramid side of base 25 mm a and height 50 mm rests
with one of its corner of the base touching the e picture plane and the base edges
passing through this corner making equal inclinations with

5. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 40 mm
and the eccentricity is 4/3. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the
hyperbola.
6. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between its focus and directrix is
50 mm and eccentricity is 3/2. Also draw the tangent and normal at a point 25
mm from the directrix.
9/12
the picture plane. The station point is on the central line, 100 mm in front of the
picture plane and 75 mm above the e ground. Draw the perspective view of the
pyramid.
Engineering Curves: Ellipse, Parabola & Hyperbola
1. Draw the locus of a point P moving so that the ratio of its distance from a fixed
point F to its distance from a fixed straight line DD’ is ¾. Also draw tangent and
normal to the curve from any point on it.
2. Construct an ellipse given the distance of the focus from the directrix
as 60 mm and eccentricity as 2/3. Also draw tangent and normal to the curve
at a point on it 20 mm above the major axis.
3. Construct a parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix as 50 mm.
Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it.
4. The focus of a conic is 50 mm from the directrix. Draw the locus of a
point ‘P’ moving in such a way that its distance from the directrix is equal to its
distance from the focus. Name the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point
60 mm from the directrix.
Construction of Cycloid
1. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the
curve traced by a point P on the circumference for one complete revolution.
Draw a tangent and normal on it 40 mm from the base line.
2. Construct a cycloid having a rolling circle diameter as 50 mm for one
revolution. Draw a normal and tangent to the curve at a point 35 mm above the
directing line.
3. Draw an epicycloids generated by a rolling circle of diameter 40 mm and the
diameter of the directing circle is 140 mm. Also draw tangent and normal to the
curve from any point on it.
4. Draw a hypocycloid generated by a rolling circle of diameter 50 mm
and the diameter of the directing circle is 240 mm. Also draw tangent and normal
to the curve from any point on it.
Construction of Involutes
1. Draw the involute of a square of side 30 mm. Also draw tangent and normal to
the curve from any point on it.
2. A coir is unwound from a drum of 30mm diameter. Draw the locus of
the free end of the coir for unwinding through an angle of 360°. Draw also a
tangent and normal at any point on the curve.
3. An inelastic string of length 100 mm is wound round a circle of 26 mm
diameter. Draw the path traced by the end of the string.
UNIT I - PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
Curves used in engineering practices
 Conics – Construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola by
eccentricity method
 Construction of cycloid
 Construction of involutes of square and circle
Scales: Construction of Diagonal and Vernier scales.
Free hand sketching of multiple views from pictorial views of objects

10/12
Scales
1. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F 1:30 to read meters,
decimeters and centimeters and long enough to measure up to 3m. Also
mark a length of 1.76m on the scale.
2. The distance between Chennai and Madurai is 400 km. It is
represented by a distance of 8 cm on a railway map. Find the
R.F. and construct a diagonal scale to read kilometers. Show on it the
distance of 543 km, 212 km and 408 km.
3. Construct a vernier scale to read meters, decimeters and centimeters and long
enough to measure up to 4m. R.F of the scale is 1/20. Mark
on your scale a distance of 2.28m.
4. The actual length of 300m of an auditorium is represented by a line of
10 cm on a drawing. Draw a vernier to read up to 400m. Mark it, a length of
343m.
Free Hand Sketching
1. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial
view shown in the figure
2. Draw the orthographic projections of the following component using free hand.

Draw the involute of a circle of diameter 40 mm and draw the
11/12
Assignment6: Plane Curves and Free Hand Sketching
CF1. Draw the locus of a point P which moves in n a plane in such a way that
the ratio of its distances from a fixed point F and a fixed straight line AB is
always 2/3. The distance between the fixed point F and fixed straight line is 50
mm. Also draw a tangent and normal on a point on the locus at a horizontal
distance of 55 mm from the fixed straight line.
CF2. Draw the locus of a point P moving so that the ratio of its distance
from a fixed point F to its distance from a fixed straight line DD’ is 1.
Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it.
CF3. The vertex of a hyperbola is 30 mm from its directrix and the eccentricity
is 3/2 .Draw the hyperbola and draw the tangent and normal at any point on
the curve.
CF4.
tangent and the normal to the involute at a point 95 mm from the centre of the
curve.
CF5. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter which rolls inside
another circle of 200 mm diameter for one revolution.
CF6. Draw an epicycloid if a circle of 40 mm diameter rolls outside
another circle of 120 mm diameter for one revolution.
CF7. Draw the orthographic projections of the following component using free
hand.

Table of Content
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Basic Concepts on
Mr.S.Gokul
Assistant Professor
S.No. Topic Page
No.
1 Drawing Vs. Engineering Drawing……………………………… 2
Standards 2
Drawing Sheets 2
Orientation of Drawing Sheet 3
Drawing Pencils 3
Drawing Scales 3
Line Types 4
Projection Method 4
Quadrant System 5
First Angle Projection Vs Third Angle Projection 5
Lettering Technique 5
2 Conic Sections …………………………………………………………… 6
Engineering Curves 6
3 Points …………………………………………………………………………. 7
Lines 7
Planes 8
4 Solids …………………………………………………………………………. 9
5 Sectioning of Solid ……………………………………………………. 9
Development of Surfaces of Solids. 10
6 Isomeric Projection ……………………………………………………. 10
Perspective Projection 11
Multiple Choice Quiz 11

Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing
 Drawing: Describing any object/ information diagrammatically
 Engineering Drawing: A drawing of an object that contains all
information like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction without the barrier
of a language.
Standards
Standardization is the process of formulating and applying rules for
an orderly approach to a specific activity for the benefit
Standard Code
BIS standards
Drawing Sheets
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Page 2 of 12
BIS Code Topics
IS 10711:2001 Size and Layout of Drawing
sheets
IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses
IS 9609:2001 Lettering
IS 15021:2001 Projection Methods
IS 11669:1986 Dimensioning
A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105

Orientation of drawing sheet
Orientation of A3 drawing sheet
Drawing Pencils
Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and
letters
“H” for hardness “ B” for blackness
 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness
and blackness
 HB to F – Medium grade
 H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H and HB
pencils – to be practiced in this course.
Drawing Scales
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an
object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the
same element of the object.
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by the
indication of its ratio, as follow
Page 3 of 12 Sri Eshwar College of Technology
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Standard reducing scales are,
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
Standard enlarging scales are,
2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true
size” of the object and they are independent of the scale used in
creating that drawing.
Line types
PROJECTION METHOD
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects
on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
 Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the
image is created.

First angle Projection vs Third angle Projection
Quadrant system – in 3D
Quadrant system – in 2D
First angle Projection Third angle Projection
Object placed in First Quadrant
is above HP and in front of VP
Object placed in Third Quadrant
is below HP and behind of VP
Front view is draw above
reference line
Front view is draw below
reference line
Top view is arranged below FV Top view is arranged above FV
Left side view is on the right
side of FV and Right view is on
the left side of FV
Left side view is on the left side
of FV and Right view is on the
right side of FV
Symbol Symbol

Lettering Technique
CONIC SECTIONS
Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola are called conic sections because
these curves appear on the surface ff a cone when it is cut by some
typical cutting planes.
These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of
it’s distances from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains
constant.
The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)
A) For Ellipse E<1
B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1
Engineering curves
A curve is defined as a continuous line traced out by a moving
point, moving by constantly changing its direction
 A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the rim of a circular
wheel as the wheel rolls along a straight line.
 A epicycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference
of a circular wheel which rolls without sipping, around the
outside of a fixed circle
 A hypocycloid is the curve traced by a point on the
circumference of a circular wheel which rolls without sipping,
along the inside surface of a base circle.
Involute: it is a curve traced by an end of a string or thread, when
it’s unwounded from a circle or a polygon, the thread being kept
tight.

Points in Space
A Point may lie in space, in any one of the four quadrants, formed
by the two references planes of projections, namely, H.P and V.P.
showing the four quadrants formed by H.P. and V.P.
Positions of a Point
 When a point lies in the first quadrants, it will be above H.P.
and in front of V.P.
 When the point lies in the second quadrant, it will be above
H.P. and behind V.P.
 When the point lies in the third quadrant, it will be below H.P.
and behind V.P.
 When the point lies in the fourth quadrant, it will be in front of
V.P. and Below H.P
Lines: It’s the locus of a point which moves along the shortest
path joining two given points

Planes: A plane is a two dimensional entity (surface, Area or
object) having only length and breadth.

Solids: it’s defined as an object having three dimensions SECTIONING OF SOLID.
A solid object is cut by some imaginary cutting plane to understand
internal details of that object.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.
Development
B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

ILLUSTRATION SHOWING IMPORTANT TERMS IN SECTIONING DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS
Development of surface of a solid is defined as the process of
opening out all the surfaces of a three dimensional body on to a
flat plane.
Isomeric projection: it’s a pictorial projection of an object in
which the three dimensional view of the object is shown
Isomeric projection: 0.816 times of Isomeric projection scale

Perspective Projection: it’s a drawing of any object as it appears
to the human eye.
Multiple Choice Quiz
 Hidden lines are drawn as
(a)dashed narrow lines
(b) dashed wide lines
(c) long-dashed dotted wide line
(d)long-dashed double dotted wide line
Ans: (a)
 Line composed of closely and evenly spaced short dashes in a
drawing represents
(a)visible edges
(b) hidden edges
(c) hatching
(d)pitch circle of gears
Ans: (b)
 Lettering on a drawing sheet should have
(a)all alphabets in capital letters
(b) all alphabets in small letters
(c) In a sentance only first alphabet in capital letter
(d)In a sentance only abbreviations are capital letter
Ans: (a)
 The line connecting a view to note is called
(a)dimension line
(b) projection line
(c) leader
(d)arrowheads
Ans: (c)
 The dimension figure for radius of a circle should be preceded
by
(a)R
(b) CR
(c) SR
(d)RAD
Ans: (b)
 Methods of arrangement of dimensions includes
(a)Parallel, continuous and combined
(b) Perpendicular, parallel and combined
(c) Perpendicular, continuous and combined
(d)Perpendicular, parallel and continuous
Ans: (a)
 Superimposed dimensioning is a simplified method of
(a)chain dimensioning
(b) parallel dimensioning
(c) combined dimensioning
(d)tabular dimensioning
Ans: (b)
 A curve drawn for Boyle’s law (PV = constant) on a P-V chart
has a characteristic shape of
(a) ellipse
(b) parabloa
(c) oblique hyperbola
(d) rectangular hyperbola
Ans: (d)
 The profile of a gear teeth is in the form of
(a) parabola
(b) involute
(c) spiral
(d) helix
Ans: (b)
 When two angles together make 90º, they are called
(a) obtuse angle
(b) reflex angle
(c) complementary angles
(d) supplementary angles
Ans: (c)

 The included angle of a hexagon is
(a) 30º
(b) 60º
(c) 120º
(d) 150º
Ans: (c)
 The curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle,
which rolls without slipping along outside of another circle is
known as
(a) Hypocycloid
(b) Epicycloid
(c) Cycloid
(d) Trochoid
Ans: (b)
 In orthographic projections, the rays are assumed to
(a) diverge from station point
(b) converge from station point
(c) be parallel
(d) None of these
Ans: (c)
 If an object lies in third quadrant, its position with respect to
reference planes will be
(a) infront of V.P, above H.P
(b)behind V.P., above H.P.
(c) behind V.P., below H.P.
(d)infront of V.P., below H.P.
Ans: (c)
 If the Vertical Trace (V.T.) of a line lies 30 mm above reference
line (XY), then its position will be
(a)30 mm infront of V.P.
(b) 30 mm behind V.P.
(c) 30 mm above H.P.
(d)30 mm below H.P.
Ans: (c)
 When an object is cut by a section plane parallel to H.P and
perpendicular to V.P, then the sectional view of the object is
obtained in
(a) top view
(b) front view
(c) left side view
(d) right side view
Ans: (a)
 Which of the following object gives a circular section, when it is
cut completely by a section plane (irrespective of the angle of
the section plane)
(a) Cylinder
(b) Sphere
(c) Cone
(d) Circular lamina
Ans: (b)
 Comparative scale is a pair of scale having a common
(a) units
(b) representative fraction
(c) length of scale
(d) least count
Ans: (b)
 An angle can be set off and measured with the help of
(a) plane scale
(b) diagonal scale
(c) comparative scale
(d) Scale of chords
Ans: (d)

GE2221-Engineering-Graphics_Course-Materials.pptx

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