This document provides an overview of the development of architectural styles throughout history presented as a timeline. It begins with antiquity styles like the Giza pyramids and Stonehenge. It then covers Islamic architecture featuring notable mosques. Modern architecture of the 20th century is discussed focusing on pioneers like Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Mies van der Rohe. Postmodernism and critical regionalism are summarized. Other movements covered in 1-2 sentences include deconstruction, minimalism, high-tech, and sustainable architecture. Contemporary paradigms discussed are eco-architecture and biomimicry.

1. FUE - Future University in Egypt
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC 322: History & Theories of
Architecture (4)
Fall 2016
Instructor:
Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
Lecture 3 - Architectural Timeline

2. ARCHITECTURAL TIMELINE

3. Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree
May you be condemned to live in interesting times.
A Chinese Proverb
This is a brief coverage of the development of architectural styles
throughout history using a timeline to provide a better visual overview.

4. Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree

7. Antiquity Architecture
Giza Pyramids Petra
Stone Henge Abu Simbel Temple

12. Islamic Architecture
Mecca Dome of the Rock Wikalat Al Ghuri
Muhamad Ali Mosque Al Hambra Sultan Hassan

19. Architecture of the Late 20th Century
Frank Gehry Shtutgart Museum
Mario Botta Peter Eisenman Renzo Piano
Zaha Hadi Tado Ando Jean Nouvel

20. Architecture of the early 21st Century
Cybertecture
Nano Materials
Parametric Design

21. Architectural Movements: Modern Architecture
The Modern movement was an attempt to create a
nonhistorical architecture of functionalism in
which a new sense of space would be created with
the help of modern materials.
Believing that the 20th century had given birth to
"modern man," who would need a radically new
kind of architecture. Le Corbusier F. L.. Wright Walter Gropius Mies Van Der Rohe

22. Le Corbusier - Pierre Jeanneret , Villa Savoye - 1931

26. Frank Lloyd Wright - Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania -

27. Frank Lloyd Wright - Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum - 1959

28. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Farnsworth House in Plano, Illinois - 1951

29. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Neue Nationalgalerie - 1968

30. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Barcelona Pavilion - 1929

31. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Barcelona Pavilion - 1929

32. Philip Johnson - Glass House - New Canaan, Connecticut - 1949

33. Bertrand Goldberg - Chicago Marina
Apartments - 1964

34. Architectural Movements: Post-Modern Architecture
The postmodernist movement began in
America around the 1960’s/70’s and then it
spread to Europe and the rest of the world.
Postmodernism or Late-modernism began as
a reaction to Modernism; it tried to address
the limitations of its predecessor. Its list of
aims extended to include communicating
ideas with the public often in a humorous or
witty way. Communication was done by
quoting extensively from past architectural
styles, often many at once. In breaking away
from modernism, it strived to produce
buildings that were sensitive to the context
within which they are built.
This trend became evident in the last quarter
of the 20th century as architects started to
turn away from modern Functionalism which
they viewed as boring, unwelcoming and
unpleasant. They turned towards the past,
quoting past aspects of various buildings and
melding them together to create a new means
of designing buildings.
Robert Venturi Philip Jonson Michael Graves Cesar Pelli

35. Architectural Movements: Post-Modern Architecture
For example, pillars and other elements of
premodern designs were adapted from Greek and
Roman examples but not simply by recreating
them, as was done in neoclassical architecture.
Another return was that of the “wit, ornament and
reference” seen in older buildings in terra cotta
decorative façades and bronze or stainless steel
embellishments of the Beaux-Arts and Art Deco
periods. In post-modern structures this was often
achieved by placing contradictory quotes of
previous building styles alongside each other, and
even incorporating furniture stylistic references at
a huge scale.
Contextualism influenced the ideologies of the
postmodern movement in general. Contextualism
was centered on the belief that all knowledge is
“context-sensitive”. This idea was even taken
further to say that knowledge cannot be
understood without considering its context. This
influenced Postmodern Architecture to be sensitive
to context.
Robert Venturi Philip Jonson Michael Graves Cesar Pelli

36. Vanna Venturi House / Robert Venturi

37. Piazza d'Italia, August Perez & Associates and Charles Moore

38. Michael Graves, Portland Building

39. 1997
Michael Graves, Steigenberger Hotel, El Gouna, Egypt

40. May 22, 2008
Architectural Movements: High-Tech Architecture
The high tech style emerged in the 1980s and
remains popular. It involves the use of the
materials associated with high tech industries of
the 1980s and 1990s, such as space frames, metal
cladding and composite fabrics and materials.
Sir. Norman Foster Renzo Piano Richard Rogers Jean Nouvel
Pompidou Centre Munich StadiumReichstag DomeMillennium Dome
Hong Kong BankLondon City Hall Lloyd's of London Institut du Monde Arabe

41. May 22, 2008
Architectural Movements: High-Tech Architecture
High tech buildings often have extensive glazing to show
to the outside world the activity going on inside.
Generally their overall appearance is light, typically with
a combination of dramatic curves and straight lines. In
many ways high tech architecture is a reaction against
Brutalist architecture, without the features of post-
modernism. Sir. Norman Foster Renzo Piano Richard Rogers Jean Nouvel
Pompidou Centre Munich StadiumReichstag DomeMillennium Dome
Hong Kong BankLondon City Hall Lloyd's of London Institut du Monde Arabe

42. 1851
Crystal Palace
Joseph Paxton
London

43. 1899
Gustave Eiffel
Paris

44. 1971
World Trade Center
Minoru Yamasaki
New York
1969
John Hancock Center
Fazlur Khan
Chicago

45. 1972
Stadion Olimpijski
Frei Otto
Monachium

46. 1977
Centre Georges Pompidou, Renzo Piano/Richard Rogers, Paris

48. Foster + Partners’ HSBC
building in Hong Kong

49. Lloyd’s building in London, completed 1986 - Richard Bryant / Arcaid

50. Lloyd’s building in London, completed 1986 - Richard Bryant / Arcaid

51. Foster and Partners' Reichstag building in Berlin

52. 1999
Millennium Dome
Richard Rogers
Londyn

53. 2002
City Hall
Norman Foster
Londyn

54. Architectural Movements: Deconstruction
Deconstruction is a school of philosophy that
originated in France in the late 1960s, has had an
enormous impact on Anglo-American criticism.
Largely the creation of its chief proponent Jacques
Derrida, deconstruction upends the Western
metaphysical tradition.
It represents a complex response to a variety of
theoretical and philosophical movements of the
20th century, most notably Husserlian
phenomenology, Saussurean and French
structuralism, and Freudian and Lacanian
psychoanalysis.
In her book The Critical Difference (1981), Barbara
Johnson clarifies the term: "Deconstruction is not
synonymous with "destruction", however. It is in
fact much closer to the original meaning of the
word 'analysis' itself, which etymologically means
"to undo" -- a virtual synonym for "to de-
construct."
D. Libeskind Frank Gehry Peter Eisenman Zaha Hadid

55. Architectural Movements: Deconstruction
In the 1980's a new tendency was born: the
deconstruction, which was also called "new
modern architecture" in its beginning. It was
meant to replace post modern architecture. The
new slogan was "form follows fantasy" analogous
to the tradition formula pronounced by Sullivan
"form follows function". In 1988 Philip Johnson
organized an exposition called "Deconstructive
Architecture" which finally brought these ideas to
a larger audience. The idea was to develop
buildings which show how differently from
traditional architectural conventions buildings
can be built without loosing their utility and still
complying with the fundamental laws of physics.
These buildings can be seen as a parallel to other
modern arts, which also became more and more
abstract, questioning whether a certain object is
still art or not. Thanks to their significant
differences to all other buildings, the
deconstructive ones made clear to the observer,
that architecture is an art and not just an
engineering discipline.
D. Libeskind Frank Gehry Peter Eisenman Zaha Hadid

56. 1997
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain

57. 2003
Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California

59. 1989
Wexner Center for the Arts
Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

60. 1991
Nunotani building
Edogawa Tokyo Japan

61. 1995
Fred and Ginger currently Dancing House,
Prague, Czech Republic

62. Architectural Movements: Minimalism Architecture
Minimalism describes movements in various forms
of art and design, especially visual art and music,
where the work is stripped down to its most
fundamental features. The term Minimalism was
coined as a means of describing the works by
protagonists of the American scene in the late Fifties
and Sixties.
In the field of architecture, the term Minimalism was
used to connote the works of architects from
profoundly different origins and cultural
backgrounds, who had based their own work on a
reduction in expressive media, a rediscovery of the
value of empty space and a radical elimination of
everything that does not coincide with a
programme, also with minimalistic design overtones,
of extreme simplicity and formal cleanliness.
Tadao Ando Luis Barrag‡n Álvaro Siza John Pawson
Ando - Historical Museum Barrag‡n - EntranceMies - Barcelona Pavilion Siza - Home
Pawson- Tetsuka House - Tokyo
"Less is more“
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
“Clarity and comfort do not
depend on quantity but on an
absolute quality of space. John
Pawson
"Gravity builds space, light builds
time, and gives reason to time.
These are the central questions of
architecture: control of gravity
and dialogue with light."
Alberto Campo Baeza

63. Architectural Movements: Minimalism Architecture
Architect Mies van der Rohe adopted the motto
"Less is More" to describe his aesthetic tactic of
arranging the numerous necessary components of a
building to create an impression of extreme
simplicity, by enlisting every element and detail to
serve multiple visual and functional purposes.
In minimalism, the architectural designers pay
special attention to the connection between perfect
planes, elegant lighting, and careful consideration
of the void spaces left by the removal of three-
dimensional shapes from an architectural design.
Tadao Ando Luis Barrag‡n Álvaro Siza John Pawson
Ando - Historical Museum Barrag‡n - EntranceMies - Barcelona Pavilion Siza - Home
Pawson- Tetsuka House - Tokyo
"Less is more“
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
“Clarity and comfort do not
depend on quantity but on an
absolute quality of space. John
Pawson
"Gravity builds space, light builds
time, and gives reason to time.
These are the central questions of
architecture: control of gravity
and dialogue with light."
Alberto Campo Baeza

64. Architectural Movements: Critical Regionalism
Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives
to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern
Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of
place and meaning.
The term critical regionalism was first used by Alexander
Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and later more famously by
Kenneth Frampton.
Frampton put forth his views in "Towards a Critical
Regionalism: Six points of an architecture of resistance." He
evokes Paul Ricoeur's question of "how to become modern
and to return to sources; how to revive an old, dormant
civilization and take part in universal civilization".
According to Frampton, critical regionalism should adopt
modern architecture critically for its universal progressive
qualities but at the same time should value responses
particular to the context. Emphasis should be on topography,
climate, light, tectonic form rather than scenography and
the tactile sense rather than the visual.
Frampton draws from phenomenology to supplement his
arguments.
Jorn Utzon Alvar Aalto Mario Botta K. Frampton
Utzon - Sydney Opera House
Aalto - Finlandia HallBotta -

65. Architectural Movements: Critical Regionalism
As put forth by Tzonis and Lefaivre, critical regionalism need
not directly draw from the context, rather elements can be
stripped of their context and used in strange rather than
familiar ways. Here the aim is to make aware of a disruption
and a loss of place that is already a fait accompli through
reflection and self-evaluation.
Critical regionalism is different from regionalism which tries
to achieve a one-to-one correspondence with vernacular
architecture in a conscious way without consciously
partaking in the universal.
Critical regionalism is considered a particular form of post-
modern (not to be confused with postmodernism as
architectural style) response in developing countries.
It can be argued that the following architects have used such
an approach in some of their works: Alvar Aalto, Jørn Utzon,
Studio Granda, Mario Botta, B.V.Doshi, Charles Correa, Alvaro
Siza, Rafael Moneo, Geoffrey Bawa, Raj Rewal, Tadao Ando,
Mack Scogin / Merrill Elam, Ken Yeang, William S.W. Lim, Tay
Kheng Soon, Juhani Pallasmaa, and Tan Hock Beng.
Jorn Utzon Alvar Aalto Mario Botta K. Frampton
Utzon - Sydney Opera House
Aalto - Finlandia HallBotta -

66. KEN YEANG /Malesia/Menara, Mesiniaga, 2003

67. JORN UTZON, Opera Sydney

68. JORN UTZON. Kuwait NationalAssembly

69. RAJ REWAL, India, British High Comitee Housing, New Delhi

70. RAJ REWAL, India, Scope Company. New Delhi

71. RAFAEL MONEO /Spain/ Our Lady of the Angels Cathedral, Los Angeles, 2002

72. Architectural Movements: Sustainable Architecture
The 1987 Brundtland Report, defined sustainable
development as development that "meets the needs of
the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs".
Sustainable Architecture describes an approach to
architectural design that minimizes sustenance or
resource consumption so as to prolong the availability
of natural resources. The real power of the concept of
sustainability lies in its integration of economic, social,
and ecological systems, previously studied and dealt
with separately.
Ballard Library & Neighborhood Service Center Solar Umbrella House Westcave Preserve

73. Architectural Movements: Sustainable Architecture
What is a sustainable building?
1. Uses key resources more efficiently –
energy, water, materials and land.
2. Reduces ecological loading –
greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting
substances, wastes.
3. Creates healthier environments for
people - to live, work and learn
4. Has lower overall lifecycle costs
Ballard Library & Neighborhood Service Center Solar Umbrella House Westcave Preserve

74. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Eco-Architecture
Designed by Vincent Callebaut
Architectures NAUTILUS ECO-RESORT is a
pioneering, eco-tourism complex
designed to unite the knowledge of the
scientific community with the willingness
of eco-tourists to optimize the
revitalization and protection of a
degraded ecosystem such as in the
Philippines.
Based on biomimicry, the architectures of
this Eco-Resort are inspired by the shapes,
structures, intelligence of materials and
feedback loops that exist in living beings
and endemic ecosystems. By minimizing
its ecological footprint, the experience is
centered on the preservation of nature
and local urban ecology while respecting
endemic ecosystems and agro-
ecosystems.

75. Solaris
Singapour
2010

76. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Biomimicry
The Sagrada Família church by Antoni Gaudi
Supertrees, Singapore
Beijing National Stadium
Lotus temple
Norman Foster’s Gherkin Tower (2003)
Biomimicry is the term used to describe the
substances, equipment, mechanism and
systems by which humans imitate natural
systems and designs. There are two
approaches to biomimetic designs:
design  biology
biology  design

77. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Biomimicry
The Sagrada Família church by Antoni Gaudi
Super Trees, Singapore Chinese Watercube
Esplanade Theatre (Singapore)
Nature has long been a source of inspiration for
architects and designers, whether they aim to blend
a building into its environment or use only local
materials during construction. The process generally
emphasizes plants and landscapes, but the growing
interest in biomimicry is drawing developers to
fauna as well as flora.

78. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Kinetic Architecture
This pair of Abu Dhabi towers are sheathed in
a thin skin of glass—fashionable, but not ideal
for the desert climate. So the architects at
Aedas designed a special, secondary sun
screen that deflects some of the glare without
permanently blocking the views. Thanks to a
series of faceted fiberglass rosettes—based on
traditional Islamic mashrabiya —which open
and close in response to the temperature of
the facade.

79. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Parametric
Parametric design is a process based on algorithmic
thinking that enables the expression of parameters
and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify
the relationship between design intent and design
response.

80. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Parametric

81. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Parametric

82. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Flexible Architecture
-

83. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Charles Jencks
A new paradigm in architecture will reflect changes
in science, religion, and politics. one can discern the
beginnings of a shift in architecture that relates to a
deep transformation going on in the sciences - in
time, permeate all other areas of life.
The new sciences of complexity - fractals, nonlinear
dynamics, the new cosmology, self-organizing
systems - have brought about the change in
perspective.
We have moved from a mechanistic view of the
universe to one that is self-organizing at all levels,
from the atom to the galaxy. Illuminated by the
computer, this new worldview is paralleled by
changes now occurring in architecture.
LAB with Bates Smart
Federation Square
Melbourne 1997-2002
Santiago Calatrava
City of Arts and Sciences
Valencia 1991–2000
Rem Koolhaas, [OMA]
The CCTV Headquarters, to be
completed for the Beijing Olympics
2008
Daniel Libeskind
Imperial War Museum
North, Trafford , Manchester
1998–2002
MVRDV
Dutch Pavilion
EXPO 2000 Hannover

84. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Several key buildings show promise -
those by Americans Frank Gehry, Peter
Eisenman, and Daniel Libeskind. There is
also a vast amount of other work on the
edge of the new paradigm by the Dutch
architects Rem Koolhaas, Ben van Berkel,
and MVRDV; or the Europeans Santiago
Calatrava and Coop Himmelblau; or those
who have moved on from high-tech in
England, such as Norman Foster. These
architects, as well as those that flirted
with Deconstruction - Hadid, Moss, and
Morphosis - look set to take on the
philosophy.
LAB with Bates Smart
Federation Square
Melbourne 1997-2002
Santiago Calatrava
City of Arts and Sciences
Valencia 1991–2000
Rem Koolhaas, [OMA]
The CCTV Headquarters, to be
completed for the Beijing Olympics
2008
Daniel Libeskind
Imperial War Museum
North, Trafford , Manchester
1998–2002
MVRDV
Dutch Pavilion
EXPO 2000 Hannover

85. Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE
In Australia, ARM (Ashton Raggatt
MacDougall) has been mining the territory
for many years. The emergent grammar is
constantly provoking. It varies from
ungainly blobs to elegant waveforms,
from jagged fractals to impersonal
datascapes. It challenges the old
languages of classicism and modernism
with the idea that a new urban order is
possible, one closer to the ever-varying
patterns of nature. One may not like it at
first, and be critical of its shortcomings,
but second glance it may turn out to be
more interesting, more intune with
perception than the incessant repetition
of colonnades and curtain walls.
LAB with Bates Smart
Federation Square
Melbourne 1997-2002
Santiago Calatrava
City of Arts and Sciences
Valencia 1991–2000
Rem Koolhaas, [OMA]
The CCTV Headquarters, to be
completed for the Beijing Olympics
2008
Daniel Libeskind
Imperial War Museum
North, Trafford , Manchester
1998–2002
MVRDV
Dutch Pavilion
EXPO 2000 Hannover

86. Thank You.