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Forensics; Disciplines,
Standards and Challenges
Kamran Adil, PSP
BCL (Oxon.)
SEQUENCE
I. CONSPECTUS
II. LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES
III. STANDARDS
IV. CHALLENGES
V. WAY FORWARD
I- CONSPECTUS
The Rule
of Law
Index,
2020
I- CONSPECTUS
• Police Reforms vs. Policing Reforms
Police Reforms-relates to police organization
Policing Reforms-relates to service delivery
Criminal Justice= Police Reforms + Policing Reforms
6/7/2023 4
I- CONSPECTUS
• Design of Police Reforms has been changing
• Focus of earlier reports on different:
Change of Law
Police Welfare
Police Accountability
Complaints Management
Service Delivery - Prosecution + Forensics + IT + Processes
II- LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES
FORENSICS = LAW + SCIENCE
• Primacy of testimony:
• ‘All facts, except the contents of documents, may be proved by oral evidence’.
(Article 70, QSO, 1984)
• Corroborative value of circumstantial evidence
• Maximum punishment on confessional statements plus corroboration with
forensic evidence
• Sughran Bibi Case (PLD 2018 SC 595)
Evidence based policing instead of information based policing
II-LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES
II- LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES
Sr. No. Discipline(s) Legal Framework
1. Medical Examination Sections 164A and 164 B of the Code of Criminal Procedure introduced through 2016
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2016 + Chapter 25 of Police Rules, 1934 + M Khalid
v. the State (PLJ 2018 Cr.C 770) + Mazhar Ali v. the State (2019)
2. DNA Testing Sections 53-A of the accused with use of force (Cr. P. C) + Section 164 B for the
victim (Cr. P. C) + Articles 59 and 164 of the QSO, 1984 + Salman Akram Raja v. the
Government of the Punjab (2013 SCMR 302)
3. Audio Visual Analysis Article 164 QSO, 1984
4. Compute Forensics Article 164 QSO, 1984
5. Serology Article 164 QSO, 1984 and Section 510 Cr. P. C
6. Firearms and tool marks Article 164 QSO, 1984
II- LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES
Sr. No. Discipline(s) Legal Framework
7. Pathology Article 164 QSO, 1984
8. Latent Fingerprint Article 164 QSO, 1984
9. Trace Chemistry Article 164 QSO, 1984
10. Narcotics Article 164 QSO, 1984 + Control of Narcotic Substances (Government Analyst)
Rules, 2001 + Ameer Zeb v. the State (PLD 2012 SC 380)
11. Polygraph Article 164 QSO, 1984
12. Toxicology Article 164 QSO, 1984
13. Questioned Documents Article 164 QSO, 1984
14. Explosives Article 164 QSO, 1984
III-STANDARDS
• Accreditation of PFSA by ISO 17025:2005 ASCLD-LAB International (American
Society for Crime Laboratory Directors-Laboratory Accreditation Board)
• Accreditation law under Pakistan National Accreditation Council Act, 2017
• Initiative with IOs
• Forum shopping
• Standardization of all services
• Processing of material evidence
III-STANDARDS
• Collection of evidence:
• 1st Investigation at crime scene = YES
• 2nd Investigation at Divisional HQs = NO
• 3rd Investigation at Provincial HQs = NO
IV-CHALLENGES
• Discretion of Police in processing
evidence
• Primacy of investigation in Police
• Evidence based policing
• Police Prosecution Cooperation
• Police Forensics Cooperation
• Preservation of evidence
• Production of evidence
• Asymmetrical relationship between
Police, PFSA and Prosecution
• Inter-provincial evidence collection
issues
V- WAY FORWARD
• Evidence Based Policing (EBP)
• Training of ASsP at PFSA
• Prosecution driven case file preparation
• No withholding of evidence
V- WAY FORWARD
• Electronic log-daily diary with no interruptions
• Mix of testimony and forensics
• Accountability of police officers tampering with evidence
• Change of investigation be reviewed to conform to international best
practices
• National crime databases of ballistic signatures, arms, DNA, narcotic
substances etc.,

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Forensics_in_Pakistan_PPT.pptx

  • 1. Forensics; Disciplines, Standards and Challenges Kamran Adil, PSP BCL (Oxon.)
  • 2. SEQUENCE I. CONSPECTUS II. LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES III. STANDARDS IV. CHALLENGES V. WAY FORWARD
  • 3. I- CONSPECTUS The Rule of Law Index, 2020
  • 4. I- CONSPECTUS • Police Reforms vs. Policing Reforms Police Reforms-relates to police organization Policing Reforms-relates to service delivery Criminal Justice= Police Reforms + Policing Reforms 6/7/2023 4
  • 5. I- CONSPECTUS • Design of Police Reforms has been changing • Focus of earlier reports on different: Change of Law Police Welfare Police Accountability Complaints Management Service Delivery - Prosecution + Forensics + IT + Processes
  • 6. II- LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES FORENSICS = LAW + SCIENCE
  • 7. • Primacy of testimony: • ‘All facts, except the contents of documents, may be proved by oral evidence’. (Article 70, QSO, 1984) • Corroborative value of circumstantial evidence • Maximum punishment on confessional statements plus corroboration with forensic evidence • Sughran Bibi Case (PLD 2018 SC 595) Evidence based policing instead of information based policing II-LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES
  • 8. II- LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES Sr. No. Discipline(s) Legal Framework 1. Medical Examination Sections 164A and 164 B of the Code of Criminal Procedure introduced through 2016 Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2016 + Chapter 25 of Police Rules, 1934 + M Khalid v. the State (PLJ 2018 Cr.C 770) + Mazhar Ali v. the State (2019) 2. DNA Testing Sections 53-A of the accused with use of force (Cr. P. C) + Section 164 B for the victim (Cr. P. C) + Articles 59 and 164 of the QSO, 1984 + Salman Akram Raja v. the Government of the Punjab (2013 SCMR 302) 3. Audio Visual Analysis Article 164 QSO, 1984 4. Compute Forensics Article 164 QSO, 1984 5. Serology Article 164 QSO, 1984 and Section 510 Cr. P. C 6. Firearms and tool marks Article 164 QSO, 1984
  • 9. II- LAW, FORENSICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES Sr. No. Discipline(s) Legal Framework 7. Pathology Article 164 QSO, 1984 8. Latent Fingerprint Article 164 QSO, 1984 9. Trace Chemistry Article 164 QSO, 1984 10. Narcotics Article 164 QSO, 1984 + Control of Narcotic Substances (Government Analyst) Rules, 2001 + Ameer Zeb v. the State (PLD 2012 SC 380) 11. Polygraph Article 164 QSO, 1984 12. Toxicology Article 164 QSO, 1984 13. Questioned Documents Article 164 QSO, 1984 14. Explosives Article 164 QSO, 1984
  • 10. III-STANDARDS • Accreditation of PFSA by ISO 17025:2005 ASCLD-LAB International (American Society for Crime Laboratory Directors-Laboratory Accreditation Board) • Accreditation law under Pakistan National Accreditation Council Act, 2017 • Initiative with IOs • Forum shopping • Standardization of all services • Processing of material evidence
  • 11. III-STANDARDS • Collection of evidence: • 1st Investigation at crime scene = YES • 2nd Investigation at Divisional HQs = NO • 3rd Investigation at Provincial HQs = NO
  • 12. IV-CHALLENGES • Discretion of Police in processing evidence • Primacy of investigation in Police • Evidence based policing • Police Prosecution Cooperation • Police Forensics Cooperation • Preservation of evidence • Production of evidence • Asymmetrical relationship between Police, PFSA and Prosecution • Inter-provincial evidence collection issues
  • 13. V- WAY FORWARD • Evidence Based Policing (EBP) • Training of ASsP at PFSA • Prosecution driven case file preparation • No withholding of evidence
  • 14. V- WAY FORWARD • Electronic log-daily diary with no interruptions • Mix of testimony and forensics • Accountability of police officers tampering with evidence • Change of investigation be reviewed to conform to international best practices • National crime databases of ballistic signatures, arms, DNA, narcotic substances etc.,