1) First aid involves providing immediate care to sick or injured people until full medical treatment is available. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. 2) The roles of a first aider include managing incidents, assessing casualties, arranging emergency help, providing appropriate first aid treatments, documenting details, and handing over care. 3) When providing first aid, it is important to control bleeding, treat for shock, check for fractures or spinal injuries, and seek medical help for serious conditions.

1. Presented by
Dr.Vivek Gopalakrishnan
BHMS,NDH(NZ),PGDHA&MT (http://in.linkedin.com/in/Vivekgopal1)
Clinician-Healthcare Quality & Accreditation Consultant-Strategy &
Operations Specialist-Policy Maker & Analyst

2. Definitions of ‘first aid’
“Help given to a
sick or injured
person until full
medical treatment
is available”

3. So what does this mean?
First aid can be anything from putting on a
plaster to saving someone’s life
You don’t need formal first aid training to
help someone in need

4. The aims of first aid
Broadly, there are three main aims when administering
first aid:
●Preserve life
●Prevent worsening of the condition (if possible)
●Promote recovery
For example, applying a plaster is preventing the
condition (a cut) from worsening by stopping infection!
These aims are known as the ‘three Ps’

5. Roles of a first aider
● Manage the incident and ensure the continuing safety of themselves,
bystanders and the casualty
● Assess casualties and find out the nature & cause of their injuries
● Arrange for further medical help or other emergency services to attend
(e.g: the fire service)
● If trained, prioritize casualties based upon medical need
● Provide appropriate first aid treatment as trained
● If able, make notes/observations of casualties
● Fill out any paperwork as required
● Provide a handover when further medical help arrives

6. Calling for emergency help
Ensure you know which number to call!
Give clear, precise information about
●The location of the incident
●The number of casualties / people involved
●The nature of their injuries
●In some cases, their age
●Any hazards at the incident (e.g: spilt fuel, fire, electricity)
If the area is remote/difficult to access, consider sending
someone to meet the emergency services

7. Managing an incident
Always be aware of potential dangers at an incident (e.g:
traffic, fire, electricity). Never put yourself or other
bystanders in danger
YOU are the most important person
If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back
and call for emergency help

8. ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION

9. Initial Assessment of the scene
• Goal of the initial assessment:
– Visually determine whether there are life-threatening or
other serious problems that require quick care.
– Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout. Check
for ABC as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.
Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be
changed. It takes less than a minute to complete, unless first aid
is required at any point.
• Breathing
• Bleeding
• Shock
• Burn
• Choking
• Heart Attack
• Fractures

10. Victim Assessment Sequence
– If victim is responsive
• Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
• Check and provide first aid for these complaints as well
as others that may be involved.
– If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent).
• Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
– Check from head to toe
• Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness observed.

12. HYPERTHERMIA & HYPOTHERMIA
Hyperthermia:
Body temperature above 38 degrees
Above 42 degrees=FATAL
Hypothermia:
Body temperature below 36 degrees
Below 26 degrees=FATAL
Normal body Temperature=37 degree Celsius

13. HYPERTHERMIA
Due to loss of fluid(by sweating) & salt
3 problems:
1.Heat Cramps
2. Heat Exhaustion
3.Heat Stroke/Sun Stroke

14. Heat Cramps:
Signs & symptoms:
1. Muscle pain: in legs & lower abdomen
2. Skin: pale and moist
3. Breathing: Rapid & shallow
Treatment:
1. Move the casualty to a cool place
2. Give a cold salty drink
3. Stretch the muscle: when it is relaxed
4. Monitor the temperature
NB:DO NOT massage or rub the cramping muscle-it worsens
the pain

15. Heat Exhaustion
Signs & symptoms:
1. Light headedness & faintness
2. There may be vomiting and diarrhea
3. Pulse: rapid and weak
Treatment:
1. Remove as much clothing as possible
2. Treat for shock: lay down and raise legs
3. Wet the skin & fan with a towel
NB:DO NOT over cool

16. Heat Stroke
Signs & symptoms:
1. Headache and dizziness
2. Level of consciousness decreases rapidly
3. Skin hot, flushed & dry
4. Deep breathing
5. Convulsions may occur
Treatment:
1. Urgent medical attention

17. HYPOTHERMIA
36
35
33
32
30
29
28
26
Shivering, cold hands & feet------------------------numbness in limbs
Changes in mood-------------------slower to understand and respond
Confusion, abnormal behavior---------------------------shivering stops
Clumsy, stumbling, falling--------------slurred speech, blurred vision
Decreased level of consciousness---------------muscles become rigid
Unconscious--------------------------------shallow breathing, weak pulse
Cold, bluish color----------------------------------------------enlarged pupils
Death from heart failure-------------------------------------(((ONE HOUR)))

18. Hypothermia-Treatment
1. Prevent Heat Loss & Improve body temperature
2. Warming must be done slowly
3. Ignore pleas of “Leave me alone----I am OK”-
This is very common
4. Get casualty to dry shelter
5. Dry the skin
6. Use blankets: warm head and trunk first—limbs
later
7. Treat for shock and watch casualty all the time
NB:DO NOT use artificial heat---can stop heart

19. FIRST AID IN WOUNDS

20. First aid for minor wounds
> Wear gloves if available
> Clean the wound thoroughly with antiseptic wipes or
saline
> Do not remove any embedded objects (e.g: glass) –
seek medical advice
> Cover the wound using a clean dressing (plaster, non-
adherent pad etc.)
> Seek medical advice if there are any signs of infection –
redness, swelling or the area is warm to the touch

21. Basic First Aid for Wounds
A break in the skin’s surface that results in external
bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body
that can cause infection
• Abrasion
• Laceration
• Incisions
• Punctures
• Avulsion
• Amputation

22. Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• What to Do???????????:
– Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
– Control bleeding
– Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
– Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped

23. Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Wounds Care
– Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
– If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
– Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the body)
– Keep dressings dry and clean
– Change the dressing daily, or more often if it gets
wet or dirty.

24. Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Signs of Wound Infection:
– Swelling, and redness around the wound
– A sensation of warmth
– Throbbing pain
– Fever / chills
– Swollen lymph nodes
– Red streaks
• Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in first 72
hours.

25. REMEMBER: PEEP
PEEP is a way of remembering what to do if
someone is bleeding.
P: Position the casualty in a position of rest
E: Elevate above the level of the heart
E: Expose & examine the wound
P: Pressure. Apply direct pressure.

26. What not to do
Do not apply a tourniquet
unless specifically trained
to do so
Do not attempt to wash
out a major wound – your
aim is to control the
bleeding

27. Dressings and Bandages
• The purpose of a dressing is to:
– Control bleeding
– Prevent infection and contamination
– Absorb blood and fluid drainage
– Protect the wound from further injury
• What to Do:
– Always wear gloves (if possible)
– Use a dressing large enough to extend beyond the
wound’s edges.
– Cover the dressing with bandages.

28. FIRST AID IN BLEEDING

29. Bleeding Control
• Control Methods For External Bleeding:
– Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
• Wear gloves (if possible)
• Place a gauze pad or a clean cloth over wound
– Elevating injured part to help reduce blood flow.
• Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this will
allow you to attend to other injuries or victims).
– If bleeding continues, apply pressure
at a pressure point to slow blood flow.
• Pressure point locations:
– Brachial (Top of elbow)
– Femoral (Inside upper thigh)

30. Bleeding Control Cont.
• Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:
– Signs of internal bleeding:
• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
– What to Do:
For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps:
• Monitor ABC’s (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help prevent
expulsion of vomit from stomach, or allow the vomit to drain and
also prevent the victim from inhaling vomit).
• Seek immediate medical attention

31. FIRST AID FOR SHOCK

32. Shock (1)
Shock is a medical emergency which can be caused by
severe blood loss
The casualty does not receive enough oxygen due to
the loss of blood
Signs & symptoms include:
●Pale clammy skin
●Drowsiness
●Thirst
●Confusion
●Nausea & vomiting

33. Shock Cont.
• What to Look For
– Altered mental status
• Anxiety and restlessness
– Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail beds
– Nausea and vomiting
– Rapid breathing and pulse
– Unresponsiveness when shock is severe

34. Shock Cont.
• What to Do
– After first treating life-threatening injuries such
as breathing or bleeding, the following
procedures shall be performed:
• Lay the victim on his or her back
• Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12” to
allow the blood to drain from the legs back
to the heart.
• Prevent body heat loss by putting
blankets and coats under and over the
victim-Cover them with a blanket
• Call for emergency help if you haven’t
already done so.

35. FIRST AID IN SPINAL INJURIES

36. Checking for Spinal Injuries
–What to Look For
• General signs & symptoms
–Painful movement of the arms or legs
–Numbness, tingling, weakness, or
burning sensation in the arms or legs
–Loss of bowel or bladder control
–Paralysis of the arms or legs
–Deformity (odd-looking angle of the
victim’s head & neck

37. Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• What to Do:
– Stabilize the victim against any movement.
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Unresponsive Victim:
– Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
– Test response by pinching the victim’s hand, and
bare foot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may have spinal
damage.

38. Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• Responsive Victim
– Upper Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles fingers.
• Victim feels rescuer squeeze fingers.
• Victim squeeze rescuer’s hand.
– Lower Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles toes.
• Victim feels rescuer squeezes toes.
• Victim pushes foot against rescuer’s hand.

39. FIRST AID FOR BURNS

40. Burns
• Burns have been described
as:
– First-degree burns
(Superficial)
• What to Do:
– Immerse in cold water 10 to
45 minutes or use cold, wet
cloths.
» Cold stops burn progression
» May use other liquids
– Moisturizer lotion

41. Burns Cont.
• Second-degree burns (Partial Thickness)
– What to Do:
• Immerse in cold water / wet pack
• Do not break blisters
• May seek medical attention

42. Burns Cont.
• Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)
– What to Do:
• Usually not necessary to apply cold to areas of third
degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick dressings (do not use
plastic)
• Check ABC’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help

43. Burns Cont.
– Thermal (heat) burns caused by:
• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid
– What to Do:
• Stop the burning
– Remove victim from burn source
– If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or similar item, or
have the victim roll on ground.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn

44. Burns Cont.
• Chemical burns
– The result of a caustic or corrosive substance
touching the skin caused by:
• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)

45. Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Remove the chemical by flushing the area with
water
• Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before
flushing
• Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure to
the chemical
– Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and
jewelry while flushing with water
– Flush for 20 minutes all chemical
burns (skin, eyes)
– Cover the burned area with
a dry, sterile dressing
– Seek medical attention

46. Burns Cont.
• Electrical Burns
– There are three types of electrical injuries:
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact with the
skin are ignited by an electrical current.
– Mostly caused by the flames produced by the electrical current and
not by the passage of the electrical current or arc.
• Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or arcs,
from one spot to another.
– Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.
• True Electrical Injury (contact) – Occurs when an electric
current truly passes through the body.

47. Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Make sure the scene is safe
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power company or EMS for
help.
– Do not contact high voltage wires
– Consider all wires live
– Do not handle downed lines
– Do not come in contact with person if the electrical source is live
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
– If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
– Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs 8” –
12” if no spinal injury is suspected.
– Seek medical attention immediately.

48. What not do to
> Do not try to remove clothing sticking to a burn,
instead cool through the clothing
Do not apply toothpaste / butter / creams to a burn.
Running water is the most effective cooling
method.
> Do not burst any blisters
> Do not stop cooling before 10 minutes is up!

49. FIRST AID IN CHOKING

50. Choking
• What is it?
– Obstruction in the airway.
• General Precaution
– If someone is coughing, leave the person alone.
• Do not perform the Heimlich Maneuver.
– Keep eyes on that person.
– Ask the person if he/she needs help.
• Signs and Symptoms
– Person is not able to breath or talk due to obstruction,
choking sign given, distressed, and panic.
– Hands wrapped around the neck is universal sign for
choking.

51. Choking Cont.
• What to Do:
– Perform Heimlich Maneuver if you are
properly trained
• Conscious Victim:
– Approach from behind and wrap arms around
the victim’s waist.
– Place one fist just above the victim’s navel with the
thumb side against the abdomen.
– Second hand over the fist.
– Press into the victim’s abdomen with one upward thrust
– Repeat thrust if necessary.
– Try to pop the obstruction out with swift thrusts in and up.
– Continue until the obstruction is relieved or victim collapses.
– Have someone call for help.
Note: Always stay calm.

52. FIRST AID IN FRACTURES

53. Fractures
• There are two categories of fractures:
– Closed (Simple) fracture
• The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere near the
fracture site.
– Open (Compound) fracture
• The skin over the fracture has been damaged or broken.
• The wound may result from bone protruding through the
skin.
• The bone may not always be visible in the wound.

54. Fractures Cont.
• What to Look for:
– General signs and Symptoms:
• Tenderness to touch.
• Swelling.
• Deformities may occur when bones are broken, causing
an abnormal shape.
• Open wounds break the skin.
• A grating sensation caused by broken bones rubbing
together
– can be felt and sometimes even heard.
– Do not move the injured limb in an attempt to detect it.
• Loss of use.

55. Managing a fracture or dislocation
• Control any bleeding and cover any wounds.
• Ask patient to remain as still as possible.
• Immobilize fracture:
– use broad bandages (where possible) to prevent movement at
joints above and below the fracture
– support the limb, carefully passing bandages under the natural
hollows of the body
– place a padded splint along the injured limb
– place padding between the splint and the natural contours of
the body and secure firmly
– for leg fracture, immobilize foot and ankle
– check that bandages are not too tight (or too loose) every 15
minutes.
• Watch for signs of circulation loss to hands and feet
• Ensure an ambulance has been called

56. Notes on first aid in Fracture
• Do not attempt to force a fracture or dislocation
back into place – this could cause further injuries.
• It can be difficult for a first aider to tell whether
the injury is a fracture, dislocation, sprain or
strain. If in doubt, always treat the injury as a
fracture.
• If collarbone is fractured, support arm on injured
side in a St John sling.
• If you suspect the joint is dislocated, rest, elevate
and apply ice to the joint.
• DO NOT MOVE THE AREA UNWANTEDLY

57. FIRST AID IN BITES AND STINGS

58. Bites and Stings
• Insect stings and bites
– What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger and venom
sac are embedded in the skin.
– Bees are the only stinging insects that leave their
stingers and venom sacs behind.
– Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with a hard
object such as a long fingernail, credit card, scissor
edge, or knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain, itching, and
swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be a
life threatening.

59. Bites and Stings Cont.
• Insect stings and bites Cont.
– What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
– Because bee venom is acidic, a paste made of baking
soda and water can help.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.

60. FIRST AID IN HEART ATTACK

61. Heart Attack
• Heart Attack – Usually that happens when one
of the coronary arteries is blocked by an
obstruction or a spasm.
– Signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:
• Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or pain that lasts
more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes
back.
• Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck,
or arms.
• Chest discomfort with lightheadedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea, or
shortness of breath.

62. Heart Attack
• What to Do:
– Call Amulance or get to the nearest hospital
emergency department
– Monitor victim’s condition.
– Help the victim to the least painful position, usually
sitting with legs up and bent at the knees.
• Loosen clothing around the neck and midriff.
– Determine if the victim is known to have coronary
heart disease
– If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and start
CPR, if needed.
– CPR VIDEO-

63. CPR-HOW TO DO
• Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide
hands-only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest
compressions of about 100 a minute until paramedics
arrive. You don't need to try rescue breathing.
• Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and
confident in your ability, begin with chest compressions
instead of first checking the airway and doing rescue
breathing. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before
checking the airway and giving rescue breaths.
• Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR
training but you're not confident in your abilities, then
just do chest compressions at a rate of about 100 a
minute.

64. Before you begin
• Before starting CPR, check:
• Check =Is the person conscious or unconscious?
• If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or
her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
• If the person doesn't respond and two people are
available, one should call the local emergency number
and one should begin CPR. If you are alone and have
immediate access to a telephone, call emergency
number before beginning CPR — unless you think the
person has become unresponsive because of
suffocation
• If an AED is immediately available, deliver one shock if
instructed by the device, then begin CPR.
• Remember to spell C-A-B

65. Compressions:
to Restore blood circulation
• Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
• Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
• Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest,
between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first
hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders
directly above your hands.
• Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push
straight down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches
(approximately 5 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of about 100
compressions a minute.
• If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions
until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical
personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to
checking the airway and rescue breathing.

67. Airway:
Clear the airway
• If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest
compressions, open the person's airway using the head-tilt,
chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead
and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand,
gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
• Check for normal breathing, taking no more than five or 10
seconds. Look for chest motion, listen for normal breath
sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and
ear. Gasping is not considered to be normal breathing. If
the person isn't breathing normally and you are trained in
CPR, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing. If you believe the
person is unconscious from a heart attack and you haven't
been trained in emergency procedures, skip mouth-to-
mouth breathing and continue chest compressions.

69. Breathing:
Breathe for the person
• Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose
breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened.
• With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the
nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth
with yours, making a seal.
• Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting
one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the
second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift
maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions
followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle.
• Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.
• If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes)
and an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and
follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then resume CPR — starting
with chest compressions — for two more minutes before administering a
second shock.
• Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical
personnel take over.

72. CPR VIDEO-

73. THE RECOVERY POSITION

74. Unconsciousness
vs
sleeping
The difference between being asleep and being
unconsciousness is that an unconscious person
will not wake up.
Unconsciousness is a medical emergency
which requires immediate first aid
intervention

75. Why the fuss?
When someone goes unconscious, they lose muscle
tone. This means they go all ‘floppy’ – like a rag doll
The tongue (a muscle) can block their airway when it
loses muscle tone. This is known colloquially as “swallowing
your own tongue”
In addition, loss of control over their stomach muscles
can cause stomach contents (vomit) to travel back up to
the throat which can block the airway

76. Photo: blocked airway

77. Helping someone who is
unconscious
You can use the mnemonic
“DR ABC” to remember what
to do!
DR ABC provides a structured
way to think about how to
assess the situation

78. D: Danger
Check to see if there are any dangers (actual or potential)
to yourself or the casualty
For example electrical cables, moving traffic, other people etc.
Try and make the scene as safe as possible
If the area is too dangerous then stay back and call the
emergency services

79. R: Response
Attempt to wake the person up by shouting loudly in
both ears and tapping them on the shoulders
If you do not get a response, then the person is
unconscious
This is now a medical emergency. If possible, try to attract
the attention of others by shouting for help

80. A: Airway
Open the airway by tilting the head backwards and
lifting the chin with two fingers.

81. B: Breathing (1)
Keep your hands on the person’s head & chin
Place your cheek above their mouth and look at their
chest
Look, listen and feel for regular breathing for up to 10
seconds.

82. B: Breathing (2)
If the person is not breathing, commence
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
If they are breathing, then place them in the recovery
position in order to protect their airway
The recovery position involves rolling the casualty onto
their side with their head tilted back.

83. Photo: the recovery position

84. The recovery position - steps
1. Kneel by the casualty’s waist
2. Place the hand nearest you at right angles
3. Grasp the hand furthest to you, place the back of their
hand against their cheek closest to you
4. Lift the leg furthest away from you at the knee and place
their foot on the floor
5. Using their knee as a lever, pull the person onto their side
6. Ensure their head is still tilted back and they are on their
side

86. C: Call an ambulance
Once the person is in the recovery position call an
ambulance if this has not been done already!
Recheck the casualty’s airway and breathing every few
minutes until the ambulance arrives
Keep the casualty warm and dry if you can

87. INFECTION CONTROL

88. Basic infection control
Various diseases can be transmitted via blood and body fluids (for
example HIV and Hepatitis B & C)
If possible, always wear disposable latex/nitrile gloves when dealing
with bodily fluids
HOWEVER: This is not always practical! You can improvise and
use anything to create a barrier. e.g: a plastic carrier bag
Ensure any cuts/open injuries to your hands are covered with
waterproof plasters or dressings.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water whenever possible

89. Infection control
> Try and keep the wound as clean as possible
> Try to avoid contact with the casualty’s blood
●Wear disposable latex / nitrile gloves if available
●If not, use any available items to create a barrier (e.g: a plastic
bag)
> Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water
afterwards
> Seek medical advice if you are concerned

90. Handwashing
Alcohol handrub / handgel can be used
if running water is not immediately
available

91. Your basic first aid kit
• A basic first aid kit may contain:
• plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes
• small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings
• at least two sterile eye dressings
• triangular bandages
• crêpe rolled bandages
• safety pins
• disposable sterile gloves
• tweezers
• scissors
• alcohol-free cleansing wipes
• sticky tape
• thermometer (preferably digital)
• skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula
• cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings
• antiseptic cream
• painkillers such as paracetamol (or infant paracetamol for children), aspirin (not to be given to children
under 16), or ibuprofen
• cough medicine
• antihistamine tablets
• distilled water for cleaning wounds
• eye wash and eye bath

92. Basic First Aid-Summary
– The following information from this presentation
have been covered:
• What is First Aid?
• Scene Survey
• Initial Assessment
• Victim Assessment
Sequence
• Bleeding Control
• Shock
• Burns
• Choking
• Fractures
• Heart Attack
• Basic First Aid for Wounds
• Dressing and Bandages
• Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Bites and Stings

93. Basic First Aid-Summary cont.
–Assess the situation
–Call for help when necessary
–Stabilize the situation before help
arrives
–Try to remain calm and do not
panic

94. Exercise: incident management
Think about the photo on the next slide (either individually or
in groups)
Take a few minutes to discuss:
1) How would you manage this incident?
2) What dangers are present or could be present?
3) What should your first action be?

95. Exercise: incident management

97. REMEMBER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

98. QUESTIONS IF
ANY????????
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
PATIENT LISTENING