This document proposes establishing commercial timber plantations in Jamaica to increase local lumber production. Over 10 years, 1,000 hectares of pine and 6,000 hectares of various hardwood species would be planted. This would increase pine production by 22,900 cubic meters per year after 20 years and hardwood production by 117,000 cubic meters per year after 30 years, for a total annual allowable cut of 139,900 cubic meters. The proposal analyzes the history of forestry in Jamaica, suitable lands, expected productivity and yields, financial feasibility, and environmental and socioeconomic benefits of establishing commercial timber plantations.

1. A Case for Commercial Timber Production in Jamaica.
Written By
Charles W. Dunkley1
,
With contributions from Keith Porter2
, Alli Morgan3
and Maxine Hinds4
May 2007
1
Forest Inventory and Utilization Officer, Forestry Department
2
Senior Director, Forestry Department, Forestry Department
3
Technical Director, Forestry Department
4
Forest Education Officer, Forestry Department

2. Table of Content
Table of Content................................................................................................................2
List of Tables.......................................................................................................................3
List of Figures......................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................4
Abstract................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1. Overview and Objectives...................................................................................6
Introduction......................................................................................................................6
1.1 What is Commercial / Industrial Forestry?................................................................7
1.2 Goals of a Proposed Commercial Forestry Programme............................................7
1.3 Background to Commercial/Industrial Forestry in Jamaica......................................8
Chapter 2. History, Policy and logistics............................................................................8
2.1 Why Commercial Forestry Now................................................................................8
2.2 Locations for Commercial Timber Production.......................................................10
2.3 Ownership of lands with Reforestation Potential...................................................10
Chapter 3. Production and Productivity.............................................................................10
3.1 Productions and Productivity of Proposed Programme...........................................10
3.2 Proposed Planting Programme.................................................................................11
Chapter 4. Benefits and Incentives....................................................................................12
Benefits from Commercial Timber Production.............................................................12
4.1 Financial Feasibility.................................................................................................13
4.1.1 Concessions and Tax Exemptions....................................................................13
4.1.2 Payments for Carbon Sequestration..................................................................14
4.1.3 Agro-Forestry Practices....................................................................................14
4.1.4 Sawmilling/Processing Operations...................................................................14
4.2 Socio-Economic Benefits.........................................................................................15
4.3 Environmental Benefits...........................................................................................15
Conclusion and Recommendations....................................................................................16
References..........................................................................................................................17
2

3. List of Tables
Page
Table1. Assumptions and Yield estimates for Pine and 4 local Hardwoods………..11
Table 2.Proposed annual planting over 10 years….... ……………………………….12
Table 3.Projected Yields and Standing Value……... ...……………………………….12
List of Figures
Figure 1. 10 yr (1995-2004) Lumber imports in Jamaica………………………….. ..9
3

4. Acknowledgement
The Authors wish to acknowledge all the persons who have contributed to the preparation
of this article. Special thanks to Owen Evelyn and Marilyn Headley for their assistance in
editing, information and useful suggestions. Mention must also be made of Jeffrey
Spooner of the Meteorological Office of Jamaica for his contribution to the Strategic
Environmental Assessment that was done prior to the preparation of this paper.
4

5. Abstract
It is possible to establish forest plantations on lands that are easily accessible, fertile,
and located on gentle slopes across Jamaica. In 1991, an assessment of lands available
for commercial forest production showed that at least 67,054 hectares of these lands are
available for timber production. In this paper, our purpose is to show how planting a mix
of high valued timber species on these lands can increase the amount of local lumber by
at least 11% or 139,900 m3
/yr in 30 years. The GOJ is convinced that a strategic
development of the forestry sub-sector can contribute significantly to the ailing
agriculture sector, as the widening impacts of globalization on traditional agricultural
production continue to have negative social and economic repercussions. The Internal
rates of return (IRR) for plantation establishment were calculated using the latest data
and for pine it was 11% and for hardwoods it was 8%. The long-term cumulative effect is
a reduction of the pressure that is presently on the existing natural and secondary
forests and aid in maintaining the watershed and biodiversity services as well as
numerous social and economic benefits that they provide.
Keywords: Commercial forestry, Social and Economic benefits, IRR, Watershed services
5

6. Chapter 1. Overview and Objectives
Introduction
Jamaica has 30% forest cover amounting to 336,000 ha5
. Of this amount, approximately
60% (226,000 ha) is privately owned and the remainder (110,000 ha) is managed by the
Forestry Department of which approximately 8000 hectares are plantations. The current
rate at which forests are being converted in Jamaica is 0.1% or 336 hectares/year6
. If the
trend continues, approximately 3,360 hectares of Jamaica’s forest resources will be lost
over the next 10 years.
In 1991, an assessment of lands available for commercial forest production showed that
at least 67,054 hectares of private lands are suitable for timber production7
. The National
Forest Management and Conservation Plan (2001) which contained the revised Forest
Land use policy (1996) promulgated the opportunity for the Private sector to embark on
a Programme to increase the production of local timber on both private and public lands.
There were however, stipulations as to the locations where commercial or industrial
forest plantations could be established.8
5
FAO, 2005. State of the World Forests
6
O. B. Evelyn and R. Camirand. Forest Cover and Deforestation in Jamaica: an analysis of forest cover
estimates over time.
7
FD 2001.National Forest Management and Conservation Plan
8
This is indicated in the Government of Jamaica /Forestry Department 5-year National Re-forestation Plan
6

7. 1.1 What is Commercial / Industrial Forestry?
For this report, commercial and industrial forestry are used synonymously. It is defined
as those stands established in the process of afforestation9
or reforestation10
to provide
wood for industry, and consist of either introduced and or indigenous species.11
Most of the present timber harvesting is being done within disturbed broad-leaf forests
and plantations on moderate to steep slopes. The species mostly harvested are
Caribbean Pine (Pinus caribaea) from plantations, together with Blue Mahoe (Hibiscus
elatus), Teak (Tectona grandis), Honduras Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), West
Indian Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani), Cedar (Cedrela odorata), and Santa Maria
(Calophyllum calaba) from a few small hardwood plantations and natural and disturbed
secondary forests.
We have identified and assessed some of the key environmental, social and economic
issues associated with commercial forestry, especially given the global impact of wood
availability in the past and implication for the future.
1.2 Goals of a Proposed Commercial Forestry Programme
The National Forest Management and Conservation Plan speaks to the promotion of
investment in forestry. The revised Land use Policy of 1996, made special reference to
the establishment of commercial forestry and the conditions for their establishment, with
a view to encourage private sector investment. The underlying reasons for this proposal
are based on the prevailing situations in the lumber trade globally but specifically in
Jamaica. The most obvious ones are the increased demand for local lumber, a decrease
in the supply of good quality material and the increased use of scarce foreign exchange
to purchase lumber. There is also good investment opportunity at this time.
The aims of the Programme are therefore:
1. To maximize the economic potential of Jamaica’s timber resources
2. To encourage the efficiency of the timber supply chain, improve sector
competitiveness, and minimize the social and environmental impacts of timber
9
The establishment of forest cover on lands that were previously not covered for over 50 years
10
This refers to the establishment of forest cover on lands that were previously covered. The length of time
since the area was covered could have implications for carbon credits by the CDM.
11
Gary Q. Bull et al, 2004. Subsidies for Industrial Forest Plantations: Impacts and Implications
7

8. 3. To encourage continued investment in timber processing by sustaining a
predictive and stable supply of good quality timber.
1.3 Background to Commercial/Industrial Forestry in Jamaica
In 1978 The Forest Industries Development Company (FIDCO) was established and its
main objective was to establish and maintain commercial forest estates with a view to
achieve national self-sufficiency in pine lumber. By 1981, the company had produced
2.5 million board feet of pine lumber and after 7 years it was satisfying 24% of market
demand12
. The advent of Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 dramatically changed the situation of
projected sustained annual yield of 240,000m3
. In 1994, FIDCO was only able to harvest
2,500m3 and indicators were that it would not be able to exceed that figure.
Apart from unfavourable weather condition, a shift in the National Land use Policy where
forestlands were divested for coffee establishment, also led to an unsustainable and
unpredictable supply of local lumber.
Chapter 2. History, Policy and logistics
2.1 Why Commercial Forestry Now
There are a number of conditions and indicators now in place to encourage the
establishment of commercial forestry. Sawn-wood production and share of global
exports has not changed dramatically for over 40 years.13
Based on the FAO report, the
percentage change in the global export market over the period 1960-2000 has remained
fairly constant at around 15%. On the other hand, there has been a steady increase in
the amount of wood imported into Jamaica for the period 1995-200414
. Over the period,
average importation of lumber into Jamaica valued J$14.85M of hardwood and J$ 1.42B
of (pine) softwood (Figure 1)
12
FIDCO Publication (Forests For Our Future) February , 1987
13
FAO 2001. Global forest resources assessment 2000 Main Report
14
STATIN. Import, Export and Re-Export of Lumber by Quantity and Value 1994-2004
8

9. Figure1. Value of wood imports 1995-2004
Value of Wood Imports (1995 - 2004)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
30001995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Year
Value(Ja$M)
SW
HW
Source: STATIN
The effects of globalization on the traditional agricultural sector have caused many
negative social and economic dislocations. This has resulted in large privately owned
lands to be idle, and many small agricultural holdings to be abandoned and left to fallow.
Consequently, adequate labour is available from the numerous displaced workers who
used to work on these farms. At the same time, the demand for lumber continues to
grow.15
The present supply of good quality lumber is unpredictable, and the present rate
of conversion16
is costly and wasteful.
The use of foreign exchange to purchase imported lumber is high and therefore impacts
significantly on Jamaica’s balance of payment. At the same time, there are now good
investment opportunities in commercial timber production as the internal rate of returns
for pine and hardwoods are 11 and 8% respectively. The possibility that such an
investment could see payments being made for carbon offset through the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM), and that an active Tree Growers Association is in
place, are more reasons for serious effort to be given to this kind of investment.
Ultimately it is envisaged that the proposed Programme will provide the opportunity to
streamline and regularize the wood processing and sawmilling operations in Jamaica.
15
Based on STATIN, average increase for the period 1995-2004 was 8%
16
Present conversion rate is 40%
9

10. 2.2 Locations for Commercial Timber Production
Jamaica has a wide range of climatic conditions due to its irregular mountainous
topography and prevailing north-east trade winds.17
Although about 64% of Jamaica has
a limestone base, much of this land is too dry for commercial forests. Most of the
uplands are generally shallow and stony and erosion is common unless permanent
vegetative cover protects the soil against the powerful force of raindrop impact. The
most productive soils are deep with high water-holding capacity and are found in the
valleys and coastal plains. The Government of Jamaica /Forestry Department 5-year
National Reforestation 2000-2005, describes the conditions of slope, soil and
accessibility of lands suitable for forest plantations. Of the soil properties, rooting depth
was used as the single most important factor critical to tree growth followed by slope and
accessibility18
. Based on these criteria, highest priority sites include those covered by
light woody and herbal vegetation (not Guinea grass or fern), abandoned coffee farms or
ex-pine plantations not replanted since logging or hurricane damage.
2.3 Ownership of lands with Reforestation Potential
Most of the lands that have been identified as having potential for afforestation and
reforestation are privately owned.19
However the potential to lease public lands for
reforestation/afforestation/agro-forestry, are options available to potential investors20
.
Chapter 3. Production and Productivity
3.1 Productions and Productivity of Proposed Programme
Growth and yield information for Caribbean pine and Blue mahoe are available for
Jamaica21
. The information indicates yield curves and therefore productivity at various
17
Liegel, 1991. Growth and Site relationships of Pinus caribaea Across the Caribbean basin
18
For commercial forestry, road access was rated based on distance of <250 m for Class 1 and 250-500 m
for Class 2. For commercial forestry slopes of 0-35 degree (0-70%) were recommended as suitable.
19
Approximately 98% based on figures from GOJ/FD 5-year National Reforestation Programme (2000-
2005)
20
Revised land use Policy (1996) as outlined in the National Forest Management and Conservation Plan
21
Available in Provisional Yield Tables by S. Jacyna
10

11. quality class sites and shows a range of volumes in m3
/ha in total volume produced and
at different top diameters at the end of the rotation periods22
. A site quality class is
determined by the average height of a species at a particular stage of its development.
Volumes used for other hardwoods have been averaged using that of the Blue mahoe,
cedar, mahogany and teak (Table1). The Mean Annual Increment (MAI)23
for pine is
15.3 m3
/ha/yr and for hardwoods is 6.5 m3
/ha/yr.
Table1. Assumptions and Yield Estimates for Pine and 4 Local Hardwoods.
Species No. Planted
trees/ha
Mean Annual
Increment
(m3
/ha/yr)
Harvesting
Age (years)
Average value
(J$/m3
)
Pine 1100 15.3 20 3707
Teak 625 6.4 30 7951
Mahoe 625 9.5 30 4544
Mahogany 625 5.7 30 6815
Cedar 625 5.7 30 6247
Average 6.5 24
6389 25
Source: GOJ/FD 5-year National Reforestation Plan 2000-2005
The production estimates for this proposal assume that plants are grown in soils that are
fertile and confer with the recommendations as outline in the National Forest
Management and Conservation Plan. The value of each species of hardwood is shown
and the weighted value/ha used in determining the value at the end the rotation period.
3.2 Proposed Planting Programme
A proposal to establish 1000 hectares of pine and 6000 hectares of various high priced
hardwoods over a 10-year period is displayed in Table2. The planting Programme would
increase pine production by 22,900 m3
/yr after 20 years and hardwoods by 117,000
m3
/yr after 30 years. This would give an Annual Allowable Cut (AAC)26
after 30 years of
139,900 m3
/yr. The projected yield, estimated standing value and accumulated area for
the proposed Programme are summarized in Table 3.
22
Top diameter of 15 cm is used for pine and 10 cm for hardwoods.
23
MAI is expressed as m3
/ha/yr and is described as the incremental development of wood in a particular
species until the end of its rotation.
24
Figure represents the average Mean Annual Increment (MAI) for hardwoods grown in Jamaica
25
Figure represents the average stumpage price being charged for the major commercial species by The
Forestry Department.
26
The volume of timber that is determined to be available for harvest on a sustainable basis.
11

12. Table 2. Proposed Annual Planting and Cumulative Area over 10 years
Year of
Establishment
Area
Planted
(ha)
Cumulative
Area
Planted (ha)
Year of
Establishment
Area
Planted
(ha)
Cumulative
Area
Planted (ha)
Total Area in
Pine and
Hardwood (ha)
Pine Hardwood
1 100 100 1 600 600 700
2 100 200 2 600 1200 1400
3 100 300 3 600 1800 2100
4 100 400 4 600 2400 2800
5 100 500 5 600 3000 3500
6 100 600 6 600 3600 4200
7 100 700 7 600 4200 4900
8 100 800 8 600 4800 5600
9 100 900 9 600 5400 6300
10 100 1000 10 600 6000 7000
Total 1,000 6000
Table 3. Projected Yield and Standing Value due to Programme.
Year of
Potential
Harvest
Cumulated
Area
Established
(ha)
Estimated
Standing
value of
Timber
JA$Million
Sustainable
Round wood
Yield (m3/yr)
from Site QC3
27
Year of
Potential
Harvest
Cumulated
Area
Established
(ha)
Estimated
Standing
value of
Timber
JA$Million
Sustainable
Round wood
Yield (m3/yr)
from Site QC2
Pine Hardwood
20 100 84.9 22,900 30 600 74.75 117,000
21 200 169.8 22,900 31 1,200 149.50 117,000
22 300 254.7 22,900 32 1,800 224.25 117,000
23 400 339.6 22,900 33 2,400 298.00 117,000
24 500 424.5 22,900 34 3,000 372.50 117,000
25 600 509.4 22,900 35 3,600 447.00 117,000
26 700 594.3 22,900 36 4,200 521.50 117,000
27 800 679.2 22,900 37 4,800 596.00 117,000
28 900 764.1 22,900 38 5,400 670.50 117,000
29 1000 849.0 22,900 39 6,000 747.50 117,000
30 1000 40 6,000
Chapter 4. Benefits and Incentives
Benefits from Commercial Timber Production
The benefits to be derived from the proposed Programme are many but can be divided
into 3 main categories. They are financial, social and environmental.
27
Taken from Provisional Yield Table of Pinus Caribaea (Var. hondurensis) in Eastern Jamaica by S.
Jacyna. A Quality Class 3 (QC3) site for pine at age 20 will produce a volume to 15cm top diameter of 229
m3
and a total volume of 382 m3
. A Quality Class 2 is used for the hardwoods as this represents the average
of sites where they are presently grown and assumes a total volume of 195 m3 to 10 cm top diameter at age
30.
12

13. 4.1 Financial Feasibility
The cost per hectare to establish and maintain a forest plantation for 3 years is
calculated based on The Forestry Department standard contract norms for each
operation. The cost to do so varies from area to area, but the average is approximately
$140,000.00/ha. At the end of the rotation, the standing value of the timber produced
($/ha) is outlined below for pine and 3 major hardwood species.
o Yield calculation – (yield/ha x price/m3
)
o 1ha Pine = (229 m3
x $3707) = $848,903 (at 20 yr)
o 1ha Blue Mahoe = (195 m3
x $4544) = $886,080 (at 30 yr)
o 1ha Mahogany = (195 m3
x $6815) = $1,328,925 (at 30 yrs.
o 1ha Teak = (195 m3
x $7951) = $1,550,445 (at 30 yrs.)
Alternate investment of $140,000.00 in money market, etc would most likely see the
following results.
Future value of $140,000.00 at an interest rate of 10% for 20 years and 30 years
o Value for 20 yrs. = $941,920.00
o Value for 30 yrs = $2,442,860.00
The face values of alternate investments seem lucrative, but when viewed against the
background of other incentives that are available for investments in forestry, the
difference is overwhelming. These are mentioned and discussed below.
4.1.1 Concessions and Tax Exemptions
The revised Forest land use policy makes mention of various tax exemptions and duty
concessions. For example, there are incentive for income tax exemption, duty
concession on motor vehicle purchase, waiver of GCT on capital goods, and long-term
conditional leasing at concessionary rates of public lands for reforestation and agro-
forestry developments.
13

14. 4.1.2 Payments for Carbon Sequestration
Carbon trading is gaining acceptance as a policy instrument in global efforts to reduce
the emission of greenhouse gases28
. The reduction units, Certified Emission reductions
(CERs) are certified as valid by an independent third party and may be offered for sale
under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The following calculations are based
on figures from guidelines developed by The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate
change (IPCC). It is expected that I hectare of pine on a 20 yr. rotation will accumulate
100t C/ha while I hectare of mixed hardwoods on a 30 yr. rotation would accumulate
102t C/ha. The proposed planting Programme (1000 ha pine & 6000 ha hardwood) at
US$10/tC would realize a value of US$7.12M
4.1.3 Agro-Forestry Practices
Agro-forestry is a management approach that integrates familiar and new agriculture and
forestry practices into land management systems that contribute to diversification and
sustainability of production.
Agro-forestry practice could bring additional financial benefits from the proposed planting
Programme without compromising the productive capacity of the trees. As a matter of
fact it could help to make better use of available soil resources and improve productivity
through more efforts at weed control, especially in the first 3 years of tree development.
Figures obtained from RADA, show that I hectare of hot peppers established within an
agro-forestry system could earn as much as $600,000/yr. The establishment of dwarfed
June plum is another option and is done on a farm in Portland29
.
4.1.4 Sawmilling/Processing Operations
A timely and sustainable supply of timber is an incentive for the development of high-
technology sawmilling and processing plant. It is estimated that there are approximately
80 sawmills operators in Jamaica30
. Of these, 18 consist of Wood Mizers31
of which only
four are fully occupied (Masterton Ltd, 2006).32
The other mills consist of table saws and
28
Ayling Ron D. Carbon Credits through Carbon Sequestration Activities in Jamaica
29
Kingsley Leyew’s Farm of Long Bay Mountain in East Portland
30
Figures based on personal experience and knowledge of the authors.
31
Commercial Portable band saw brand
32
Dealer for Wood Mizer™ in Jamaica
14

15. power saws with gauges. The introduction of environmentally sound technologies
(EST’s)33
by Wood Mizer™ technology and machinery, can achieve Yields of up to 40%
more34
.
A prefeasibility study done on Private Sector Forest-based Industry in Jamaica revealed
that a planting Programme such as this could support at least two medium sized 50,000
m3
/yr capacity plants.35
The study showed that an initial investment of $JA160 million
could see the production cost for treated lumber be as low as $27/bd.ft.36
Investment in a modern sawmilling and processing plant could reduce operational cost,
lower the retail cost to the consumer, and produce better quality lumber for both the local
export markets.
The increased volume of timber when converted in terms of foreign exchange would
save Jamaica approximately US$20.24M /yr. over the long term 37
4.2 Socio-Economic Benefits
The social implications for rural community development and stabilization were found to
be positive. The Programme will be able to gainfully employ a minimum of 5,600 persons
per year for the next ten years. Workers will be engaged in seedling production, as well
as land preparation and maintenance activities. It would also assist in reducing rural-
urban drift, and reduction of rural poverty. The long- term cumulative effects of this
Programme will be that the Programme will result in better education, health and social
well being for all beneficiaries and their families.
4.3 Environmental Benefits
33
Defined as “technologies that protect the environment, are less polluting, use all resources in a more
sustainable manner, recycle more of their waste and products, and handle residual waste in a more
acceptable manner than the technologies for which they were substitutes”
34
www.woodmizer.com
35
CIDA Trees for Tomorrow Project Phase II- Prefeasibility Study of a Financially Viable Private Sector
Forest based Industry in Jamaica.
36
The present cost for imported untreated pine lumber is approximately JA$80/bd.ft.
37
This figure is based on the projected AAC of 22,900 m3 of pine and 117,000 m3 of hardwood converted
to lumber and valued at US$132.35/m3 and US$147.06/m3 respectively. (Exchange rate :1US$ =JA$68)
15

16. There are many positive environmental benefits to be derived by implementing this
Programme. A sustainable supply of timber from the Programme to the local timber
market would reduce pressure on the natural and secondary forests that are now being
deforested. The proposed Programme would increase forest cover, subsequently
resulting in less environmental degradation through reduced run-off and soil erosion. It
would also assist in biodiversity protection, as well as increased water quality and
quantity.
Jamaica is signatory to a number of international conventions such as the UNFCCC,
Ramsar and UNCCD. A Programme such as this could assist in fulfilling Jamaica’s
obligations under these organizations.
A Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) may be required for this Proposal, but
indications are that any negative environmental impacts can have mitigation practices in
place.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Base case forecast indicates that the present rate of timber harvest in Jamaica is not
sustainable. The analysis of the information available which includes species, age, site
productivity, silvicultural treatments and location would suggest that large areas in
plantation forests are unavailable for harvest due to steep slopes, unstable soil and lack
of or inadequate drivable roadway. At the same time, the Private Planting Programme
(PPP) administered by the Forestry Department has not yet addressed a “no net loss” in
forest cover due to conversion of forest lands and is unlikely to meet the future demand
for wood if the present trend continues. The achievement so far would indicate that for
the last 10 years (1997-2007), the average rate of reforestation under the Programme
was about 110 hectares per year.38
The establishment of forests on lands suitable for commercial or industrial forest is
therefore an investment opportunity for private sector organizations, NGO’s and large
and small landowners. Organizations such as the Tree Growers Association, The Forest
Conservancy (TFC) and Jamaica Wood-products and Furniture Association (JAWFA)
could help to foster this Programme. A concerted effort to increase timber production by
38
Based on figures from the Private Planting data base at the Forestry Department
16

17. establishing commercial forests would not only meet the “no net loss” in forest cover for
Jamaica, but also save scarce foreign exchange on imported wood and furniture.
The present policy framework does not include a rationization of timber processing in
Jamaica. As indicated earlier, it was very difficult to get accurate information on the
actual number of sawmills in order to prepare this paper. The present legislation speaks
of the need to register all saw-milling operations with a view for more accurate and
timely production and utilization information. This action we feel would greatly help in a
better long-term planning for the forestry sector.
The Government, through an integrated development of policies and plans, should
prioritize programmes such as this in order to achieve the full benefits that can be
derived.
References
1. Ayling, Ron D. 2003. Carbon Credits through Carbon Sequestration Activities in
Jamaica.
2. Bull, Q. Gary., Bazett, Michael., Schwab, Olaf., Nilsson, Sten., White, Andy and
Maginnis, Stuart. 2004. Draft Document. Subsidies for Industrial Forest Plantations:
Impacts and Implications.
3. Campbell, K. 1993.Jamaica: The Rationization of sawmills. Report prepared for the
Forestry and Soil Conservation Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
Jamaica.
4. CIDA/GOJ Trees for Tomorrow Project Phase II, 2006. Development of a
Financially Viable Private Sector Forest Based Industry in Jamaica.
17

18. 5. Evelyn O. B. and Camirand, R, 2003. Forest Cover and deforestation in Jamaica: an
analysis of cover estimates over time. International Forestry Review Vol.5 (4),
December 2003
6. FAO, 2001. State of the World’s Forests. ISBN 92-5-104590-9
7. F. D. 2000.Five-Year National Reforestation Plan 2000/01 to 2004/05. Prepared by
Marilyn Headley, Conservator of Forests. Forestry Department, Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of Jamaica. March 2000.
8. Forest Industries Development Company (FIDCO) Publication (Forests For Our
Future) February, 1987
9. Forestry Department 2001. National Forest Management and Conservation Plan.
10. GOJ/UNDP/FAO 1972. Technical Report 6. The Profitability of Forest Plantations in
Jamaica. Report by Joran Fries.
11. ITTO, 1993. Guidelines for the Establishment of Planted Tropical Forests
12. Liegel, Leon H. 1991. Growth and Site Relationships of Pinus caribaea Across the
Caribbean Basin. An Institute of Tropical Forestry publication in cooperation with
the University of Puerto Rico. USAID General technical Report SO-83
13. Masterton, W. 2006, -Personal communication.
14. Ministry of Land and Environment, 2003. National Biological Diversity Strategy and
Action Plan in Jamaica.
15. Prefeasibility Study on Congress Proceedings, 2003. Forests for the Planet-X11
World Forestry Congress, Quebec Canada.
18