The document outlines the components and functions of buildings, detailing both sub-structure and super-structure elements as defined by the NBC-SP7-1970 standards. Key components include foundations, walls, floors, and roofs, along with their respective functions, such as load transfer and stability. It also discusses soil types, bearing capacity, and methods for determining soil suitability for building foundations.

1. COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
DEFINITION OF BUILDING:
DEFINITION OF BUILDING: (
(AS PER NBC-SP7-1970)
AS PER NBC-SP7-1970)
ANY STRUCTURE FOR WHATSOEVER PURPOSE AND OF
ANY STRUCTURE FOR WHATSOEVER PURPOSE AND OF
WHATSOEVER MATERIALS CONSTRUCTED AND EVERY PART
WHATSOEVER MATERIALS CONSTRUCTED AND EVERY PART
THEREOF WHETHER USED AS HUMN HABITATION OR NOT
THEREOF WHETHER USED AS HUMN HABITATION OR NOT
AND INCLUDES FOUNDATION, PLINTH, WALLS, FLOORS,
AND INCLUDES FOUNDATION, PLINTH, WALLS, FLOORS,
ROOFS, CHIMNEYS, PLUMBING AND BUILDING SERVICES
ROOFS, CHIMNEYS, PLUMBING AND BUILDING SERVICES
FIXED PLATFORMS, VERANDAH, BALCONY, CORNICE OR
FIXED PLATFORMS, VERANDAH, BALCONY, CORNICE OR
PROJECTION, PART OF A BUILDING OR ANYTHING
PROJECTION, PART OF A BUILDING OR ANYTHING
AFFIXED THERETO OR ANY WALL ENCLOSING OR
AFFIXED THERETO OR ANY WALL ENCLOSING OR
INTENDED TO ENCLOSE ANY LAND OR SPACE AND SIGNS
INTENDED TO ENCLOSE ANY LAND OR SPACE AND SIGNS
AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES. TENTS , SHAMIANAS
AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES. TENTS , SHAMIANAS
AND TARPAULIN SHELTERS ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS
AND TARPAULIN SHELTERS ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS
BUILDING
BUILDING.
.

2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
BASIC COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
SUB – STRUCTURE:
SUB – STRUCTURE:
The part of the structure which is
The part of the structure which is
below the ground level.
below the ground level.
For building structure the part of the
For building structure the part of the
structure below the plinth level is call
structure below the plinth level is call
sub-structure.
sub-structure.
SUPER – STRUCTURE:
SUPER – STRUCTURE:
The part of the structure which is
The part of the structure which is
above the ground leve.
above the ground leve.

3. COMPONENTS OF
COMPONENTS OF
SUB-STRUCTURE
SUB-STRUCTURE
FOUNDATION (footing)
FOUNDATION (footing)
PCC
PCC
PLINTH
PLINTH
DPC (DAMP PROOF COURSE)
DPC (DAMP PROOF COURSE)

4. WALLS
WALLS
PILLARS AND COLUMNS
PILLARS AND COLUMNS
DOORS
DOORS
WINDOWS
WINDOWS
WINDOW SILLS
WINDOW SILLS
LINTELS AND ARCHES
LINTELS AND ARCHES
WEATHER SHADES, CHAJJAS AND
WEATHER SHADES, CHAJJAS AND
SUNBREAKERS
SUNBREAKERS
COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE

5. FLOORS
FLOORS
CEILING
CEILING
BEAMS
BEAMS
SLABS
SLABS
TRUSS
TRUSS
PARAPET WALL AND COPING
PARAPET WALL AND COPING
STEPS, STAIRS AND LIFTS
STEPS, STAIRS AND LIFTS
FINISH FOR WALLS
FINISH FOR WALLS
COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF SUPER-STRUCTURE

6. FOUNDATION BED
PCC
FOOTING
STEPS
GR LVL
WINDOW
CHAJJA
LINTEL
DOOR
PARAPET WALL
COPING
ROOF SLAB
FLOORING
BED CONC
DPC
RUBBLE/
MURUMFI
LLING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
SUB-STRUCTURE
SECTION THROUGH EXT WALL OF A BUILDING
PLINTH

7. LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
SUB
STRUCTURE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
SECTION
PITCHED ROOF (GI
/AC SHEETS
RF TRUSS

8. COMPONENTS OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE
COLUMN
PARAPET
BEAM
RCC FOOTING
SLAB
WALL
PLINTH BEAM

9. FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
 FOUNDATION:
FOUNDATION: Lowermost portion of the
Lowermost portion of the
building which is buried below ground.
building which is buried below ground.
To transfer load of building uniformly to a
To transfer load of building uniformly to a
larger area of subsoil to reduce the
larger area of subsoil to reduce the
intensity of load .
intensity of load .
To sustain load of the building without
To sustain load of the building without
yielding
yielding
To provide a level surface for the concreting
To provide a level surface for the concreting
and masonry work.
and masonry work.
To provide stability and strength to the
To provide stability and strength to the
building against various disturbing forces
building against various disturbing forces
such as wind, rain and safety against
such as wind, rain and safety against
sliding, overturning, and bending.
sliding, overturning, and bending.

10. PLINTH:
PLINTH: Portion of the substructure
Portion of the substructure
between the level of the surrounding ground
between the level of the surrounding ground
and the level of the ground floor.
and the level of the ground floor.
To support the super structure and provide
To support the super structure and provide
stability and strength
stability and strength
Transfer the load from the building the
Transfer the load from the building the
foundation layer.
foundation layer.
To retain the plinth filling
To retain the plinth filling
To provide safety against rats, flood on roads
To provide safety against rats, flood on roads
etc.
etc.
To give aesthetic aspect to the elevation of
To give aesthetic aspect to the elevation of
the building.
the building.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

11. DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC):
DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC): It is the
It is the
layer provided in between the sub-
layer provided in between the sub-
structure and super-structure.
structure and super-structure.
Prevents entry of moisture into the
Prevents entry of moisture into the
foundation below and super-structure
foundation below and super-structure
above and vice-versa.
above and vice-versa.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

12. WALLS:
WALLS:
TYPES: (i) Load Bearing Walls
TYPES: (i) Load Bearing Walls
(ii) Non –Load Bearing Walls
(ii) Non –Load Bearing Walls
Functions:
Functions:
To enclose or divide the space to make
To enclose or divide the space to make
it functional and useful
it functional and useful
To transfer load of floors to
To transfer load of floors to
foundation
foundation
To provide privacy, security and
To provide privacy, security and
protection against weathering
protection against weathering
conditions.
conditions.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

13.  PILLARS AND COLUMNS:
PILLARS AND COLUMNS:
 To provide lateral stability to the wall.
To provide lateral stability to the wall.
 Provide support to the beams, slabs and
Provide support to the beams, slabs and
transfer loads to the foundation.
transfer loads to the foundation.
 DOORS:
DOORS:
 Provide horizontal circulation or movement
Provide horizontal circulation or movement
of the inmates from one room to another.
of the inmates from one room to another.
 WINDOWS:
WINDOWS:
 To provide light, ventilation, exterior view
To provide light, ventilation, exterior view
etc.
etc.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

14. LINTEL AND ARCHES:
LINTEL AND ARCHES:
To support the load of the wall above
To support the load of the wall above
the opening since the frame of the door
the opening since the frame of the door
or window is not strong to bear it.
or window is not strong to bear it.
Arches supports the load by arch action.
Arches supports the load by arch action.
WEATHER SHED/CHAJJA/SU-BREAKERS:
WEATHER SHED/CHAJJA/SU-BREAKERS:
To provide protection against sun, rain,
To provide protection against sun, rain,
frost etc.
frost etc.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

15.  FLOORS:
FLOORS:
 Occupants live and keep their materials.
Occupants live and keep their materials.
 CEILING:
CEILING:
 Insulators against sound and vibrations of upper
Insulators against sound and vibrations of upper
floor
floor
 BEAMS:
BEAMS: Structural horizontal members of a building
Structural horizontal members of a building.
.
 To Support floors and transfer their loads to the
To Support floors and transfer their loads to the
columns.
columns.
 SLABS:
SLABS:
 It acts as a floors or roof for multistoried buildings.
It acts as a floors or roof for multistoried buildings.
 Distributes loads of floors uniformly and transfer it to
Distributes loads of floors uniformly and transfer it to
the beams, columns
the beams, columns
 PARAPET WALL AND COPING:
PARAPET WALL AND COPING:
 To prevent falling of persons.
To prevent falling of persons.
 Coping is provided to throw off the rain water.
Coping is provided to throw off the rain water.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS

16. SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS
SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS
FOUNDATION STRATA
FOUNDATION STRATA
SOIL:
SOIL:
Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral
Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral
grains with or without any organic
grains with or without any organic
matter.
matter.
The loads of the superstructures are
The loads of the superstructures are
transferred to the subsoil.
transferred to the subsoil.
Under load soil gets pressed and grains
Under load soil gets pressed and grains
get dislodged.
get dislodged.
Soil resists dislodging due to
Soil resists dislodging due to
interlocking of grains.
interlocking of grains.

17. SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS FOUNDATION
SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS FOUNDATION
STRATA
STRATA

18. TYPES OF SOILS
TYPES OF SOILS
NON-COHESIVE SOILS
NON-COHESIVE SOILS
GRAVEL
GRAVEL : 4.75mm – 80mm
: 4.75mm – 80mm
SANDY SOIL
SANDY SOIL : 0.06mm-4.75mm
: 0.06mm-4.75mm
SILT
SILT :0.002mm -0.06mm
:0.002mm -0.06mm
COHESIVE SOILS
COHESIVE SOILS
CLAYEY SOIL
CLAYEY SOIL : <0.002mm
: <0.002mm
BLACK COTTON SOIL
BLACK COTTON SOIL
PEAT
PEAT
MADE UP GROUNDS
MADE UP GROUNDS

19. SOIL AND ROCK AS FOUNDATION STRATA
SOIL AND ROCK AS FOUNDATION STRATA
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY:
CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY:
It is the capacity of the soil to sustain the
It is the capacity of the soil to sustain the
total load of the structure without yielding
total load of the structure without yielding
or showing any settlement.
or showing any settlement.
 TYPES OF BEARING CAPACITY:
TYPES OF BEARING CAPACITY:
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
The ultimate load per unit area, which
The ultimate load per unit area, which
would cause the soil to fail in shear.
would cause the soil to fail in shear.
Safe Bearing Capacity:
Safe Bearing Capacity:
The maximum load per unit area that
The maximum load per unit area that
the soil can safely carry without
the soil can safely carry without
displacement.
displacement.

20. FACTOR OF SAFETY
FACTOR OF SAFETY
SAFE BEARING CAPACIATY = S.B.C.
SAFE BEARING CAPACIATY = S.B.C.
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
S.B.C. = --------------------------------
S.B.C. = --------------------------------
FACTOR OF SAFETY (F.S.)
FACTOR OF SAFETY (F.S.)
FACTOR OF SAFETY = 2 TO 3
FACTOR OF SAFETY = 2 TO 3

21. DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY
DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY
 Collecting Information – local experience in
Collecting Information – local experience in
construction of similar buildings:
construction of similar buildings:
i)
i) tests already carried out in adjoining areas to find
tests already carried out in adjoining areas to find
out bearing capacity, and
out bearing capacity, and
ii)
ii) bearing capacity adopted in adjoining areas.
bearing capacity adopted in adjoining areas.
 Trial pits and use of code of practice: trial pits of size
Trial pits and use of code of practice: trial pits of size
1.2mx1.2m and upto sufficient depth to underlying
1.2mx1.2m and upto sufficient depth to underlying
strata. Depending on strata met with, code
strata. Depending on strata met with, code
recommends SBC to be adopted.
recommends SBC to be adopted.
 Soft rock – 450 KN/sqm
Soft rock – 450 KN/sqm
 Sand gravel – 250 KN/sqm
Sand gravel – 250 KN/sqm
 Find sand, silt – 150 KN/sqm
Find sand, silt – 150 KN/sqm
 Soft clay, Black Cotton Soil:50KN/sqm
Soft clay, Black Cotton Soil:50KN/sqm
 Field Tests/in-situ tests/Plate-Bearing Test / Plate Load
Field Tests/in-situ tests/Plate-Bearing Test / Plate Load
Test
Test

22.  For multi-storied buildings. Simplest type of test.
For multi-storied buildings. Simplest type of test.
 Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at
Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at
the foundation level observing the settlement for each
the foundation level observing the settlement for each
increment of load after intervals.
increment of load after intervals.
 Plotting the load-settlement curve and then
Plotting the load-settlement curve and then
determining the UBC which is taken as the load at
determining the UBC which is taken as the load at
which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.
which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.
 Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at
Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at
the foundation level observing the settlement for each
the foundation level observing the settlement for each
increment of load after intervals.
increment of load after intervals.
 Plotting the load-settlement curve and then
Plotting the load-settlement curve and then
determining the UBC which is taken as the load at
determining the UBC which is taken as the load at
which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.
which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.
FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST
FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST

23.  Apparatus:
Apparatus:
(1) Bearing plates- M.S. circular/square:
(1) Bearing plates- M.S. circular/square:
300-750mm size, not less than 25mm thk.
300-750mm size, not less than 25mm thk.
(2) hydraulic jack,
(2) hydraulic jack,
(3) loading platform.
(3) loading platform.
(4) settlement recording device
(4) settlement recording device
(5) proving ring.
(5) proving ring.
 Procedure:
Procedure:
i) excavation of test pit-
i) excavation of test pit-
ii) thin layer of sand or pop is spread.
ii) thin layer of sand or pop is spread.
iii) loading.
iii) loading.
FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST
FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST

24. FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
PLAN Dp
Test Plate
Bp
5Bp
5Bp
steps
Bp
5Bp
D
FOUNDATION LVL

25. DETAILS OF EXCAVATED PIT FOR PLATE
DETAILS OF EXCAVATED PIT FOR PLATE
LOAD TEST
LOAD TEST
Bp / Bf = Dp / Df
PLAN
SECTION
POP LAYER
Dp
BEARING PLATE
Bp
5Bp
5Bp
steps
TEST PLATE

26. FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
DIAL
MASONRY
PROVING
RING
HYDRAULIC
JACK
SAND BAGS
PLANKS
CROSS
JOINTS
MAIN GIRDER
TEST PLATE
FOUNDATION LVL

27.  SENSITIVITY OF DIAL GAUGES : 0.02MM
SENSITIVITY OF DIAL GAUGES : 0.02MM
 OBSERVATION OF SETTLEMENTF FOR EACH
OBSERVATION OF SETTLEMENTF FOR EACH
INCREAMENT OF LOAD
INCREAMENT OF LOAD
 INTERVAL FOR MEASUREING SETTLEMENTS:
INTERVAL FOR MEASUREING SETTLEMENTS:
1,4,10,20,40, 60 MIN AND THEREAFTER HOURLY
1,4,10,20,40, 60 MIN AND THEREAFTER HOURLY
INTERVALS.
INTERVALS.
 MAXIMUM LOAD: 1.5 TIMES ESTIMATED
MAXIMUM LOAD: 1.5 TIMES ESTIMATED
ULTIMATE LOAD.
ULTIMATE LOAD.
FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST
FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST

28. LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVES
LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVES
LOAD INTENSITY
SETTLEMENT
INTERMEDIATE
SOILS
NONCOHESIVE SOILS
COHESIVE
SOILS

29.  The test is carried out on a small area and the
The test is carried out on a small area and the
results are used for larger area.
results are used for larger area.
 Bearing capacity in respect of clayey strata,
Bearing capacity in respect of clayey strata,
remains unaffected, whether the test is carried
remains unaffected, whether the test is carried
on small or large area. However, in case of
on small or large area. However, in case of
cohesion less soils, bearing capacity increases
cohesion less soils, bearing capacity increases
with size of footing.
with size of footing.
 Thus with this test, soil upto a depth twice the
Thus with this test, soil upto a depth twice the
width of steel plate is tested. But in practice Bf
width of steel plate is tested. But in practice Bf
the width of footing is far more than Bp. Hence,
the width of footing is far more than Bp. Hence,
if loose weak soil pockets are present within a
if loose weak soil pockets are present within a
depth of 2Bp then results obtained from the
depth of 2Bp then results obtained from the
plate bearing test will not hold good.
plate bearing test will not hold good.
LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST
LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST

30. LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST
LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST
HARD STRATA
SOFT STRATA
ACTUAL FOUNDATION
LOAD TEST
LIMIT
OF
PRESSURE
1.5W
1.5
WP
LOOSE POCKETS

31.  With rise in water table, bearing capacity
With rise in water table, bearing capacity
reduces. This aspect needs consideration
reduces. This aspect needs consideration
while finalizing B.C., especially of non-
while finalizing B.C., especially of non-
cohesive soils.
cohesive soils.
 It is difficult to carry out tests at greater
It is difficult to carry out tests at greater
depths.
depths.
 The results of test carried on small square
The results of test carried on small square
plate cannot be used for continuous footing.
plate cannot be used for continuous footing.
 Settlements in respect of cohesive soils take
Settlements in respect of cohesive soils take
lot of time, as such, ultimate settlement of
lot of time, as such, ultimate settlement of
cohesive soils cannot be determined in short
cohesive soils cannot be determined in short
period.
period.
LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST
LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST

32. FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING
FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING
CAPACITY OF SOIL
CAPACITY OF SOIL
 TYPE & NATURE OF SOIL (COARSE/FINE GRAINED)
TYPE & NATURE OF SOIL (COARSE/FINE GRAINED)
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
 DRAINAGE, SEEPAGE, ACCUMULATIO OF WATER
DRAINAGE, SEEPAGE, ACCUMULATIO OF WATER
 EXTENT OF SOIL COMPACTION
EXTENT OF SOIL COMPACTION
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: DENSITY, STRENGTH ETC
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: DENSITY, STRENGTH ETC
 MOISTURE CONTENT
MOISTURE CONTENT
 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
 PROXIMITY OF GROUND WATER TABLE
PROXIMITY OF GROUND WATER TABLE

33. METHODS OF IMPROVING B.C.
METHODS OF IMPROVING B.C.
OF SOIL
OF SOIL
INCREASING DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
INCREASING DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
DRAINING NON-COHESIVE SOILS
DRAINING NON-COHESIVE SOILS
REDUCING VOIDS BY COMPACTION
REDUCING VOIDS BY COMPACTION
DRIVING SAND PILES
DRIVING SAND PILES
GROUTING BY CEMENT OR CHEMICALS
GROUTING BY CEMENT OR CHEMICALS

34. FAILURE OF FOUNDATION
FAILURE OF FOUNDATION
 SETTLEMENT OF SUB-SOIL AND MASONRY.
SETTLEMENT OF SUB-SOIL AND MASONRY.
 LATERAL M OVEMENT OF SOIL ADJOINING THE
LATERAL M OVEMENT OF SOIL ADJOINING THE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
 SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING OF SOIL DUE TO
SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING OF SOIL DUE TO
WEATHER CHANGES
WEATHER CHANGES
 LATERAL PRESSURE CAUSING OVERTURNING OF
LATERAL PRESSURE CAUSING OVERTURNING OF
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
 CRACKS IN FOUNDATION MASONRY DUE TO
CRACKS IN FOUNDATION MASONRY DUE TO
GROWTH OF TREES NEAR FOUNDATION
GROWTH OF TREES NEAR FOUNDATION

35. SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION
THE VERTICAL DOWNWARD MOVE-MENT OF
THE VERTICAL DOWNWARD MOVE-MENT OF
THE BASE OF THE BUILDING IS CALLED
THE BASE OF THE BUILDING IS CALLED
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT
CAUSESES OF SETTLEMENT
CAUSESES OF SETTLEMENT
STATIC LOAD
STATIC LOAD
DYNAMIC LOAD
DYNAMIC LOAD
LOWERING OF WATER TABLE
LOWERING OF WATER TABLE
EXCAVATION NEAR CONSTRUCTION
EXCAVATION NEAR CONSTRUCTION
OTHERS –
OTHERS –
SUBSOIL ERROSION, VIBRATIONS DUE TO
SUBSOIL ERROSION, VIBRATIONS DUE TO
BLASTING, FLOODS.
BLASTING, FLOODS.

36. TYPES OF SETTLEMENT
TYPES OF SETTLEMENT
 UNIFORM SETTLEMENTS
UNIFORM SETTLEMENTS
 CAUSES:
CAUSES:
 SOIL WITH UNIFORM PROPERTIES
SOIL WITH UNIFORM PROPERTIES
 INTENSITY OF LOADING IS UNIFORM
INTENSITY OF LOADING IS UNIFORM
 NO SERIOUS DAMAGE
NO SERIOUS DAMAGE
 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
 NON-UNIFORM, UN-EQUAL, UNEVEN SETTLEMENT
NON-UNIFORM, UN-EQUAL, UNEVEN SETTLEMENT
OF SOME PART OF THE BASE OF THE STRUCTURE.
OF SOME PART OF THE BASE OF THE STRUCTURE.
 MORE DANGEROUS
MORE DANGEROUS
 CAUSES:
CAUSES:
 NON-UNIFORM SOIL STRATA
NON-UNIFORM SOIL STRATA
 NON-UNIFORM LOADING
NON-UNIFORM LOADING
 OVERLOADING OF SOILS
OVERLOADING OF SOILS
 UNEQUAL EXAPANSION OF SOILS
UNEQUAL EXAPANSION OF SOILS

37. UNIFORM SETTLEMENT
UNIFORM SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT

38. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEEMENT

39. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
 TERZAGHI – FATHER OF SOIL OF MECH
TERZAGHI – FATHER OF SOIL OF MECH
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 DEPTH
DEPTH ≤
≤ WIDTH
WIDTH
 OPEN FOUNDATIONS
OPEN FOUNDATIONS
 FOOTING IS USED IN RELATION TO SHALLOW
FOOTING IS USED IN RELATION TO SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS
 FOOTING IS A FOUNDATIO UNIT CONSTRUCTED IN
FOOTING IS A FOUNDATIO UNIT CONSTRUCTED IN
BRICKWORK MASONRY OR CONCRETE UNDER THE BASE
BRICKWORK MASONRY OR CONCRETE UNDER THE BASE
OF A WALL OR COLUMN FOR THE PURPOSE OF
OF A WALL OR COLUMN FOR THE PURPOSE OF
DISTRIBUTING THE LOAD OVER A LARGER AREA.
DISTRIBUTING THE LOAD OVER A LARGER AREA.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DEPTH IS VERY LARGE IN COMPARISON TO ITS
DEPTH IS VERY LARGE IN COMPARISON TO ITS
WIDTH (i. e. D > W)
WIDTH (i. e. D > W)

40. TYPES OF SHALLOW
TYPES OF SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS
 SPREAD FOOTING
SPREAD FOOTING
 STRIP FOOTING
STRIP FOOTING
SIMPLE STRIP FOOTING
SIMPLE STRIP FOOTING
STEPPED FOOTING
STEPPED FOOTING
 PAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING)
PAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING)
 SIMPLE PAD FOOTING
SIMPLE PAD FOOTING
 STEPPED PAD FOOTING
STEPPED PAD FOOTING
 ISOLATED FOOTING FOR RCC COLUMNS
ISOLATED FOOTING FOR RCC COLUMNS
 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION (SP. TYPE OF ISOLATED C.F.)
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION (SP. TYPE OF ISOLATED C.F.)
 COMBINED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
 COMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTING
COMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTING
 COMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING
COMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING
 CONTINUOUS FOOTING
CONTINUOUS FOOTING

41. TYPES OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS

42.  STRAP FOOTING OR CANTILEVER FOOTING
STRAP FOOTING OR CANTILEVER FOOTING
 MAT OR RAFT FOOTING
MAT OR RAFT FOOTING
COMMON TYPES-
COMMON TYPES-
FLAT PLATE TYPE
FLAT PLATE TYPE
FLAT PLATE THICKENED UNDER COLUMN
FLAT PLATE THICKENED UNDER COLUMN
FLAT PLATE WITH PEDASTALS
FLAT PLATE WITH PEDASTALS
TWO WAY BEAM AND SLAB
TWO WAY BEAM AND SLAB
CELLULAR CONSTRUCTION
CELLULAR CONSTRUCTION
BASEMENT WALLS AS RIGID FRAME
BASEMENT WALLS AS RIGID FRAME
TYPES OF SHALLOW
TYPES OF SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS