The document discusses the evolution of cosmological models throughout history from ancient times to modern day. It describes three major revolutions in cosmology: 1) the Ptolemaic Earth-centered model from the 2nd century, 2) the Copernican Sun-centered model in the 16th century, and 3) the modern Big Bang model of the 20th century. The Big Bang model is supported by evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation and the composition of the universe being mostly hydrogen and helium. New discoveries of dark matter and dark energy have led to refinements of the Big Bang model.

1. Structure and Evolution of the Universe Workshop Our Expanding Universe: Humanity’s changing vision of the cosmos Presented by: Loreto C. Morales BEED IIIA GEN. Location and Date here BEED ‘s

2. What is Cosmology? The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin, evolution, and destiny Our universal “world view” Our cosmological model

3. Universe models formed in many cultures Cosmology through the ages…

4. 2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle) Model: Earth-centered Cosmology Big Idea: Different laws for Earth and the cosmos Astronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology 16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of Newton) Model: Sun-centered Cosmology Big Idea: Universal physics; same laws everywhere 20th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein) Model: Big Bang Cosmology Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving Our View of the Cosmos - the story of scientific models

5. …“ the natural motion of the Earth ….is towards the center of the universe; that is the reason it is now lying at the center.” Aristotle, On the Heavens Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, 100-170 AD

6. Prediction : Future planetary positions Observation : retrograde motion of planets Refine : epicycles Success! For 1500 years Testing the Earth-centered model

7. Prediction : Phases of Venus Observation : Full set of phases Crisis! Testing the Earth-centered model

8. Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 “ At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the Sun.” Nicholaus Copernicus, de Revolutionibus

9. Prediction : Future planetary positions Observation : No better than Ptolemy Testing the Sun-centered model Refine : elliptical orbits (Johannes Kepler 1571-1630)

10. Prediction : Observed shift in position of stars (parallax) as the earth Moves around the Sun. Observation : No shift. Crisis? No, but we had to wait until 1838 (Friedrich Bessel) Testing the Sun-centered model

11. Prediction : Sun at center of Cosmos Observation : Sun is not at center of universe (1918) Testing the Sun-centered model Crisis! Observation : The galaxy is not the entire universe (1923)

12. Big Bang Cosmology: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) “ A human being is part of a whole, called by us ‘universe’, a part limited in time and space.”

13. Prediction : The universe is expanding Observation : Galaxies are moving apart from each other (1929) Testing the Big Bang model

14. Evidence for an expanding universe The spectrum of hydrogen gas is the unique fingerprint of that element Hydrogen lamp

15. Evidence for an expanding universe Orion Nebula When we see a repeat of the pattern we saw in the lab, we know hydrogen is present

16. Evidence for an expanding universe We see the same repeating pattern of lines in a galaxy, but displaced to the red Galaxy UGC 12915

17. Evidence for an expanding universe The further the galaxy, the more the shift to the red Galaxy UGC 12508

18. Evidence for an expanding universe Galaxy KUG 1750 The greater the red shift, the faster the galaxy is receding

19. Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is caused by the expansion of space. Galaxy KUG 1217

20. Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is evidence for an expanding universe Galaxy IRAS F09159

21. Prediction : If the universe was denser, hotter, in past, we should see evidence of left-over heat from early universe. Observation : Left-over heat from the early universe. ( Penzias and Wilson, 1965 ) Testing the Big Bang model

22. Prediction : A hot, dense expanding universe, should be predominantly hydrogen, helium. The Sun: 74.5% H, 24% He by mass Observation : Universe is ~75% hydrogen, ~25% helium by mass Testing the Big Bang model Cecilia Payne

23. Prediction : An expanding universe is evolving over time. If we look at the early universe, it should appear different. Observation : Distant galaxies less evolved, physically and chemically. Testing the Big Bang model

24. Observation : 90% of matter is an unknown form: Dark Matter. Refine : A new and unknown form of matter exists. But its gravity works the same way, and its presence is needed to explain how the universe looks. Testing the Big Bang model Vera Rubin

25. Observation : Expansion is accelerating. Refine : Extra energy content. A recent discovery and of unknown origin,the concept of Dark Energy is actually an integral part of Einstein’s theory of gravity. Testing the Big Bang model

26. Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 1 A dying star becomes a white dwarf.

27. Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 2 The white dwarf strips gas from its stellar companion….

28. Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 3 … .and uses it to become a hydrogen bomb. Bang!

29. Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 4 The explosion is as bright as an entire galaxy of stars….

30. Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 5 … ..and can be seen in galaxies across the universe.

31. Dark Energy 73% Dark Matter 23% “ Normal Matter” 4%

32. Conclusions Big Bang model describes our current understanding of the universe. New discoveries, such as dark matter and accelerating expansion (Dark Energy), lead us to refine our model, but there is no crisis in our understanding (yet). Science is an ongoing process - forcing us to test our model through prediction and observation. The more tests it passes, the greater is our confidence in it.

33. The Future of Cosmology: Beyond Einstein What powered the Big Bang? What is Dark Energy? How did the Universe begin?

34. Credits URL or program name here http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/ Colliding galaxies: NASA & the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI) Phases of Venus: Albert Van Helden Star field: NASA/GSFC Andromeda: Palomar Observatory, P. Challis, CfA HGC 87: Gemini Observatory/GMOS-S Galaxy cluster: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Orion nebula: MicroObservatory, SAO Galaxy data: courtesy Emilio Falco, CfA Comic microwave background: NASA/WMAP Sun: SOHO/NASA/ESA Cecilia Payne: President and Fellows of Harvard College Early galaxies: NASA, Richard Griffiths/JHU, Medium Deep Survey Team Edge-on galaxy: Bruce Hugo and Leslie Gaul, Adam Block (KPNO Visitor Program), NOAO, AURA, NSF Ring nebula: H. Bond et al., Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA), NASA White dwarf accretion: STScI, NASA Supernova Remnant: NASA/ESA/JHU/R.Sankrit & W.Blair Galaxy and supernova data: High-Z Supernova Search Team, HST, NASA Composition of the universe: SAO Spacecraft and Einstein probes: NASA ALBERT EINSTEIN and related rights ™/© of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, used under license. Represented by the Roger Richman Agency, Inc., www.albert-einstein.net Please contact einstein2005@cfa.harvard.edu for more information about non-credited historical images.

35. Additional Credits URL or program name here http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/ This presentation was initially developed for the “Modeling the Universe” educator workshop by the Universe Education Forum and our NASA mission partners. For additional information and activities related to the themes of this presentation, please visit the “Modeling the Universe” web site: http://www.universeforum.org/mtu/ This collaboration is part of the education and public outreach program from NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.