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Era psychometrictests
- 3. • Began in late C19th with “intelligence” testing • Francis Galton, UK: Anthropometrics–taking a mathematical approach to the measure of individual differences –eugenics •Charles Spearman, USA 1910 –contributed ‘g’ or the measurement of general intelligence factor Brief history of psychometrics
- 4. And “factor analysis”–the means by which psychometric tests are found to be valid • 1917 Stanford‐Binettest: first standardised test of intelligence •1949: First publication of the 16PF by Raymond Cattell(Spearman’s student) Brief history of psychometrics (Cont’d)
- 5. • 1962: MBTI first published –type‐based instrument; four preference scales • 1963 First appearance of the “Big Five "of personality factors (OCEAN) •1970: Cronbach(Cronbach’sAlpha): emphasizes the importance of validity –being able to predict accurately what a person will do Brief history of psychometrics (Cont’d)
- 6. • 1984: OPQ32 introduced, published by SHL R&D by Peter Saville and Roger Holdsworth • 1986: Hogan’s Personality Inventory first published •2004 Savilleand Holdsworthousted from SHL’s board • 2007 Saville’s Personality Questionnaire / Wave introduced Brief history of psychometrics (Cont’d)
- 7. What is a psychometric test? • Aim to measure aspects of your mental ability, aptitude or your personality •Used as part of the recruitment or selection process • Provide employers with a method of selecting the most suitable job applicants or candidates for promotion • Used by 80% of Fortune 500 and 75% of Times Top 100 companies
- 8. What do psychometric tests measure? • How well you work with other people • How well you handle stress •Whether you will be able to cope with the intellectual demands of the job • Your personality, preferences and abilities • Most do not analyze your emotional or psychological stability • Best match of individual to occupation and working environment
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- 15. Some of the popular psychometric tests are: • The Five Factors Model • 16 PF •MBTI • OPQ32 • Hogan • Saville • Thomas Personal Profiling System • Colors Personality • Strength Finder • Gordon’s Personal Profile Inventory • Rorschach Ink‐Blot Test • FIRO‐B • Picture Frustration Test • Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT)
- 16. The Five Factors Model Basis of many tests: Uses five personality traits: • Openness • Conscientiousness •Extraversion • Agreeableness • Neuroticism
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- 18. FIRO‐B: • Devised by American psychologist, Will Schutz, in the 1950's • Helps people to understand themselves and their relationships with others •Based on a 2‐hour, 54‐question questionnaire • Describes interpersonal behavior in terms of three primary dimensions: – 1. Need for Inclusion – 2. Need for Control – 3. Need for Affection FUNDAMENTAL INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP ORIENTATION‐BEHAVIOUR
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- 20. MBTI: Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator • Based on theories of Gustav Jung • Most widely‐used questionnaire based test •Uses four bi‐polar dimensions – Sensing –Intuition (SN) – Thinking – Feeling (TF) – Extraversion‐Introversion (E‐I) – Judging‐Perceiving (J‐P) • To create 16 ‘Personality Types’
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- 22. The DISC Personality Model • Developed in 1920s to understand ‘why people do what they do’ • Simple questionnaire based •Uses four categories of human behavioral styles – "D" for Dominance‐Drive‐Direct, – "I" for Influence – "S" for Steadiness or Stability – "C" for Compliant, Conscientious, or Cautious Direct, Influencing, Steady and Compliant behaviors.
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- 25. 16 Personality Factor model (16PF) • Developed in the 1940s and refined in the 60s • Attempts to define the basic underlying personality •Questionnaire based • Analysis using 16 personality factors
- 26. Factor Descriptors A WarmthReserved Outgoing B Reasoning Less Intelligent More Intelligent C Emotional Stability Affected by feelings Emotionally stable E Dominance Humble Assertive F Liveliness Sober Happy-go-lucky G Rule Consciousness Expedient Conscientious H Social Boldness Shy Venturesome I Sensitivity Tough-minded Tender-minded L Vigilance Trusting Suspicious M Abstractedness Practical Imaginative N Privateness Straightforward Shrewd O Apprehension Self-Assured Apprehensive Q1 Openness to Change Conservative Experimenting Q2 Self-Reliance Group-dependent Self-sufficient Q3 Perfectionism Self-conflict Self-control Q4 Tension Relaxed Tense The 16 factors with their word descriptors of each scale
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- 28. BELBIN TEAM ROLE INVENTORY • Used to place individuals in their most effective team roles • Categorises team roles under three orientations: –Action‐oriented roles – People‐oriented roles – Cerebral roles
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- 30. Belbin team profiling is used to: • Create balanced working teams: – One Co‐coordinator or Shaper (not both) for leader –A Plant to stimulate ideas – A Monitor/Evaluator to maintain honesty and clarity – One or more Implementer, Team worker, Resource investigator or Completer/finisher to make things happen
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- 32. SHL OPQ 32 Questioner • The authors were Saville et al., including Roger Holdsworth, Gill Nyfield, Lisa Cramp and Bill Mabey, and they were launched by Saville and Holdsworth Ltd. in 1984. •The series included the first commercially available Big Five instrument. • The OPQ measures 32 different personality traits that are relevant to occupational settings.
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- 35. Wave Professional Styles • In 2007, Saville and colleagues carried out Wave questionnaire • In 2014, Salgado and Taurizfound that Saville Consulting Wave is in the category of questionnaires whose scoring design provides the most valid way to predict job performance. • The research indicates that rather than either a solely normative (rating) or ipsative (ranking) approach, questionnaires which steer a middle course between the two approaches provide a method with greater validity
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- 38. Aptitude and Ability Tests • Designed to assess one’s logical reasoning or thinking performance • Usually consist of multiple choice questions, administered under exam conditions •Typical test might allow 30 minutes for 30 or so questions • At least 5000 aptitude and ability tests on the market • On‐line testing increasingly popular
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- 40. For more information: BOOKS AnastasiAnne, Urbina Susana, Psychological Testing, Pearson Education, 2003. Mcshane S, Glinow A M, Sharma R, Introduction to Organization Behavior, Tata McGraw Hills, 2006. E‐Books D.Constantine‐Simms, Everything you need to know to pass psychometric tests. Magazines HRM Review February 2007 Websites http://www.teamfocus.co.uk/different_types_of_psychometric_tests.htm http://changingminds.org/disciplines/hr/selection/psychometric.htm http://www.personalitypathways.com/type_inventory.html http://en.wikipedia.org www.humanmetrics.com http://www.opp.co.uk