Environmental and sustainable Engineering

ENGI1005
ENVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE
ENGINEERING
By
Dr.R.Nafeena
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
VCFET

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Introduction
• Challenges faced by Engineers and their
responsibilities
• Impacts on the Environment
• Concept of Sustainable Engineering

Sustainability is …
A view of community that
shows the links among its
three parts: the economic part,
the social part and the
environmental part.
"..development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs" World
Commission on the Environment and
Development

Goals of Sustainable development by UN
• https://youtu.be/xVWHuJOmaEk

Goals Of Sustainable
Development
1.End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment, and decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster
innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goals Of Sustainable
Development
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development
15. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at
all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for

Challenges faced by engineers on
Environmental issuses in Maldives

Major challenges include
• Depletion of nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels and minerals
• Inadequate management of industrial wastes and effluents, resulting
in impacts to human health and quality of the biotic environment
• Depletion of agricultural lands occurs due to urban sprawl. High yield
practices may increase land and water pollution
• Deforestation and inadequate availability of carbon sinks contributing
to increased atmospheric CO2 and subsequent climate change

Environmental impacts resulting
from various human activities

Pollution of (a) water, (b) atmosphere,
and (c) land.
• Loss and degradation of soil quality due to the use of pesticides, insecticides,
fertilizers, and other soil amendments
• Increased use of natural resources by mining and forestry activities and energy
production
• Increased greenhouse gas and other emissions, leading to acid rain and climate
change that increases severe weather occurrences, water levels, and erosion of
coastal areas among other effects
• Biological magnification of pollutants by plants, aquatic organisms, and animals
• https://youtu.be/STnKAI5kWQ0

7 R’ S
• https://youtu.be/K6ppCC3lboU

To achieve a more sustainable
society, various practices
• Protection of the soil, a natural resource that is the basis of at least
90% of the production of food, energy, and materials
• Development of sustainable remediation and practices for
environmental management
• Development of renewable resources to replace nonrenewable ones
• Development of protocols and procedures for technological
development and new social attitudes to mitigate and adapt to
climate change, in particular

• Renewable energy sources include the use of solar, hydro, wind, and
biomass, while fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas and coal) are
considered as nonrenewable
• Pollutants such as sulfurous oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides (NOx), and
particulate matter are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels
and biomass.
• These then can be converted to acid rain and ground level ozone in
the atmosphere
• Other impacts include flooding required by hydrodams for
hydroelectricity generation that destroys habitats and alters water
flows.

• Nuclear power has significant waste disposal issues and problems due
to plant failures as in Japan.
• Solar panel production requires significant amounts of rare metals
and waste production
• Biomass fuels can lead to deforestation if wood is used as the
feedstock.
• 8.2 million premature deaths are caused each year due to unhealthy
environments, air pollution in particular

Industries can impact the
environment as follows
(a) Resource extraction and (a) the metal mining industries;
(b) industries involved in extraction and processing of potash, clay
minerals, phosphates;
(c) the industries for extraction of aggregates, sand and rock for
building material production; and
(d) extraction of fossil fuels (natural gas, oil, oil sands, and coal) and
uranium for the nuclear power industry. 2. Utilization of soil for
agriculture and forest industries. 3. Water, groundwater, and aquifer
use for hydroelectricity generation and other industries.

Anthropogenic sources of
contaminants
• (a) various industries such as mining, manufacturing and processing,
and resource exploration and exploitation and
• (b) human activities such as construction of buildings and
infrastructure, disposal and land management of waste, agriculture.

Drinking Water- Key Facts
• In 2017, 71% of the global population (5.3 billion people) used a safely managed drinking-water
service – that is, one located on premises, available when needed, and free from
contamination.
• 90% of the global population (6.8 billion people) used at least a basic service. A basic service is
an improved drinking-watersource within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water.
• 785 million people lack even a basic drinking-waterservice, including 144 million people who
are dependent on surface water.
• Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated with faeces.
• Contaminated water can transmit diseases such diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and
polio. Contaminateddrinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrhoeal deathseach year.
• By 2025, half of the world’spopulation will be living in water-stressed areas.
• In least developed countries,22% of health care facilities have no water service, 21% no
sanitation service, and 22% no waste management service.
• https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-11-29/Why-the-world-s-water-crisis-is-worsening-and-how-
we-might-solve-it-VNfPioEMSI/index.html

Top-ten Kinds of Air Pollution
• Sulfur dioxide
• Carbon monoxide
• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Particulates
• Ozone
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Unburned hydrocarbons
• Lead and heavy metals

Pollutant Common Sources
Maximum Acceptable
Concentration In The Atmosphere
Environmental Risks Human Health Risks
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Automobile Emissions, Fires,
Industrial Processes
35 Ppm (1-hour Period); 9 Ppm (8-
hour Period)
Contributes To Smog Formation
Exacerbates Symptoms Of Heart
Disease, Such As Chest Pain; May
Cause Vision Problems And Reduce
Physical And Mental Capabilities In
Healthy People
Nitrogen Oxides (NO And NO2)
Automobile Emissions, Electricity
Generation, Industrial Processes
0.053 Ppm (1-year Period)
Damage To Foliage; Contributes To
Smog Formation
Inflammation And Irritation Of
Breathing Passages
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Electricity Generation, Fossil-fuel
Combustion,Industrial Processes,
Automobile Emissions
0.03 Ppm (1-year Period); 0.14 Ppm
(24-hour Period)
Major Cause Of Haze; Contributes
To Acid Rain Formation, Which
Subsequently Damages Foliage,
Buildings, And Monuments; Reacts
To Form Particulate Matter
Breathing Difficulties, Particularly
For People With Asthma And Heart
Disease
Ozone (O3)
Nitrogen Oxides (Nox) And Volatile
Organic Compounds (Vocs)From
Industrial And Automobile
Emissions, Gasoline Vapours,
Chemical Solvents, And Electrical
Utilities
0.075 Ppm (8-hour Period)
Interferes With The Ability Of
Certain Plants To Respire, Leading
To Increased Susceptibility To Other
Environmental Stressors (E.G.,
Disease, Harsh Weather)
Reduced Lung Function; Irritation
And Inflammation Of Breathing
Passages
Particulate Matter
Sources Of Primary Particles
Include Fires, Smokestacks,
Construction Sites, And Unpaved
Roads; Sources Of Secondary
Particles Include Reactions Between
Gaseous Chemicals Emitted By
Power Plants And Automobiles
150 Μg/M3
(24-hour Period For
Particles <10 Μm); 35 Μg/M3
(24-
hour Period For Particles <2.5 Μm)
Contributes To Formation Of Haze
As Well As Acid Rain, Which
Changes The Ph Balance Of
Waterways And Damages Foliage,
Buildings, And Monuments
Irritation Of Breathing Passages,
Aggravation Of Asthma, Irregular
Heartbeat
Lead (Pb)
Metal Processing, Waste
Incineration, Fossil-fuel
Combustion
0.15 Μg/M3
(Rolling Three-month
Average); 1.5 Μg/M3
(Quarterly
Average)
Loss Of Biodiversity, Decreased
Reproduction, Neurological
Problems In Vertebrates
Adverse Effects Upon Multiple
Bodily Systems; May Contribute To
Learning Disabilities When Young
Children Are Exposed;
Air Pollution

UNIT II
• SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
• Introduction – Ecological and other Footprints – Sustainability
Indicators – Industrial Ecology – Green Chemistry and Engineering –
Life cycle concept – Design of X – Eco-design

26
Wastewater
Gasoline
and other fuels
Plastics
Raw materials
Energy
Air pollutants
Household
products
Engineers create goods for society
An engineer is a person whose
job is to design or build
• Machines
• Engines or electrical
equipment,
• Roads, railways or bridges,
using scientific principles.
The manufacture of products that society desires is
accompanied by the production of wastes, some of
which cannot be avoided.

1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and
integrate environmental impact assessment tools.
2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human
health and well-being.
3. Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities.
4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as
inherently safe and benign as possible.
5. Minimize depletion of natural resources.
6. Strive to prevent waste.
7. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local
geography, aspirations and cultures.
8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies;
improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.
9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of
engineering solutions.
Sustainable Engineering

World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(WBCSD)
• Formerly the Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD
2005) was initiated in 1992.
• It developed principles of eco-efficiency.
They include:
• Reduction of material and energy intensity for goods and services
• Reduction of dispersion of toxic materials
• Increased ability to recycle materials
• Maximization of resource use
• Extending the durability of products
• Increasing the service intensity of goods and services

Aspect Measure of Success
Personal values Complete incorporation of sustainability
into products, services, and life styles
Human development End of poverty of billions of people
Economy Internalization of carbon, ecosystem,and
water costs
Agriculture Improving water and land productivity to
double agriculture output
Forests Carbon stocks in forest doubled
compared to 2010 and deforestation
eliminated
Energy and power 50% reduction of carbon dioxide
emissions compared to 2005 levels
Buildings All new buildings are net zero in energy
Transportation Near worldwide access to low-carbon
and reliable mobility, infrastructure,and
information
Materials Improvement of eco-efficiencyof
WBCSD Vision 2050 Measures of Success

The Sustainability Framework
Resources
Values
Place
Lenses
Time
Environmental
Economic
Societal
Dimensions
of
Sustainability
Life Cycle Stages
Supply Production Use Fate

Sustainability, Green Engineering &
Green Chemistry
• Sustainability
• Ecosystems
• Human Heath
• Green Engineering
• Lifecycle
• Systems
• Metrics
• Green Chemistry
• Reactions, catalysts
• Solvents
• Thermodynamics
• Toxicology
Sustainability
Green Engineering
Green
Chemistry

Indicators
• No system can be managed without information
• Dashboards
• Bank statements
• Achieving sustainability also requires information
• Indicators are numbers/symbols that tell something about the
system

Use of indicators
• Information for decision-making
• Public information
• Early warning, vulnerability
• Indicators can provide guidance for adaptive management,
which is necessary when we do not fully understand complex
systems.

Types of indicators
• Statistics (GNP-Gross National Product, unemployment rate)
• Materials flows
• Ecological footprints
• Scientific data (CO2 concentration)
• Maps, GIS(Geographic Information System)

Defining Development
Other dimensions than material:
• Cultural diversity
• Global consciousness
• Equality of men and women
• Participation in science/knowledge

Process of indicator
development
Challenges of developing indicators through processes that
ensure their universal applicability:
• Comparing countries
• Diversity of development goals
• Equity
• Democracy

Examples of individual indicators
• Water consumption, use of polluting materials (detergent,
cleaners, toxics)
• Energy: Electricity/gas consumption, heating bills, CO2 budget
• Transport: automobile mileage, public transport use, bicycle
use, walking
• Food: purchases of fast food,organic, fair trade; weight gain;
number of meatless meals

Examples 2
• Clothing: number of shirts, dresses, shoes;
expenditures on clothes
• Housing: number of rooms per person, cost
• Technology: number of electronic devices
bought/discarded
• Contact with nature, animals (hrs/week)
• Travel for recreation, tourism (km)
• Experiences of beauty, cultural diversity

Examples 3
• Community: participation in activities
• Solidarity: gifts to charity, development
• Altruism: volunteer service
• Spirituality: daily prayer

42
Green Engineering (EPA Definition)
Reuse or recycle
Energy recovery
Source reduction
Waste treatment
Secure disposal
 The design, commercialization
and use of processes &
products that are feasible &
economical while minimizing:
 Generation of pollution at the
source
 Risk to human health & the
environment
 Decisions to protect human
health and the environment
have the greatest impact and
cost effectiveness when applied
early to the design and
development phase.

Green Engineering …
• develops and implements technologically and
economically viable products, processes, and systems.
• transforms existing engineering disciplines and
practices to those that promote sustainability.
• incorporates environmental issues as a criterion in
engineering solutions
• promote human welfare
• protect human health
• protection of the biosphere.

Sustainable Energy??
 Twentieth century humans used 10 times more energy than their ancestors had in the
1000 years preceding 1900
 71 % increase by 2030
 World Energy Consumption Distribution
 80 % Fossil fuel
 14 % Renewable (solar, wind, biomass, etc)
 6 % Nuclear

45
Use of products
Extraction of
Raw Materials
Processes
Disposal
Recycling
Products
Consider the Total Life Cycle

History of IE
• A system that "would maximize the economical use of waste
materials and of products at the ends of their lives as
inputs to other processes and industries."
-Frosch, 1992
• Essentially mimics natural systems

Types of Industrial Ecosystems
• Local, Regional, National, Global
• Industrial Symbiosis
• The Eco-Industrial Park

Kalundborg, Denmark
• Industries exchange wastes
• Companies made agreements 70s – 90s
• Asnaes – Coal-fired power plant
• Statoil – Oil Refinery
• Gyproc – plasterboard company
• Novo Nordisk – biotechnology company

Coal Power Plant
Products
• Electricity
• Steam + Heat
• Hot Salt Water
• Ash
• Gypsum
Inputs:
•Coal
•Surplus gas from
nearby refinery
•Cool Salt Water

Coal
Power
Plant
Waste Gas
Gypsum

Oil
Refinery
Steam
Fuels
Gas
Sulfur
Petroleum

Industrial Ecology in Kalundborg
• Saves resources:
• 30% better utilization of fuel using combined heat +
power than producing separate
• Reduced oil consumption
• 3500 less oil-burning heaters in homes
• Does not drain fresh water supplies
• New source of raw materials
• Gypsum, https://youtu.be/u1V-56qdDOA acid,
fertilizer, fish farm
http://www.symbiosis.dk

• https://youtu.be/fGhoInz-VUs

MODULE 3
LIFE CYCLEASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINBILITY
Introduction – LCA Process – Lifecycle Sustainability – LCA
Tools – Applications of LCA
https://youtu.be/_6xlNyWPpB8

Eco Design (eD). To design products considering all environmentalimpacts not only from the recycling perspective but
from any product stage perspective.
Green Development (GD). To develop manufacturing plans (Meta, Macro and Micro process) considering the
environmental impacts of manufacturing technologies.
Green (Sustainable) Manufacturing (GM). To manufacture using materials and processes that minimize environmental
impacts, conserve energy and natural resources, ensure safety for employees and society.
Sustainable Production and Logistics (SPL). To consider how mass production and outsourcing contribute to Green PLM.
Responsible Use and Maintenance (RUM). To define intelligentcontrol that will help in the supervision of product’s use
and maintenance in order to feedback metrics to ecodesign activities.
Product Social Response (PSR). Reduce, Reuse, retire and/or recycling of products in order to close the cycle.
https://youtu.be/-9JRowyICbo
In order to define the lifecycle we have established key competences for the Green Manufacturing Enterprise:

What is life cycle costing and how is it applied?
It is usually carried out in four phases:
1 Define a goal, scope and functional unit.
2 Inventory costs.
3 Aggregatecosts by cost categories.
4 Interpretresults.
Phase 1 Define a goal, scope and functional unit
• An LCC will define the goal of the study, a functional unit, specify system
boundaries, apply allocationprocedures, discount rates and so forth.
• It is also important to state the viewpoint of the life cycle actor (whether
supplier, manufacturer,user or consumer) during this phase.
• At this stage also, a cost breakdown structure (CBS) should be developed in
order to facilitate the consistent collection of data along the full life cycle and
which can also be aggregated along the life cycle.
• https://youtu.be/dtqFxoHk8w8

Phase 2 Inventory costs
• In Phase 2, costs are inventoriedon a unit process level.
• The level of aggregation may vary significantly over the life cycle and between differentunit
processes.
• Since more than one product is produced by most enterprises,the allocationof costs to each
product is required.
• For example, in the case of two metals produced at the same time, overhead costs can be
distributedto each metal proportionally to the incomes received by each metal, or the number of
working hours implied by the metal production, among others.
Cost categories
Labour cost of the product over the life cycle
Life cycle phases
• Example of a life cycle cost element
Design and development
Labour cost
Power supply
Product/work breakdown structure
Figure 6. Cost categoriesand the share of labour costs in life cycle costing (IEC,1996)
supply
https://youtu.be/KrJUpSiCOoU

MODULE 4
FRAMEWORKS FOR SUSTAINABILITY
ISO14000 Standard and Environment Management System – GRI – other
sustainabilityindices – Eco-Labelling– Certifications and Guidelines –
Building Rating System – InfrastructureRating System
https://youtu.be/spjwQX-acnA

WHAT IS 1SO 14000…?
ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards
developed and published by the International Organization for
Standardization ( ISO ) for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards
provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to
systematize and improve their environmental management
efforts.

WHY ISO 14000..?
 Reduces environmental liability
 Enhances public image and reputation
 Assures customers
 Satisfies investor criteria
 Reduces your consumption of materials and energy
 Facilitates permits & authorizations
 Reduces the cost
 Improve industry-government relations

TO WHOM DO THE STANDARDS APPLY..?
The ISO 14000 standards can be applied to:
 large and small business & industry
 service sectors (hospitals, hotels, etc.)
 government organizations
 all types of organizations, of all sizes anywhere in the world.

ISO 14000 POLICY
 Prevention of pollution.
 Continual Environmental Improvement.
 Commitment to comply with Environmental Laws and Regulations
 Establish framework for setting and reviewing objectives and targets
 Documented, implemented, maintained, and communicated to employees.
 Available to the public

TARGETS & OBJECTIVES
 Reduce waste generation by
recycling
 Reduce energy consumption by
use of alternative lighting
 reduce energy consumption by
reduction of compressed air
leaks
 Improve chemical management
system software
 Improve management of
Industrial Waste water
hazard
through
waste
solvent
 Improve
management
recovery

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISO 9000AND ISO 14000
 Encourage organizations to institute quality
• assurance management programs.
 The major system requirements are defined
• by customers
 Includes evaluation of suppliers and review
of customer contracts.
 The goals of a quality system are generally
• quite clear
 Deals with the management of the
environmental effects of an organization
 Customers as well as
many additional
• stakeholders
 Include methods of
evaluating
• environmental impacts and systems
 The situation for environmental systems

PROCEDURE
 Top managementis responsible to establish environmental objectives on an annual basis.
 Plant/ Department managers involve operation staff in developing environmental objectives
for improvementin environmental performance.
 Each department manager is responsible to provide inputs and evaluate potential impacts in specific
functions.
 Manager makes preliminary evaluation of its environmental performance, and enlists primary
objectives.
 Progress towards the objectives/targets is reviewed at managementreview meetings and
communicatedto operational staff via bulletin boards.

ASPECTS OF ISO 14000
 Environmental Management System
 Environmental Auditing and related investigations
 Environmental Labels and Declarations
 Environmental Performance Evaluation
 Life CycleAnalysis & Terms and Definitions.

ISO 14000 FAMILY
A series of guidance documents and standards to help organizations address
environmental issues.
 14001: Environmental Management Systems
 14004: EMS general guidelines
 14010: Guidelines for EnvironmentalAuditing
 14011: Guidelines forAuditing of an EMS
 14012:Auditing - Qualification criteria
 14020: Environmental Labeling
 14030: Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)
 14040: Life-CycleAssessment (LCA)

14001: ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
ISO 14001 is the specification standard that is a model for an
environmental management system.
 Systematic way of managing an organization’s environmental affairs
 Based on Plan-Do-Check-Act Model (PDCA)
 Focused on Continual Improvement of System
 Addresses immediate and long-term impact
of an products, services and processes on the
environment.
organization’s
 A tool to improve environmental performance

14004: EMS GENERAL GUIDELINES
 ISO 14004:2016 provides guidance for an organization on the establishment, implementation, maintenance
and improvementof a robust, credible and reliable environmental management system.
 This International Standard helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental
management system, which provides value for the environment, the organization itself and interested
parties.
 the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
- enhancement of environmental performance;
- fulfilment of compliance obligations;
- achievementof environmental objectives.

14010 – 12 ENVIRONMENTALAUDITING
 Three standards actually cover the topic of environmental auditing. They are:
ISO 14010 - General Principles of Environmental Auditing
ISO 14011/1 - Audit Procedures - Part 1: Auditing of Environmental Management Systems
ISO 14012 - Qualificationcriteria for Environmental Auditors
 Other related standards are expected to be developed at a later times. For right now, we only need to
examine these three guideline standards for ISO 14001 to gain a basic understanding of how an
environmental management system (EMS) will be audited.

14030: ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (EPE)
 An internal management process that provides information to
facilitate management decisions regarding an organization’s
environmental performance. This standard is an excellent companion
to ISO 14001:2015, which requires organisations to demonstrate an
improvement in environmental performance. These standards
provide powerful tools for organisations, giving them a means to track
their progress towards a more circular and sustainable economy.

14040: LIFE-CYCLEASSESSMENT (LCA)
LCA can assist in
Identifyingopportunities to improve the environmental performance of products at various points in
their life cycle,
Informingdecision-makers in industry, governmentor non-governmentorganizations (e.g. for the
purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign),
The selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement
techniques,
Marketing (e.g. implementingan eco-labellingscheme, making an environmental claim, or producing
an environmental product declaration).

BENEFITS OF ISO 14000
 Helps organizations meet and maintain
regulatory and legislative requirements
 Minimizes the environmental impact of
products, activities, and resources.
 Promotes environmental awareness

BENEFITS OF ISO 14000
 Better conformance to environmental regulations,
 Greater marketability,
 Better use of resources,
 Higher quality goods and services,
 Increased levels of safety,
 Improved image and Increased profits

Eco labels –Meaning, Objectives and
Benefits









Forest Steward council certification Rainforest
Alliance certification Carbon Neutral certification
Fair trade certification
Global organic textile Standards Marine
Stewardship council
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of Govt. of India
Cradle to Cradle certification
USDA Certification


Eco labels are labeling
systems for food and
consumer products.
Both systems were
started by NGOs


What is Eco labeling:
Environmental performance certification



 Voluntary method of environmental performance
certification and labelling
Identifies products that meet specific environmental
criteria
An impartial third party identifies the criteria and
verifies and adherences and awards ecolabels
Based on environmental policy tool known as life cycle
assessment (LCA)

Objectives:
 Encouraging environmentally sound innovation and
leadership
Building consumer awareness on environmental issues

 Protecting the environment
Use:


Allows consumers to make informed decisions
Highlights benefits of products in comparison to
their competitors
Used as a tool for sustainable development and
marketing



Environmental Benefits Substitution
for environmentally preferable
materials
 Industrial Benefits Valuable tool to communicate
environmental benefits of a product
 Consumer Benefits Guidance in decision- making
when buying a product or service
 Governmental Benefits Provides an effective and
easy to use tool for procurement programs

What is the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)?
Non-profit organization devoted to encouraging the
responsible management of the world’s forests.
Landowners and companies that sell timber or forest
products seek certification as a way to verify to consumers
that they have practiced forestry consistent with FSC
standards.
Consolidated Graphics has attained this certification
through Smart Wood and CDS is now an important part of that
chain.

 All products that are FSC-certified contain
wood or wood fibre from FSC-certified
forests, recycled material and/or controlled
wood.
 Wood – timber -Green Building ,
Musical Instrument
 Plywood - Green Building
 Furniture ,
 paper -, Printer , Handicarft

FSC and
environmental
organizations
Trusted environmental organizations that support and
encourage FSC certification include:
Greenpeace
National Wildlife Federation
The Nature Conservancy
Sierra Club and
World Wildlife Fund

FSC Vision Statement
FSC seeks a world where buyers of wood and paper are
empowered to make responsible choices through the use
of FSC certification. We strive to build trust in our
brand every day and thereby rebuild trust in the practice
of responsible forestry. By creating value in working
forests, we will create a marketplace that rejects
unsustainable and irresponsible forest products.

Principles and
Criteria
•FSC has developed a set of Principles and Criteria for forest
management that are applicable to all FSC-certified forests and
throughout the world.
•There are 10 Principles and 57 Criteria that address legal issues,
indigenous rights, labor rights, multiple benefits, and environmental
impacts surround forest management.
•The principals and criteria at www.fsc.org

Becoming Certified
•Forest Stewardship Council forest certification is a
voluntary market mechanism through which forests are
certified against a strict set of environmental and social
standards.
All producers and manufacturers along the supply chain
are certified to ensure that the final product bearing the
FSC logo actually originated from a certified forest

Chain of Custody
•There are two types of certifications:
Forest Management
Chain of Custody
Primary Manufacturing of materials
Pulp to paper
Secondary Manufacturing of materials
Paper to finished goods
Final delivery to end-user

Proper FSC Label Use
Two different uses of the label On-Product Labeling
When using On-Product label you must print on FSC-
certified paper bought from an FSC-certified merchant
Off-Product Labeling
Used for promotional use

The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity and ensure
sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business
practices and consumer behavior.
We believe that the best way to keep forests standing is by
ensuring that it is profitable for businesses and communities to do
so. That means helping farmers, forest managers and tourism
businesses realize greater economic benefits by ensuring
ecosystems within and around their operations are protected, and
that their workers are well-trained and enjoy safe conditions,
proper sanitation, health care and housing. Once businesses meet
certain environmental and social standards, we link them up to the
global marketplace where demand for sustainable goods and services
is on the rise.

The Rainforest Alliance Family of Marks
Those businesses that meet the standards for their field earn access
to the Rainforest Alliance family of marks, which distinguish their
products and services in the marketplace. These marks make it easy
for consumers to identify a legitimately sustainable product or
service and support those businesses that are acting responsibly.
•Farms that meet the comprehensive criteria of the Sustainable
Agriculture Network earn the right to use the Rainforest Alliance
Certified seal.
•Forestry businesses that comply with the rigorous standards of the
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) may use the Rainforest Alliance
Certified™ seal in conjunction with the FSC logo.
•Tourism companies that demonstrate progress toward minimizing
their environmental footprint and supporting their workers, local
cultures and surrounding communities receive the Rainforest Alliance
Verified mark.

Agriculture
Rainforest Alliance Certification
offers farms a way to distinguish
their products as being socially,
economically and environmentally
sustainable.
Forestry
Our diverse set of certification and
verification services includes
forest certification; legality,
logging and forest carbon
verification and validation; and
forest products chain-of-custody
certification (wood, paper,
furniture and more).

• We offer verification services to hotels, restaurants and inbo
tour operators who are interested in improving their
environmental, social and economic practices and are on their
to obtaining certification.
We offer validation and verification
services to forest-based carbon
projects under a variety of credible
standards, including the Chicago Climate
Exchange, Plan Vivo and the Voluntary
Carbon Standard.
Tourism
Forest Carbon

Carbon Systems
Carbon Systems’ Enterprise Sustainability Platform (ESP) enables you to
manage your carbon, energy, environmental and social responsibility performance, to
operate more efficiently and drive cost savings in your use of energy, fuel, gas, water,
waste,and other environmental metrics.
Working with companies with over 20,000 combined locations around the world,
Carbon Systems can help you streamline and automate the capture, management and
reporting of your sustainabilitymetrics.
Through offices in London, New York and Sydney, Carbon Systems service clients in a
diverse range of sectors, including real estate, construction, utilities, government,
manufacturing, distribution, education, information technology and professional
services.


CarbonSystems’ Enterprise Sustainability Platform (ESP) enables you to manage your carbon,
energy, environmental and social responsibility performance, to operate more efficiently and drive
cost savings in your use of energy, fuel, gas, water, waste, and other environmental metrics.
Working with companies with over 20,000 combined locations around the world, CarbonSystems
can help you streamline and automate the capture, management and reporting of your
sustainability metrics.


Through offices in London, New York and Sydney, CarbonSystems
service clients in a diverse range of sectors, including real estate,
construction, utilities, government, manufacturing, distribution,
education, information technology and professional services.

AchievingCarbonNeutral® certification
There are five stages to achieving CarbonNeutral® certification, providing a
straight-forward carbon reduction process:
Define the subject:
A variety of business activities can be certified CarbonNeutral® including:
•Entire companies or single offices
•Product lines
•Business travel
•Construction and use of buildings
•Services such as deliveries, print production and data hosting
Measure the subject’s carbon emissions: We use independent, qualified third parties to conduct and
verify greenhouse gas assessments.
Set a net zero carbon emissions target: This provides a strong statement on carbon emissions and
stimulates internal efficiencies
Reduce carbon emissions: Achieve the target through a cost-effective combination of internal
reductions and carbon offsets
Communicate: Display CarbonNeutral® certification on company websites, reports, packaging and
fleet vehicles along with communication on how the target was achieved.
You can find out more about The CarbonNeutral Company's services here:
Carbon offsets, carbon offset videos, carbon reduction target, carbon management, carbon measurement, carbon strategy, carbon plan,
carbon marketing, selling carbon, CarbonNeutral® and PAS 2060 certification,
The CarbonNeutral Company blog, carbon calculator, business white papers and our free carbon reduction newsletter.

 What is fair trade ?
 History
 Industry & Products
 Fair trade standards
 Fair trade inspection and certification

What is fair trade ?
 Organized social movement and market- based approach
 Help producers to make better trading Conditions
 Promote sustainability
What is fair trade certification ?
 Product certification system
 Designed to allow people to identify products
 Meet environmental, labor and development standards.

Agricultural products
 COFFEE NUTS

 History
 1960’s and 1970’s
 1988
 1997
 2002
mark
 2004
- Attempts to Market
- Fair Trade Sales , Max Havelaar
- Fair trade international
- Flo launched fair trade international
- divided into two Flo and Flo Cert
 2008 ,2009, - sales amounted to €3.4 billion (US $4.9
worldwide, a 15% increase from 2008
 2011 - 827 producer organizations in 58
developing countries

Fair trade standards

 minimum requirements that all producer organizations must
meet to become certified
progress requirements producers must demonstrate
improvements over time.
Types
 Standards for small farmers' organizations and
 Standards for hired labor situations.
Approvals
 Fair trade Standards and procedures are approved BY FLO

Fair trade inspection and
certification


carried by FLO-CERT.
FLO-CERT ensures that both producers and traders comply
with Fair trade Standards
FLO-CERT works with a network of around 100 independent
inspectors .
regularly visit producer and trade organizations and report
back to FLO-CERT.
FLO-CERT follow the international ISO standards for product
certification bodies (ISO 65).
Typically, in order for a product to be marked as "Fair-Trade"
at least 20% of its mass must be made up of a Fair trade
product.





Fair trade System


Minimum Price and the Premium.
paid to the exporting firm, usually a second tier
cooperative, not to the farmer.
paid proportion of their output they are able to sell
with the brand 'Fair trade Certified',
typically 17% to as much as 60% of their turnover.
Fair trade Minimum Price is a guaranteed price.
Fair trade Premium is a separate payment designated
for social and economic development in the producing
communities.





 Meaning
 History
 Industry
 GOTS standards
 GOTS inspection and certification

What is organic
clothing ?
 Environment concerns or some other ethical issues
 Growing and harvesting of organic food and organic textile
fibers are similar
 Conversion of fibers into yarn, fabric, garments and other
finished products
 difficulty lies in the interpretation of organic nature of
these post harvest operations or processes.

What is GOTS ?
Organic certification standard for textiles Four
member organizations
U.S based Organic Trade Association
International Association Natural Textile Industry IVN
British Social Association
Japan Organic Cotton Association (JOCA)

Features of
GOTS :
•Certification of the entire textile supply chain
•Environmental Criteria
•Environmental management
•Storage, packaging and transport
•Record keeping & internal quality assurance
•Technical Quality and Human Toxicity Criteria
•Minimum Social Criteria
•Quality assurance system
•Testing of Technical Quality Parameters and Residues

Certification Bodies Certification Body
Certification
Elements of the Inspection
Certification requirements
Certification for traders, brand holders and Retailers
Certification Cost
Licensing and Labelling

What is MSC ?
An independent non-profit organization which sets a standard for
sustainable fishing .

founded in 1997 by the World Wide Fund for Nature and
Unilever and became fully independent in 1999.
It has a staff of around 100 spread across the HQ in London,
regional offices in London, Seattle, and Sydney, and local offices
in Edinburgh, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Cape Town, Tokyo, and the
Baltic region.
MSC program is open to all fisheries regardless of size, scale,
location and intensity and runs a Developing World Program to
ensure equal access to the program.
As of February 2012, there are over 13,000 seafood products
available with the MSC ecolabel, sold in 74 countries around the
world.

Over 100 fisheries have been independently certified as meeting
the MSC’s environmental standard for sustainable fishing and over
100 are currently undergoing assessment. [9]
1,986 companies have met the MSC Chain of Custody standard
for seafood traceability (link to chain of custody section of site).
The MSC works in partnership with a number of organisations,
businesses and funders around the world but is fully independent
of all.

•Raw Sea food products
•Packed marinated sea foods

three core principles :
Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks
Principle 2: Minimizing environmental impact
Principle 3: Effective management

MSC Certification :
Conditional certification : atleast 80 scores by end of
certification period ( Five years)
To remain certified, fisheries also have to undertake an annual
surveillance to check that they continue to meet the MSC
standard. After 5 years, the fishery must be reassessed in full
if it wants to continue to be certified.


The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is an agency of the Government of India , under
the Ministry Of
Power created in March 2002 under the provisions of the nation's 2001 Energy
Conservation Act .
 The agency's function is to develop programs which will
increase the conservation and efficient use of energy in
India.
 The primary objective would be to reduce energy
intensity in the economy.

The broad objectives of BEE


To exert leadership and provide policy for energy efficient.
To coordinate energy efficiency and conservation policies and
programs .
 To leverage multi-lateral and bi-lateral and private sector
support in implementation of Energy Conservation Act and
efficient use of energy and its conservation programs.
 To demonstrate delivery of energy efficiency services as
mandated in the EC bill through private-public partnerships
To interpret, plan and manage energy conservation programs as

envisaged in the Energy Conservation Act.

The Major Regulatory
Functions of BEE include:

Develop minimum energy performance standards and labelling
design for equipment and appliances
Develop specific Energy Conservation Building Codes
Activities focussing on designated consumers Develop
specific energy consumption norms
Certify Energy Managers and Energy Auditors Accredit
Energy Auditors
Define the manner and periodicity of mandatory energy audits
Develop reporting formats on energy consumption and action
taken on the recommendations of the energy auditors








BEE SECTORS
Agriculture
Scheme Targets replacement of inefficient Pumps with result in energy and
Cost Saving
Demand Side Management , DSM project 2009 at Solapur, Maharashtra
Municipality
Street Lighting
Water Supply Save Water and Energy and improve Service
Industries
Consultant to stimulate Energy Efficient Measures
Small And Medium Enterprises.
Notify energy intensive industries
Establish and prescribe energy consumption norms
Cluster Analysis And Proposing Energy Conservation Climate Change / 8
zones

Constant Multiplier. (kW h/Litre/Year)
Constant Fixed Allowances (kW h/Year)

 MBDC (McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry) is a global
sustainability consulting and product certification firm founded
in 1995 by world-renowned architectWilliam McDonal and
chemist Dr.Michael Braungart. MBDC consults clients on
leaving a 'positive footprint' on the planet (instead of reducing a
negative footprint) by implementing the
Cradle to Cradle® Framework.

There are five categories of criteria for certification which were
designed to align with the Cradle to Cradle principles:
Material Health,
Material Reutilization,
 Renewable Energy Use,
Water Stewardship,
and Social Responsibility.

LEEDS Certification Procedure:
 Project Registration
 Application
 Reviews
 Process
 Fees
 Certification Award
 Appeals

Green Building Rating System
For New Construction & Major
Renovation

What is a green buildings?
 A buildings Designed, Constructed and operated with an eye to how
they interact with our planet’s ecosystem By:
1- Reserving and using sustainable energy. 2-Maintain environmental
recourses mainly water resources.
3 Lower the impact of urbanization on the environment.
4 Keeping a comfort zones inside building with
sufficient indoor air quality and sunlight.

Why thinking
about Green
Buildings?

Green Building & Owner
 Generally Green Building may have
a higher initial coast than
conventional buildings
 Although the following can be an
assets that encourages the building
owners:

Emirates GBC
 Goal :
advancing green building principles for protecting the environment
and ensuring sustainability in the United Arab Emirates.
 Main Activities :
-Green Building and related environmental protection studies & consultations.
-Develop and issue environmental standards for Green Buildings.
-Develop environmental rating systems for Green Buildings and issue quality certification for
classifying Green Buildings.
-Conduct Green Building professional short courses and training programmers.
-Organize and manage seminars, workshops, conferences
and exhibitions related to Green Buildings.

Is there an Existing Green
Buildings … ?
https://youtu.be/FysJKq5yCfg

Projects Cases
Goldman Sachs' 30 Hudson Street
 Location: Jersey City, NJ
 Building type(s):Commercial office
 New construction
 1,560,000 sq. feet (145,000 sq. meters)
 Project scope: 42-story building
 Urban setting
 CompletedApril 2004
 Rating: U.S. Green Building Council
LEED-NC, v.2/v.2.1--Level: Certified

Project Savings
Goldman Sachs' 30 Hudson Street
 The project's light-colored pavement reduces its
contribution to the urban heat-island effect, and its
minimal exterior lighting reduces light pollution.
 A storm water collection and retention system provides
site irrigation and cooling-tower makeup water.
Combined with low-flow fixtures, these strategies save
about 4.2 million gallons of water per year.
 More than 60% of all wood used for the project, and
100% of the interior wood, was certified to Forest
Stewardship Council standards. All of the regularly
occupied spaces have access to daylight and views to
the outdoors. The building also features educational
signage that explains the building's green attributes.
https://youtu.be/8GSiNB
r3b_E

Projects Cases
1400 Fifth Avenue Residential Building
 Location: New York, NY
 Building type(s): Commercial office,
Restaurant, Retail, Multi-unit
residential, Assembly
 New construction
 225,000 sq. feet (20,900 sq.
meters)
 Project scope: 8-story building
 Urban setting
 Anticipated completion date:
March 2005

Project Savings
1400 Fifth Avenue Residential Building
 Environmental Aspects
 a ground-source heat pump makes a significant
contribution to minimizing the consumption of
fossil fuels
 Ground source heat pumps use a buried ground
loop which transfers heat from the ground into a
building to provide space heating and, in some
cases, to pre-heat domestic hot water. As well
as ground source heat pumps, air source and
water source heat pumps are also available.

How to Officially State a Building to Be Recognized
As a Green Building?
In 1999 U.S Green Building Council introduced
the LEED rating system
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)

What was LEED Meant For?
 It is a internationally accepted bench mark
For the : - Design
- Construction
-Operation
Of a high performance green building.

LEED Points & Level:
 Leed is a point based rating system of a total maximum 69
points.
 LEEDS has 4 levels of Certifications:
- Platinum : 52-69 Points
- Gold
- Silver
: 39-51 Points
: 33-38 Points
- Certified : 26-32 Points

LEED Has Six Rating Key Areas:
 Sustainable Site Development.
 Water Efficiency
 Energy & Atmosphere
 Materials & Resources
 Indoor Environmental Quality
 Innovation & Design Process

LEEDS Points are distributed along the 6
rating areas as follows:
 Sustainable Site Development :
 WaterSavings & Efficiency:
 Energy efficiency:
 Materials selection:
 Indoor Environmental Quality
14 Points
5 Points
17 Points
13 Points
15 Points
 Innovation & Design Process:
5 Points

LEEDS Credit points
 LEEDS Credit points is related to all
Engineering fields:
- Architectural
- Civil
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Energy & Sustainable Energy
- Industrial & Planning

ENERGY SOURCES
1
❖CONVENTIONAL & NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
❖SOLAR ENERGY
❖WIND POWER
❖HYDROPOWER
❖BIOFUEL
❖GEOTHERMAL
❖ENERGY DERIVED FROM OCEANS
MODULE 5
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS, ENERGY AND WATER

ENERGY SOURCES
❖ Renewable Resources
• Solar energy
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Wood
• Hydropower
• Biomass
2
❖Non Renewable Resources
●Coal
●Petroleum (Crude oil)
●Natural gas
●Nuclear (Uranium)
❖Renewable & Non Renewable Resources
❖Conventional & Non Conventional Sources
❖Conventional Resources
●Coal
●Petroleum (Crude oil)
●Natural gas
●Firewood /Fuelwood
❖Non Conventional Resources
● Solar , wind,
● Hydropower, tidal power
● Biomass, biofuel
● geothermal

18
5
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
- Thermal conversion - photo-conversion
❖Solar water heater
❖Solar space heating of buildings
❖Solar air conditioning
❖Solar refrigeration
❖Solar drying
❖Solar cooking
❖Solar electricity – thermal
❖Solar green houses
❖Solar furnaces
❖Solar desalination
❖Salt production
❖Solar electricity -
photovoltaic

1. SOLAR WATER HEATING
18
6
❖Glass panels on roof collect & absorb
heat - heat water

2. SOLAR SPACE HEATING OF BUILDINGS
❖Provided
➢architectural design of the building
5

3. SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING
❖Solar powered AC system for buildings
❖uses a solar panel (not electricity) to super heat the pressurized refrigerant
6
https://youtu.be/yzvi7KoysMI

5. SOLAR DRYING
❖Traditional method of utilizing direct solar energy
❖Agricultural products – crops, fruits, vegetables, fish, hay, etc all are sun dried
❖Simplest and cheapest way to dry
19
0

6. SOLAR COOKING
❖It is well insulated shallow rectangular/square metal box with a flat glass cover
- blackened inside (to increase the temperature)
9

7. SOLAR GREENHOUS E
❖Greenhouse is a closed structure covered
with transparent material( glass/plastic)
❖Utilize solar energy for growth of plants
❖Incoming short wave radiation pass through greenhouse; but
long wave thermal radiations emitted by objects inside cannot
escape through glazed surface
❖Thus radiations get trapped inside & increases inside
10

8. SOLAR FURNACES
❖Use huge array of mirrors to concentrate the sun’s
energy into a small area & produce very high
temperature
❖Can produce around 3500⁰C
❖Can be used to melt refractory 11

9. SALT PRODUCTION
❖Traditional method to obtain salt
12

10. SOLAR DESALINATION
❖Solar radiation passed through glass cover and is absorbed and converted into heat , which evaporates
the water in the saline water
❖The produced vapour is condensed to form purified water & collected
from the under side of flat roofing proofs. 13

11. SOLAR ELECTRICITY - THERMAL
196
❖Solar energy is used to heat a fluid
& runs the turbine- generates electricity

12. SOLAR ELECTRICITY - PHOTOVOLTAIC
❖SOLAR CELLS
❖Made of semiconducting materials – that converts sunlight directly into electricity
❖Photovoltaic roof tiles (used for covering roof) are special tiles which
trap sunlight and transform to electricity Solar Photo – Voltaic Ce
197

198
Cochin International airport Ltd
❖World’s f-irstCairIpAortL- that completely operates on solar power. --- 18th August 2015
❖Comprise - 46,150 solar panels laid across 45 acres near cargo complex.
❖12 MWp solar power plant – producing 50,000 to 60,000 units of electricity per day
❖This is a grid connected system without battery storage and a power banking module with the Kerala State electricity
board (KSEB) has been worked out-
➢wherein, CIAL gives as much power it produces (in day time) to (the grid of) KSEB and ' buy ' back the power from
them when needed (especially in night).
❖reduce carbon emissions equal planting 30 lakh trees.

FUEL CELLS
❖device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction
❖every fuel cell has
❑ 2 electrodes
➢One positive -anode & other one negative-cathode
❑ an electrolyte
➢Which carries electrically charged particles from one electrode to another
❑ a catalyst
➢Which speeds the reaction at the electrodes
❖ hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also requires oxygen
❖fuel cells generate electricity with very little pollution
➢Only byproduct - water
200

19
WIND ENERGY
❖Windmills –are erected at high altitudes & its blades are attached to the turbines , As the blades rotates, the
kinetic energy of the wind can be used to run the turbines, which runs the generator and it generates
electricity.Turbines generally requires a wind speed of 20km/hr
❖Best places for wind farms
➢Coastal areas, at top of rounded hills, open plains, gaps in mountains
➢Places where wind is strong & reliable

20
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
❖Dam
➢Gravitational potential energy is stored in the water above the dam
❖As water flows from higher elevation to lower
elevation through penstock and it attains kinetic energy
❖It arrives at the turbines at high pressure and
turns it and thus drives the generators and generates electricity

21
TYPES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
❖Classified based on station capacity
➢Micro hydropower : < 100 kW
➢Mini hydropower :
➢Small hydropower :
101 – 2000 kW
2001 – 25000 kW

22
ENERGY DERIVED FROM OCEANS
❖Ocean energy captured by
➢Tidal energy ➢Wave energy
ENERGY DERIVED FROMTIDES
❖Tidal energy is generated by the relative motion of earth, sun & moon, due to gravitational force
ADVANTAGES OFTIDAL
POW ➢EORnce we’ve built it, tidal power is free
➢Not produce greenhouse gases or other waste
➢It produces electricity reliability

CATEGORIES OF TIDAL
205
POWER ➢Tidal stream systems
➢Barrages
➢Tidal lagoons

2. ENERGY DERIVED FROM WAVES
noisy, unless a silencer is fitted 206
❖Ocean waves are caused by the wind as it blows across the sea.
➢But it's not easy to trap this energy and convert it into electricity in large amounts. Thus, wave
power stations are rare
❖At a wave power station –
➢the incoming waves cause the water in the chamber to rise and fall, which
means that air is forced in and out of the hole in the top of the chamber.
❖We place a turbine in this hole, which is turned by the air rushing in and out.
❖The turbine turns a generator.
❖A problem with this design is that the rushing air can be very

207
ADVANTAGES OF WAVE POWER
➢Energy generated is free – no fuel needed, no waste produced
➢Not expensive to operate and maintain
DISADVANTAGES OF WAVE POWER
➢Depends on waves - sometimes wave energy will be more and sometimes almost nil
➢Needs a suitable site where waves are consistently strong
➢Some designs are noisy

208
BIOFUELS
❖Biofuels are the fuels derived from biomass (organic material derived from living, or recently
living organisms)
➢which is burned to release its stored chemical energy
❖Biofuels
▪First generation biofuels
▪Second generation biofuels
▪Third generation biofuels
▪First-generation biofuels or conventional biofuels
❖Constitute majority of biofuels currently in use
❖made from sugar, starch, or vegetable oil.
➢They are not sustainable/ green
➢if used in large quantity would have a large impact on the

▪ Second generation biofuels or advanced biofuels
❖ they are ‘greener’, as they are made from sustainable materials
❖ fuels that manufactured from various types of biomass.
➢Ie. from lignocellulosic biomass or crops, agricultural residues or waste
➢but harder to extract the required fuel.
➢A series of physical and chemical treatments might be required to convert biomass to liquid
fuels suitable for transportation.
❖ Most second generation fuels are under development and not
widely available for use. 28

210
▪ Third generation biofuel
❖It has only recently developed
❖it refers to biofuel derived from algae.
❖List of biofuels - derived from biomass
1. Bio alcohols
2. Biodiesel & green diesel
3. Bioethers
4. Biogas
5. Aviation biofuel
6. Solid biofuels
7. Advanced biofuels

❖Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth
❖heat comes from radioactive decay of core of the earth
❖ this power can be extracted for use
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
211

❖It can be used in two ways
➢geothermal heating ➢Geothermal electricity
212

Module 6
MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
(USE MODULE 1 HARD COPY NOTES ALSO)

Contaminants In Water
Marine dumping
Sewage and waste water:
Industrial waste:
Leakage from sewer lines:
Accidental Oil leakage:
Mining activities:
Radioactive waste:
Burning of fossil fuels:
Radioactive waste:
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Urban development:
Leakage from the landfills
Animal waste:
Underground storage leakage

Methods to reduce water contaminents
Sewage treatments:
Prevent river water to get polluted
Public Awareness
Sanitation.
Self hygiene
Routine cleaning
Treatment plants
Treatment of drainage water
Strict adherence to water laws
Treatment of wastes before discharge

Industrial
Residential:
Institutional
Commercial
Municipal services
Biomedical
Agriculture
Solid Contaminants

Methods of Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill:
Incineration:
Composting:
Recovery and Recycling:
Pyrolysis:

Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
 Due to improper waste disposal systems particularly by municipal waste management teams, wastes
heap up and become a problem
 Dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under improper,
unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions.After a few days of decomposition, a foul smell is produced
and it becomes a breeding ground for different types of disease
 Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals. When
released to the environment, the solid wastes can cause biological and physicochemical problems to the
environment and may affect or alter the productivity of the soils in that particular area.
 Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the ground water.
 When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning solvents,
radioactive materials,e-waste and plastics are mixed up with paper and other scraps are burned they
produce dioxins and gasses.

Zero Waste Concept
Zero Waste Concept is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products
are reused and no wastes will be produced. The process recommended is one similar to the way that resources
are reused in nature.
Zero Waste concept requires :-
 designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and
toxicity of waste and materials,
 conserving and recovering all resources,
 investment in community waste reduction and recovery systems
 Public participation in recycling.
 Eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.
 Adopting 3R concepts ( reduce, reuse, recycle)
 Acquiring waste to energy technologies.

https://youtu.be/9CQ11fxAAi8
https://youtu.be/Jb2CS4VMJfM
Soil Remediation
Thermal Soil Remediation
case study
•Biological treatment/bioremediation uses bacteria to break down substances in the soil
•Chemical oxidation converts contaminated soils into non-hazardous soils
•Soil stabilization involves the addition of immobilizing agents to reduce a contaminants’
leachability
•Physical methods, like soil washing, use water to separate or remove contaminants
Soil Remediation

Sustainable Remediation
Consider multi-facetedsolutions
Use cutting-edge technologies
Design flexible solutions.
Reuse treated media
Be socially sensitive
Better today and tomorrow’s economy.

Indicators of Sustainable Design
MODULE 7

Outline
1. What are indicators of sustainable development?
2. Why are indicators of sustainable development useful
for measuring climate change impacts and responses?
3. Which indicators are used by countries?
4. Where are the main challenges for developing climate
change indicators of sustainable development?

Sustainable Development
• “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland
Commission)
• Sustainable development integrates economic development, social development and
environmental protection.
• Sustainable development has three overarching objectives and essential requirements:
• Poverty reduction;
• Changing unsustainable patterns of production and consumption;
• Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development.

Indicators of Sustainable Development
• Indicators of sustainable development can have multiple functions:
• Simplifying, clarifying and making aggregated information and scientific knowledge
available to policy-makers
• Measuring progress towards sustainable development goals
• Identifying critical issues for sustainable development
• Communicating the concept of sustainable development to policy-makers and the public

• Indicators of sustainable development often integrate economic, social and
environmental statistics, e.g.
• Resource efficiency indicators integrate economic and environmental statistics;
• Gender employment indicators integrate economic and social statistics;
• Air pollution indicator integrate social and environmental statistics;
• Indicator on sustainable resource management integrate all three dimensions, but are
often not fully developed.

• Indicators of sustainable development can use different frameworks.
• Frameworks determine what to measure and why
• Policy-oriented frameworks
• Guaranteed policy relevance, flexible, buy-in form stakeholders
• Prone to change with change in government, sometimes theoreticallyweak
• Theory-based frameworks
• More stable across time, more commonalities across countries, less subject to political change
• Other frameworks: Indices (theory-based or theory-free), Pressure-state-response
frameworks

• Many countries across the world utilize indicators of sustainable development, especially for
• Monitoring progress of their national sustainable development strategies;
• Assessing state of sustainable development.

• Provision of high-quality data (data collection and integration)
• Common types and sources of data needed
• National accounts
• Censuses
• Household and other surveys
• Administrative records
• Estimations based on agreed standards;
• Provision of statistical methodologies and standards;
• In some countries, official statistics have a lead role in analyzing and reporting of indicators

Benefits of indicators of sustainable development
for climate change
• Climate change is a sustainable development issue, not just an environmental
concern
• Climate change threatens to erase progress made in achieving sustainable development
goals
• Greenhouse gas emissions depend on economic and technological pathways.
• Current emissions impact on the living conditions of future generations.
• Poor and vulnerable countries are expected to face the greatest burden of climate
change, while having contributed the least to the problem.
 Indicators of sustainable development can be informative for climate change.

Benefits of indicators of sustainable development
for climate change
• Existing sustainable development indicator sets are a useful point of departure for the
derivation of climate change indicators.
• Recognizes the important linkages between climate change and other sustainable
development issues, e.g.
• Reducing emissions from combustion of (imported) fossil fuels can increase energy
security.
• Improved disaster risk management helps to address not only climate related events
(droughts, floods,…), but also non-climate related ones (earthquakes, volcanoes)
• Preserving forests to maintain natural capital and to sustain livelihoods also increases
carbon absorption.

Indicators used at the national level
Australia – Climate change mitigation
Policy issue in
NSDS
Indicator Type of
reference
Energy Renewable energy use as a proportion of total Own NSDS
Energy
Total renewable and non-renewable energy use Own NSDS
Climate
change
Total net greenhouse gas emissions Own NSDS
Forests Total area of all forest type Other NSDS
Air quality
Number of occasions where concentrations of pollutants exceeded
NEPM standards for ambient air quality in major urban areas
Expert
Air quality Total SOx, NOx and particulate emissions Expert

Australia – Climate change adaptation
Policy issue in NSDS Indicator
Type of
reference
Biodiversity Number of extinct, endangered and vulnerable species Other NSDS
Biodiversity Number of endangered ecological communities Other NSDS
Industrial
performance
Real GDP per capita Other NSDS
Water
management
Surface water units within 70% of sustainable yield Other NSDS
Water
Management
Ground water management units within 70% of sustainable yield Other NSDS

India – Climate change mitigation
Type of
reference
Environment and
climate change
GHG emissions per capita Own NSDS
Environment and
climate change
Energy intensity per unit of GDP Own NSDS
Environment and
climate change
Forest and tree cover Own NSDS
Environment and
climate change
Air quality in major issues Expert

India – Climate change adaptation
Type of
reference
Income and poverty Average GDP growth Own NSDS
Income and poverty Agricultural GDP growth rate Own NSDS

Republic of Korea – Climate change mitigation I
Type of
reference
Climate change Emissions of GHGs Own NSDS
Climate change Emissions of GHGs per person Own NSDS
Climate change Emissions of GHGs per GDP Own NSDS
Forests Forest area as a percent of land Own NSDS
Forests Wood harvesting intensity Own NSDS
Waste Generation of industrial and municipal solid waste Own NSDS
Waste Waste recycling and reuse Own NSDS

Republic of Korea – Climate change adaptation
Type of
reference
Disaster Human life and economic loss caused by natural disaster Own NSDS
Economic performance GDP per capita Other NSDS
Ecosystems Number of species in danger of extinction Other NSDS
Ecosystems Protected area in % of total area Other NSDS
Water quantity Annual withdrawal of ground and surface water Expert

United Kingdom – Climate change mitigation I
Type of
reference
GHG emissions
GHG and CO2 emissions, and CO2 emissions associated
with UK consumption
Own NSDS
GHG emissions
CO2 emissions from industry, domestic (residential),
transport sectors
Own NSDS
GHG emissions
GHG emissions from UK-based international aviation and
shipping fuel bunkers
Own NSDS
Electricity generation
Renewable electricity generated as a percentage of total
electricity
Own NSDS
Electricity generation
Electricity generated, CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions by
electricity generators and GDP
Own NSDS

United Kingdom – Climate change mitigation III
Type of
reference
Energy supply
UK indigenous energy production and gross inland energy
consumption
Other NSDS
Resource use Domestic Material Consumption and GDP Other NSDS
Agriculture
Fertiliser input, farmland bird population, ammonia and
methane emissions and output
Other NSDS
Land use (contextual)
Area covered by agriculture, woodland, water or river,
urban
Other NSDS
Mobility
(a) Number of trips per person by mode (b) Distance
traveled per person per year by broad trip purpose
Other NSDS
Waste Waste arisings per disposal Other NSDS

United Kingdom – Climate change adaptation
Type of
reference
Biodiversity conservation (a) Priority species status (b) priority habitat status Other NSDS
Bird populations
Bird population indices (a) farmland birds (b) woodland
birds (c) coastal birds (d) wintering wetland birds
Expert
Water resource use
Total abstractions from non-tidal surface and ground
water, leakage losses and GDP
Expert
Water stress Impacts of water shortages (spatial disaggregation) Expert
Flooding Number of properties in areas at risk of flooding Expert

Other countries – Climate change financing
Policy issue in NSDS Indicator Country
Global responsibility
Development aid targeted at the combating of climate
change and at the enhancement of health and education
Finland
Climate change market
instruments
Government purchase of Certified Emission Reductions
(CER)
Spain

Main challenges
• Defining the scope of climate change indicators of sustainable development
• Additional specific climate change indicators may be useful
• E.g. climate indicators, CO2 intensity of fuels, CO2 emissions from policy relevant sources such as cars
• Definitions of climate change adaptation are often vague.
• People and economies adapt to a multiple factors, climate change being one of them.
• If “development is the best form of adaptation”, are all development indicators climate change related?

What is “sustainability” according to the Partnership for
Sustainable Communities?
A Sustainable Community is “an urban, suburban or rural community that has more
housing and transportation choices, is closer to jobs, shops or schools, is more energy
independent, and helps protect clean air and water.”

Operationalizing Sustainable Communities: the Livability
Principles
1. Provide More Transportation Choices
2. Promote Equitable, Affordable Housing
3. Support Existing Communities

Example Indicators by LP*
Livability Principle and Theme Example Indicator Soc Econ Env
1. Provide more transportation choices
Commute mode/mode share
Percentage of miles traveled (or trips taken) by
sustainable modes (walking, biking, public
transportation) as a fraction of miles traveled by
private auto
  
Commute time/vehicle miles traveled Average weekday vehicle miles traveled   
Carbon emissions Greenhouse gas emissions in tons per capita 

Example Indicators by LP
2. Promote equitable, affordable housing
Housing affordability
Gap between price of affordability for a typical
household and median price of market-rate
housing
 
Equity in housing (especially as it relates to
mobility and location)
Percentage of low-income households within ¼
mile of a transit stop  
Housing Energy Efficiency Median energy consumption per household   

Example Indicators by LP
3. Support existing communities
Compact, transit-oriented development
Linear distance of high capacity public transit
per 100,000 population   
Efficient land and resource use Energy consumption per capita  
Clean, healthy, and functional natural
communities
Percentage of water bodies that are classified
as “impaired” by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
  

Indicator Systems
Bundling together indicators to make it easier
for policymakers to comprehend and use them

Indices
 Mathematically aggregate two or more indicators into
a single summary indicator
 Problem: Few if any indices currently in use fulfill
fundamental scientific requirements, limiting their
usefulness in policymaking*

Indices
Index Brief Description
Dimensions
Env
Econ
Soc
Ecological Footprint
Biocapacity of land and sea relative to human
demands
yes no no
Genuine Progress Indicator
Alternative to GDP that includes externalized
costs
yes yes yes
Environmental Performance Index Progress of national environmental policies yes no no
Human Development Index Health, education, quality of life no yes yes
Happy Planet Index
Longevity and life satisfaction per ecological
footprint
yes no yes

257
Estimate your yearly carbon emission in pounds of CO2 ∗
1. Number of miles traveled by car each year _____ , divide by average miles per gallon = _____ gallons of gas, multiplied by 22 lbs CO2/gallon of gas = _____ pounds
of CO2 from car.
1a. Repeat the above for additional cars and any other fueled motor
vehicles or gasoline consumption.
2. Number of miles of air travel per year _____ , multiply by 0.9 lbs CO2/mile of air travel = _____ pounds of CO2 (economy class)
3. Number of miles traveled on mass transit (bus, train) _____ , multiply by 0.5 lbs CO2/mile of mass transit travel = _____ pounds of CO2
4. Number of miles traveled by taxi or limo _____ , multiply by 1.5 lbs CO2/mile in taxi or limo = _____ pounds of CO2
For the following, look at household utility bills for the last 12 months (estimate quantities if necessary, and divide by the number of people sharing the bill):
5. Kilowatt hours of electricity used per year _____ , multiply by 1.5 pounds of CO2/kilowatt-hour = _____ pounds of CO2
6. Therms of natural gas per year _____ , multiply by 11 lbs CO2/therm = _____ pounds CO2
7. Add up the estimated total pounds of CO2 emitted per year:

Environmental and sustainable Engineering

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