The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, covering their definition, components, and applications across various industries. It explains the distinction between microcontrollers (MCUs), microprocessors (MPUs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), highlighting their architectural differences and use cases. Additionally, it discusses the classification of embedded systems, including stand-alone, real-time, and networked systems, as well as the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT).

1. Embedded Systems
Introduction, application ,build techniques
and systems components
By
Salih mahmod

2. What is embedded system
• embedded system is some combination of computer
hardware and software, in addition to mechanical and
electronic parts either fixed in capability or programmable,
that is specifically designed for a particular function.
Industrial machines, automobiles,
medical equipment, cameras,
household appliances, airplanes,
vending machines and toys

3. embedded system components
• 6 billion micro processor/controller used for embedded systems
application in every year just 2% used in personal computer
• Programmable components is the heart of embedded systems
- MCU(microcontrollers)
- MPU(microprocessors)
- FPGA(field programmable gate array)

4. What is MCU
- More than 90% of embedded application used MCU
- Microcontroller is a single silicon chip with memory and i/o
peripherals on it.
normally a single microcomputer has the following features :
• Arithmetic and logic unit
• Memory for storing program
• EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage
• RAM for storing variables and special function registers
• Input/output ports
• Timers and counters

5. MCU Architecture
• Timers and counters
•Analog to digital converter
• Circuits for reset, power up,
serial programming,
debugging
• Instruction decoder and a
timing and control unit
• Serial communication port

6. Difference between MCU and MPU
• Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the
processing powers such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc.
These microprocessors don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the
chip. A system designer has to add them externally to make them
functional. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops,
notepads etc.
But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU, in
addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all
embedded on a single chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or
a computer on a single chip. Today different manufacturers produce
microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in different
versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale, Philips,
Motorola etc.

7. Difference between MCU and MPU

8. What is FPGA/VHDL
• A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit
(IC) that can be programmed in the field after manufacture.
Used in Aerospace and Defense , Medical Electronics , ASIC
Prototyping , Broadcast, Video & Image Processing , High
Performance Computing …etc
• VHDL is a hardware description language used in
electronic design automation to describe digital
and mixed-signal systems such as
field-programmable gate arrays and integrated
circuits. VHDL can also be used as a general
purpose parallel programming language.

9. Difference between processor and FPGA
• FPGA doesn’t have a fixed hardware structure, on the contrary it
is programmable according to user applications. However
processors have a fixed hardware structure.
• FPGA work in parallel and MCU/MPU work in series
• FPGA programming language is hardware description language but
MCU/MPU programming language is software language

10. What is SOC (system on chip)
• A system-on-a-chip (SoC) is a microchip with all
the necessary electronic circuits and parts for
a given system, such as a Smartphone
or wearable computer, on a single integrated
circuit

11. Raspberry pi (soc development board)
• The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized
computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and
uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable
little device that enables people of all ages to explore
computing, and to learn how to program in languages
like Scratch and Python. It’s capable of doing everything
you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing
the internet and playing high-definition video, to making
spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games.

12. RASPBERRY PI 2 MODEL B
- A 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU
- 1GB RAM
- 4 USB ports
- 40 GPIO pins
- Full HDMI port
- Ethernet port
- Combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite
video
- Camera interface (CSI)
- Display interface (DSI)
- Micro SD card slot
- VideoCore IV 3D graphics core

13. RASPBERRY PI ZERO
- 1GHz ARM11 core
- 512MB of LPDDR2 SDRAM
- A micro-SD card slot
- A mini-HDMI socket for 1080p60
video output
- Micro-USB sockets for
data and power
- An unpopulated 40-pin
GPIO header
- An unpopulated composite
video header

14. Embedded systems applications

15. Classification of Embedded Systems
• functional classification :
1. Stand-alone Embedded Systems
2. Real-time Embedded Systems
3. Networked Information
Appliances
4. Mobile Devices
• performance classification
1. small-scale
2. medium-scale
3. large-scale
4. sophisticated

16. Stand-alone Embedded Systems
• As the name implies, stand-alone systems work in
stand-alone mode. They take inputs, process them
and produce the desired output. The input can be
electrical signals from transducers or commands from
a human being such as the pressing of a button. The
output can be electrical signals to drive another
system, an LED display or LCD display for displaying of
information to the users. Embedded systems used in
process control, automobiles, consumer electronic
items etc. fall into this category.

17. Real-time Systems
Embedded systems in which some specific work
has to be done in a specific time period are
called real-time systems. For example, consider
a system that has to open a valve within 30
milliseconds when the humidity crosses a
particular threshold. If the valve is not opened
within 30 milliseconds, a catastrophe may occur.
Such systems with strict deadlines are called
hard real-time systems

18. Real-time Systems
- There is three type of
real-time systems
1- hard real time systems
2- firm real time systems
3- soft real time systems

19. Networked Information Appliances
• Embedded systems that are provided with network
interfaces and accessed by networks such as Local
Area Network or the Internet are called networked
information appliances. Such embedded systems
are connected to a network, typically a network
running TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol suite, such as
the Internet or a company’s Intranet.

20. Networked Information Appliances
• Example
A networked process control system consists of a number of
embedded systems connected as a local area network. Each
embedded system can send real-time data to a central location
from where the entire process control system can be monitored.
The monitoring can be done using a web browser such as the
Internet Explorer.

21. Mobile Devices
• Mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), smart phones etc. are a special
category of embedded systems. Though the PDAs do
many general purpose tasks, they need to be designed
just like the ‘conventional’ embedded systems.

22. Communication Interfaces
For embedded systems to interact with the external world, a number of
communication interfaces are available. They are
• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI)
RS-232 ,RS-422 ,RS-485 etc
• Synchronous Serial Communication Interface :
I2C ,JTAG ,SPI ,SSC and ESSI
• Universal Serial Bus (UBS)

23. Design of an embedded system
To understand the design of a simple
embedded system let us first consider the
idea of a data acquisition system.

24. Internet of things
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—
devices, vehicles, buildings and other
items embedded with electronics ,software , sensor, and network-
connectivity enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

26. ‫االعمال‬ ‫جدول‬
1-‫للمهندس‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫سوق‬ ‫تحديات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫سيمنار‬‫سجاد‬ ‫عبدالقادر‬
‫للمهندس‬‫الخطيب‬ ‫عمر‬ 2-‫بعنوان‬ ‫سيمنار‬”‫الصناعية‬ ‫االتمة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫مقدمة‬“
3-‫بعنوان‬ ‫سيمنار‬"‫المدمجة‬ ‫االنظمة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫مقدمة‬"‫للطالب‬‫محمود‬ ‫صالح‬
4-‫بعنوان‬ ‫سيمنار‬"‫وتطبيقات‬ ‫مكونات‬ ‫االردوينو‬"‫للطالب‬‫محمود‬ ‫صالح‬
5-‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المدمجة‬ ‫االنظمة‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫التطبيقية‬ ‫المشاريع‬ ‫لبعض‬ ‫معرض‬
‫الهندسة‬ ‫طالب‬