Introduction to Arduino Programming

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Arduino Programming
(C) 2014 James Lewis
james@baldengineer.com
1

Arduino Langauge
2
Machine Language
(Binary Code)
Assembly
(Readable Code)
C / C++
(Readable Code)
C++
Libs
C++
Libs
C++
L...

Arduino Langauge
3
Machine Language
(Binary Code)
Assembly
(Readable Code)
C / C++
(Readable Code)
C++
Libs
C++
Libs
C++
L...

Hello World (Blink)
4

Hello World (Blink)
5
Variable

Hello World (Blink)
6
Comments

Hello World (Blink)
7
Comments
Good Comment:
// Blue LED for Activity Indicator
Bad Comment:
// Pin 13

Hello World (Blink)
8
Functions

Hello World (Blink)
9
Functions

Hello World (Blink)
10
Instruction

Hello World (Blink)
11
Instruction

Hello World (Blink)
12
FunctionCall

Hello World (Blink)
13
Arguments

Hello World (Blink)
14

IDE Tools Menu
15

IDE Tools Menu
16

IDE Tools Menu
17

IDE Tools Menu
18

Arduino IDE
19
Type Stuff Here
Compiler Output

Arduino IDE
20
Type Stuff Here
Compiler Output
Serial Monitor

Arduino IDE
21
Type Stuff Here
Compiler Output
Serial MonitorVerify & Upload

Arduino IDE
22
Type Stuff Here
Compiler Output
Serial MonitorVerify & Upload
Board & Serial Port

Blink Exercise
• Load the Blink Example and
program it to your board 
• Change the values of delay()
to see how it affects...

Hello World
Serial Example
24

Serial objects
25

Serial objects
26
Enables Serial
Baud
Rate

Serial objects
27
Variables
Strings
Control Characters
Print
and Println

Serial objects
28
Variables
Strings
Control Characters
Print
and Println
NOTE: Strings and Variables Can’t be used on the ...

Hello World (Serial)
• Load up the serial code to the
right 
• Exercise:
• Change the 2000 in delay
into a variable.
• Pri...

Variables
30

How Much Memory is
in your Arduino?
31

Variable Types
32
Bits Unsigned Range Signed Range
byte 8 0 to 255 N/A
char 8
0 to 255
‘A’..’b’..’X’
N/A
int 16 0 to 65535...

Variable Do and Don’t
• DO Use Descriptive Names
• “BlueLED”, “ActivityIndicator”
• DON’T Use Bad Names
• “Integer”, “Pin1...

Variable Scope
34

Variable Scope
35
Global

Variable Scope
36
Global
Local to loop()

Variable Don’t!
37

Variable Don’t!
38

Variable Don’t!
39

analogReadings[]
arrays
40
0 1 2 3 4 5

analogReadings[]
arrays
41
0 1 2 3 4 5
Size
Elements

analogReadings[]
arrays
42
0 1 2 3 4 5
Size
Elements
arrays are  
0-index based.  
So last element 
is always  
“1 less” 
...

Pin Functions
43

pinMode()
44
Analog
(A0..A5)
Digital
(0..13)
INPUT
Digital Input,
Pull-Up Off
Digital Input,
Pull-Up Off
INPUT_PULLUP
Digi...

digitalRead() & digitalWrite()
45

Pull-Up Resistor
46
INPUTs almost always need a Pull-Up or Pull-Down
pinMode(INPUT_PULLUP) Turns on the Internal Pull-Up R...

I/O Exercise
• Objective: Understand Inputs
and Outputs 
• Exercise: “Fix” the random
LED
47

analogRead()
48
Analog
Signal
Convert
Digital
Value
10-bits, stored as 8-bits
Values 0 to 1023
Voltage
0v to 5v
5 volts
10...

analogWrite()
49
analogWrite() isn’t Analog (Except on the Due)
Uno Pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
Actual AnalogPulse Width Modu...

Analog Exercise
• Connect Pin 6 to Analog 0 
Run this code 
• Then, disconnect from Pin 6  
While Running the Code
50
Reme...

Analog Exercise
• Connect Pin 6 to Analog 0 
Run this code 
• Then, disconnect from Pin 6  
While Running the Code
51
Reme...

functions()
52

Functions
Getting Data Back

Functions
Getting Data Back
Tip: The Arduino IDE, doesn’t require “prototyping”

Functions
Getting Data Back
Return Type
Arguments
“Return”
FunctionName

Functions
Returning Nothing
56
Return Type
If the function doesn’t return anything, declare it as void

Function Exercise
• “Re-Write” the built-in Blink
Example to use a Function
• Exercise: add a “argument” to
adjust the del...

Control Structures
58

if-statements
59

if-statements
60

if-statements
61

if-statements
62

control operators
63
== Equal to
> 
>=
Greater than
(or equal)
<
<=
Less Than
(or equal)
!= Not Equal to
|| OR
&& AND
| Bi...

#1 if-statement mistake
64

#1 if-statement mistake
65
= != ==

for() loop example
66

for() loop
67

for() loop
68
Control Variable

for() loop
69
Control Variable
Condition

for() loop
70
Control Variable
Condition
Increment

Array and For Exercise
• Use an Array and two for-
loops to read analog inputs,
then display then 
• Notice the difference...

while() loop
72

while() loop
73
Condition

while() loop
74
Condition
Loop conditions are same as “if conditions”

while() and Serial
• This program echoes
whatever is on the serial buffer
back out
75

76
More information? 
Visit 
baldengineer.com

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