Dr. Amin Bredan - Highlights on some aspects of research/ Writing r...

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HIGHLIGHTS ON SOME ASPECTS OF RESEARCH
Amin Bredan, PhD
aminbredan@theeditor.be
Placebo
Sampling
Confounders
...

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Reasons for medical student
research
• Develop critical thinking and analytical and
systematic skills
• Learn...

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Strategies for student research
• Integrate capacity building in medical
curriculum
– Teaching research metho...

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Barriers to conducting student
research
Perceptions, attitudes and practices toward research among senior med...

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Types of medical students’ research
0 20 40 60 80
Cross-sectional study
Review article
Retrospective clinical...

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Study Designs

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Study Designs
Time Information Methodology
Analytical
Descriptive
Purpose
Prospective
Retrospective Qualitati...

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Case-control study
Compare retrospectively
for exposure to risk factor
Group with
attribute
Group
without
att...

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Cohort study
Group
exposed to
risk factor
Group NOT
exposed to
risk factor
Compare prospectively for
developm...

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Randomized controlled trial
Before and after treatment
(A+B) (B+placebo)
(A+placebo) (Placebo+placebo)
A Plac...

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Crossover study design
Drug
Placebo
Washout
period
Placebo
Drug
Washout
period
Group A
Group B
MEASUREMENTS

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Inference
• Generalization only to population from
which sample was obtained
• Requires random sample

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Random
•‫ﻋﺷواﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﮭوم‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬
•‫اﻹﺣﺻﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺷواﺋﻲ‬
•‫اﻹﺣ...

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Types of sampling
• Simple random sample
• Systematic random
• Stratified random sample
• Clustered random sa...

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Sampling
TARGET POPULATION
Sample

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Sampling frame
Sampling frame
Sample
Present
Absent
Population

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Sampling frame
TARGET POPULATION
Sampling frame
Sample

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Confounding factors
• Positive correlation between ice-cream
consumption and death by drowning
• Season is co...

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Bias
• Any factor that encourages a particular
outcome
• Different types of biases
– Sampling bias: some memb...

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Frequently Used Techniques
• Controls
• Randomization
– Subjects allocated randomly to treatment and control
...

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Hospital versus Community Studies
Hospital-based study
• Cannot be generalized to
general population
• Look f...

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Clinical audits are not research

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Fundamentals of Good Research
• Good study question
– Novel, significant, clear and specific
– PICOT
• Approp...

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WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS & THESES
Content, Development and Common Problems
Amin Bredan, PhD
aminbredan@theedit...

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• Title page
• Summary / Abstract
• Introduction
• Material and methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
•...

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• Title page
• Summary / Abstract
• Introduction
• Material and methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
•...

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• Title page
• Summary / Abstract
• Introduction
• Material and methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
•...

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• Title page
• Additional pages
• Summary / Abstract
• Introduction
• Aims & objectives
• Literature review
•...

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• General introduction
• Aims
• Literature review
• Chapter 1
– Introduction + aim
– Material and Methods
– R...

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Authorship: Required participation
1. Substantial contributions to one of the
following
– Conception and desi...

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Title
• The most important single statement
• Accurately represents content
• Brief and attractive

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Title types
• Phrase stating purpose of study or what it is
about
– Effect of radar electromagnetic fields on...

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Abstract / Summary
• Brief background
• Aim
• Methodology
• Important results
• Main conclusion

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Structured abstract
BACKGROUND
The optimal time for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy for asymptomatic...

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Abstract types: Unstructured
Immunization with Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein (PyMSP)-8 protects...

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Abstract types: Unstructured
Immunization with Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein (PyMSP)-8 protects...

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Abstract / Summary
• No references
• Do not refer to tables or figures
• Only standard abbreviations
• Start ...

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Abstract Problems
• Tries to squeeze in all results
• Does not give details of important results
• Omits impo...

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Introduction
• Background
– Problem and its significance
– What is known
– What needs to be studied
• Aim
– T...

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Introduction Problems
• Too general or inadequate
• Too long and overly detailed
• Rationale is not clear
• A...

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Material & Methods
• Enough details to repeat study
• No unnecessary explanations
• Method from literature: d...

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Material
• Material, equipment and animals
– Name, model, company, city or country
• Humans
– Place of recrui...

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Ethical considerations
• Study on humans
– Approval of ethics committee
– Signed informed consent
• Study on ...

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NO ETHICS APPROVAL OR CONSENT
No Publication

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Methods Problems
• No ethical approval or informed consent
• Statistical plan missing or inadequate
• Superfi...

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Introducing results
•‫اﻟﻣراھﻘﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧدرات‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻧﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﻣدى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌرف‬‫ﻗﻣﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻣدارس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ...

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Describing results
• Results NOT in tables or figures
– Describe in detail with statistical parameters
• Resu...

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Tables and figures
• Must stand on their own
• Title fully describes contents of object
• Footnote
– Experime...

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Graph legend

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Tables
Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
P-value
(MVA)
Gender
Males 1.00 1.00
Females 0.65 (0.41-1.01) 0...

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Tables: Keep them clean
Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% C.I.)
P-value
(MVA)
Gender
Males 1.00 1.00
Females...

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Graphs: Select appropriate type
• Columns
• Bars
• Line
• Scatter plot
• Pie chart

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Avoid clutter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Percent
Chart title NOT here
No ZVAD
With ZVAD

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Clean presentation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control Rituximab Vincristine V + R Hydroxyurea H + R
No ZVAD With ...

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Clean presentation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control Rituximab Vincristine V + R Hydroxyurea H + R
Percentcellde...

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Avoid three-dimensional
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C D E F G
H
Percentofrespondents

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Inappropriate choice
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
under 16 16-18 19-21 22-24 over 24
Percent
Age group (years)
Male Fe...

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Other Real Examples
59
0
5
10
15
20
GB GC
15.27
13.7514.21
GBA
100
89
78.5
65
51.5
24.5 21.5
5.5 2.5
1,1 1,45...

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Results Problems
• Tables or figures do not stand on their own
• Overly detailed description of figures or ta...

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Discussion
• Start with brief summary of results
• Compare and contrast between results
• Compare and contras...

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Discussion Problems
• Discussion does not start with a brief
summary
• There is no discussion (rehashing of
r...

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Conclusion
• Explain what all the results together mean
• Link back to your aim
– Answers to your study quest...

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Conclusion Problems
• Too long
• Summary of results
• Not based on results
• Overly ambitious

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Recommendations
• Do not include as a title in a paper
• Any suggestions for future work should be
specific
•...

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References
• Relevant and up to date
• Cite research, not a sentence in a paper
• Represent both sides of con...

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References Problems
• Inadequate or not up to date
• Inappropriate citation
– Internal references
– Inappropr...

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Writing style
• Writing should be simple, clear and brief
• Use simple words instead of expressions
• Avoid l...

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Plagiarism
• Fabricated or manipulated results
• Stolen results
• Stolen ideas
• Copy-pasted text

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Unethical Manipulation
J Cell Biol

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What can you do?
• Pay attention when reading papers from good
journals
– Content
– Development
– Graphs and ...

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PAY ATTENTION TO DETAILS

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‫اﻧﺗﺑﺎھﻛم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻛرا‬
Website: www.theeditor.be
Email: aminbredan@theeditor.be
Facebook: AminBredanEditor

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