Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for...

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An academic purpose compilation by
Prof. Bhasker V. Bhatt
PG In-charge (ME TCP) & Assistant Professor in
Civil Engineering...

Earthquake

What is an Earthquake?
A Vibrations produced in the earth’s crust
when rock’s elastic strain has ruptured and
rebounded

What causes an earthquake?
Earthquakes are usually caused by sudden
movement on faults

What causes an earthquake?
A sudden release of energy accumulated in deformed
rocks causing the ground to tremble or shake...

After energy is released, friction between the adjacent fault
blocks prevents further movement. Stress resumes and
builds ...

Gujarat Earthquake
Concrete Building

Mexico Earthquake
Apartment Building

Soft-story Collapse

Gujarat EQ

Mexico Earthquake
School Building

Gujarat EQ
Large blocks piled up using weak bond

Gujarat EQ
Many casualties occurred in stone masonry
buildings

Gujarat EQ
Strong Structure – Weak Joint with masonry

Gujarat EQ
Soft story

Liquefaction
Nigata, Japan

Our Earth is Alive

Plate Tectonics

What is Mechanism of Earthquake ?

Different Plates around the World

Earthquake Occurrence

Himalayan Mountains

Earthquake

Seismic Waves

Measuring Earthquakes

Site Effect
The shape, amplitude, and the duration of a seismic movement
are affected, among other things, by its magnitud...

Buildings Configuration Problem

Irregular Shape

Torsion

Overturning
Building Seldom Overturn-
They fall apart or pancake

Soft-story Collapse Mechanism

Ductility

Lateral Force Resisting
Systems

Architectural
consideration in
Building Layout
and Configuration

Building Configuration
2
3
2
1 1
3
Symmetrical buildings in plan
and elevation are better than
asymmetrical ones.

Irregularity and Seismic Joints

Asymmetry (false symmetry) due to the location of
structural elements

Unsuitable plan Suitable plan
In order to make unsuitable building plans seismically
acceptable, they need to be divided i...

Building Configuration
contd....
The same principle can be applied
to the elevations of the buildings

b
h
h
b
Height of the building should be less than 3b
Building Configuration
contd....

Ideal Earthquake Resistant Building
 Small mass
 Low Height-to-base ratio
 Low center of mass relative to the ground
 ...

Building
Configuration
Do and Don’t do

Abrupt stiffness change in
elevation due to infills
Increase of Ground Floor stiffness
and strength
or

Asymmetry
of building
in Plan
Seismic Joints
Or
Strengthening
of Connection

Abrupt
Stiffness
change in
building in
Plan
Seismic Joints

No Yes
Interaction of Structural Elements of
Different Stiffness
Seismic Joint
Proper Design OR
Strengthening of Flexible ...

Significant difference between
stiffness in x and y Balanced stiffness in x and y
Asymmetric arrangement of Vertical
eleme...

Small contribution of Shear wall in
Torsional resistance
Increase of Torsional resistance
Incorrectly supported columns Un...

Unclear Frame Behavior Good Frame Behavior
in x and y
Strong beam-weak Column
(column Failure mechanism)
Weak (comparative...

Stitch at L-junctions
and T-junctions should
be designed to mitigate
the problem
Masonry Buildings

Masonry Buildings
contd.….
Horizontal band at sill, lintel and eve level should be
designed for out of plane bending

Masonry Buildings
contd.….
Stitch and band give more integrity to the building elements
and protect the building from corn...

Masonry Buildings
contd.….
Vertical bars at corners T-joints and
around the openings should be designed
for tensile stress...

RC Buildings
Brittle failure of RC building

RC Buildings
contd…..
Failure of building at beam column
joints
Joint Reinforcing
Unreinforced beam-column joints may not ...

Damage at Joint and Column

RC Buildings
contd…..
What is our practice?

RC Buildings
contd…..
Joint Reinforcing...

RC Buildings
contd…..
Failure at cold Joint

RC Buildings
contd…..
What we are constructing?
Cold joint...

RC Buildings
contd…..
Cold joint...
Shear key and rough surface give better performance

RC Buildings
contd…..
Column tie spacing and tie hooks
Can only
longitudinal bars
save the column?

RC Buildings
contd…..
Column tie spacing and tie hooks….
Comparison of damage of two columns

RC Buildings
contd…..
Column tie spacing and tie hooks….

RC Buildings
contd…..
Short column effect…...

Short column effect…...
RC Buildings
contd…..

Short column effect…...
RC Buildings
contd…..

RC Buildings
contd…..
Column-bar splices

Non structural Damage and
its Mitigation

Broken Glass
in Kitchen

Room
In Bed Rooms
Furniture overturned throwing outside
the contents

Bureau Toppled

Office
In office
Furniture, file cabinets overturned

Shops
In shops and departmental stores
Many liquor and bottles broken

Non-structural damage
In Book Store and
Libraries

Non-structural damage
Shattered glasses

Water Heaters Tip Easily
During Earthquakes

Significance: Life Safety
 If a ten-rupees
flowerpot , not
fastened well to the
building, falls on
someone’s head, it
can...

Significance: Property Loss
 Very important in case of
commercial and Institutional
buildings
 Property losses in 25
com...

Significance: Loss of function
 Critical facility
 Hospital
 Telecommunication etc.

Mitigation Measures :
Removal
 A hazardous material that could be spilled,
could be stored perfectly well outside the
pre...

 A very heavy
object on top of a
shelf could fall and
seriously injure
someone
 If it is relocated to
a floor-level shel...

 Anchorage of Battery Rack+ Anchorage of Book
shelve SOURCE: EERI
Anchorage

Anchorage
SOURCE: PAHO/WHO

Restricted Mobilization
 It does not matter if
the cylinders shift as
long as they do not fall
and break their valves.
So...

Flexible Couplings
The use of flexible piping in
critical areas such as
between buildings and
equipment helps to prevent
b...

Supports
Damage to ceilings

Supports

Substitution
 A heavy tiled roof does not only make the roof of a
building heavy, it is also more susceptible to
earthqua...

Modification
 Rolls of transparent adhesive plastic
may be used to cover the inside
surfaces and prevent them from
shatte...

Reinforcement
 Useful for
 Unreinforced infill wall
 Chimney may be strengthened

Redundancy
 Redundancy or duplication of items is
advisable.
 An emergency response plan requiring
storage of emergency ...

Limit Sliding & Rocking Movements

Restraints and fasteners
for smaller equipment

Simple improvement can save
life and property

Nonstructural Vulnerability Reduction

BHASKER BHATT
Consulting Town Planner and Civil Engineer
C:+91-98258-35364 E: er.bhasker@gmail.com
Promote & Practice Safe...

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