LTE Evolution: From Release 8 to Release 10

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UMTS Long Term Evolution
(LTE)

Reiner Stuhlfauth
Reiner.Stuhlfauth@rohde-schwarz.com

Training Centre
Rohde & Schwarz, Ge...

Technology evolution path
2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2...

3GPP work plan

GERAN
EUTRAN
...

Overview 3GPP UMTS evolution

HSDPA/ ...

Why LTE?
Ensuring Long Term Competitiveness of UMTS
l LTE is the next UMTS evolution step after HSPA and HSPA+.
l LTE is...

Peak data rates and real average throughput (UL)
100
...

Comparison of network latency by technology
800
...

Round Trip Time, RTT
•ACK/NACK
...

Major technical challenges in LTE

New radio transmission FDD and
schemes (OFDMA...

Introduction to UMTS LTE: Key parameters

Frequency
UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands
Range

...

LTE/LTE-A Frequency Bands (FDD)
E-UTRA Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band
...

LTE/LTE-A Frequency Bands (TDD)
Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating b...

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

l OFDM is the modulation scheme for LTE in downlink and
uplink (as refe...

What does it mean to use the radio channel?
Using the radio channel means to deal with aspects like:
...

Still the same “mobile” radio problem:
Time variant multipath propagation
...

Multipath channel impulse response
The CIR consists of L resolvable propagation paths
L 1
...

Radio Channel – different aspects to discuss

Bandwidth or

...

Frequency selectivity - Coherence Bandwidth
Here: substitute with single
power Scalar ...

Time-Invariant Channel: Scenario
Fixed Scatterer

ISI: In...

Motivation: Single Carrier versus Multi Carrier
TSC
|H(f)| f
...

Motivation: Single Carrier versus Multi Carrier
TSC
|H(f)| f ...

What is OFDM?

Single carrier
transmission,
e.g. WCDMA

Broadband, e.g. 5MHz for WCDMA

Or...

Idea: Wide/Narrow band conversion

ƒ

…
...

COFDM

Mapper
X
...

OFDM signal generation
00 11 10 10 01 01 11 01 …. e.g. QPSK

h*(sinjwt +...

Fourier Transform, Discrete FT
Fourier Transform
...

OFDM Implementation with FFT
(Fast Fourier Transformation)
Transmitter ...

Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI)
...

Rectangular Pulse

A(f)

Convolution
...

Orthogonality
Orthogonality condition: Δf = 1/Δt

Δf

November 2012 |...

ISI and ICI due to channel

Symbol l-1 l l+1

...

ISI and ICI: Guard Intervall

Symbol l-1 l l+1

...

Guard Intervall as Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix

Symbol l-1 ...

Synchronisation

Cyclic Prefix
OFDM Symbol : l  1 l ...

DL CP-OFDM signal generation chain
l OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
(IF...

OFDM: Pros and Cons
Pros:
 scalable data rate
 efficient use of the available ...

MIMO =
Multiple Input Multiple Output Antennas

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 37

MIMO is defined by the number of Rx / Tx Antennas
and not by the Mode which is supported ...

MIMO modes in LTE

-Spatial Multiplexing
-Tx diversity
...

Diversity – some thoughts
The SISO channel:
Fading on the air interface
...

Diversity – some thoughts: matched filter
The SISO channel and matched filter (maximum ratio combining):

...

Diversity – some thoughts: performance of SISO
Euclidic distance
Detector
...

RX Diversity

Maximum Ratio Combining depends on different fading of the
two received signals. In other words decorrela...

Receive diversity gain – SIMO: 1*NRx
Receive antenna 1
...

TX Diversity: Space Time Coding
Fading on the air interface

data
...

Space Time Block Coding according to Alamouti
(when no channel information at all available at transmitter...

MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
C=B*T*ld(1+S/N)
SISO:
S...

Spatial multiplexing – capacity aspects
Ergodic mean capacity of a SISO channel calculated as:

...

Spatial multiplexing – capacity aspects
Ergodic mean capacity of a MIMO channel is even worse 


...

Spatial multiplexing – capacity aspects
Some theoretical ideas:


    
...

The MIMO promise
l Channel capacity grows linearly with antennas 

Max Capacity ~ min(NTX, NRX)

l ...

Spatial Multiplexing
Coding Fading on the air interface

data

data

Throug...

MIMO – capacity calculations, e.g. 2x2 MIMO
n1
...

Introduction – Channel Model II Correlation of
...

Spatial Multiplexing prerequisites
Decorrelation is achieved by:

l Decorrelated data content on each spatial stream ...

MIMO: channel interference + precoding

MIMO channel models: different ways to combat against
channel impact:

I.: Rec...

MIMO: Principle of linear equalizing
R = S*H + n

Transmitter will send reference signals or pilot sequence
to enable r...

Linear equalization – compute power increase

h11 H = h11

...

transmission – reception model
noise

s ...

MIMO – work shift to transmitter

Channel Receiver
Transmitter

...

MIMO Precoding in LTE (DL)
Spatial multiplexing – Code book for precoding

Code book for 2 Tx:
Codebook ...

MIMO precoding
precoding
Ant1
Ant2 t
...

MIMO – codebook based precoding
Precoding
codebook

noise

...

MIMO: avoid inter-channel interference – future outlook

e.g. linear precoding:
...

MAS: „Dirty Paper“ Coding – future outlook

l Multiple Antenna Signal Processing: „Known Interference“
l Is like NO ...

Spatial Multiplexing
Codeword Fading on the air interface

data

Codeword
data

...

Idea of Singular Value Decomposition
s1 MIMO r1
know

...

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

h11 h12
r= H ...

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
r=Hs+n

H = U Σ (V*)T...

MIMO and singular value decomposition SVD
Real channel n1
...

MIMO: Signal processing considerations
MIMO transmission can be expressed as
r = Hs+n whic...

MIMO: limited channel feedback
Transmitter H Receiver
...

Cyclic Delay Diversity, CDD
A2
A1 ...

„Open loop“ und „closed loop“ MIMO
Open loop (No channel knowledge at transmitter)

r  Hs  n ...

MIMO transmission modes
Transmission mode2
...

MIMO transmission modes
the classic:
1Tx + 1RX
Transmission ...

MIMO transmission modes
Transmission mode 2
Transmit
diversity PDCCH...

MIMO transmission modes No feedback regarding
...

MIMO transmission modes Closed loop MIMO =
...

MIMO transmission modes
Transmission mode 5
Transmit diversity or
Multi User MIMO
...

MIMO transmission modes Closed loop MIMO =
...

MIMO transmission modes
Transmission mode 7
Transmit diversity or beamforming

...

Beamforming
Closed loop precoded
Adaptive Beamforming ...

Spatial multiplexing vs beamforming

Spatial multiplexing increases throughput, but looses coverage

...

Spatial multiplexing vs beamforming

Beamforming increases coverage

November 2012 | LTE Introdu...

Basic OFDM parameter
LTE
...

LTE Downlink:
Downlink slot and (sub)frame structure
Symbol time, or number of symbols per time s...

Resource block definition
1 slot = 0,5msec

Resource block
=6 or 7 symbols
In ...

LTE Downlink
OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing
frequency
QPSK, ...

LTE: new physical channels for data and control
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel PCFICH:
Ind...

LTE Downlink: FDD channel mapping example

Subcarrier #0 RB
November 2...

LTE – spectrum flexibility

l LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4 MHz
to 20 MHz in step...

LTE Downlink:
baseband signal generation

code words layers ...

Adaptive modulation and coding

Transportation block size

User data FEC

Flex...

Channel Coding Performance

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 95

Automatic repeat request, latency aspects
•Transport block size = am...

HARQ principle: Stop and Wait

Δt = Round trip time

Tx Data Data Data ...

HARQ principle: Multitasking

Δt = Round trip time

Tx Data Data Data ...

LTE Round Trip Time RTT
n+4 n+4 n+4

...

HARQ principle: Soft combining

lT i is a e am l o h n e co i g

Reception of first transportation block.
Unfor...

HARQ principle: Soft combining

l hi i n x m le f cha n l c ing

Reception of retransmitted
...

HARQ principle: Soft combining
1st transmission with puncturing scheme P1
l T i is a e am l o h n e co i g

...

Hybrid ARQ
Chase Combining = identical retransmission
Turbo Encoder output (...

Hybrid ARQ
Incremental Redundancy
Turbo Encoder output (36 bits)

...

LTE Physical Layer:
SC-FDMA in uplink

Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access

November 20...

LTE Uplink:
How to generate an SC-FDMA signal in theory?
Coded symbol rate= R

...

LTE Uplink:
How does the SC-FDMA signal look like?

 In principle similar to OFDMA, BUT:
 In OFDMA, each sub...

LTE uplink
SC-FDMA time-frequency multiplexing
1 resource block =
...

LTE Uplink:
baseband signal generation
UE specific
Scrambling code

Modulation Tran...

LTE Protocol Architecture

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 110

LTE Protocol Architecture
Reduced complexity

l Reduced number of transport channels

l Shared channels instead o...

EUTRAN stack: protocol layers overview
EMM ESM User pl...

User plane Header compression (ROHC)
In-sequence ...

Control plane Broadcast
Paging
...

EPS Bearer Service Architecture

E-UTRAN EPC I...

Channel structure: User + Control plane
Protocol structure

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | ...

LTE channel mapping

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 117

LTE – channels
MTCH MCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH
...

LTE – uplink channels
Mapping between logical and transport channels

CCCH DCCH DTCH
...

LTE resource allocation principles

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 120

LTE resource allocation
Scheduling of downlink and uplink data
Check PDCCH for your UE ID. You may
find here Upli...

Resource allocation types in LTE
Allocation type DCI Format Scheduling Antenna
...

Resource allocation types in LTE
Type 0 and 1 for distributed allocation in frequency domain
Channel bandwi...

Resource Block Group
Reminder: 1 resource block =
12 subcarriers in freq...

Resource allocation type 0
Type 0 (for distributed frequency allocation of Downlink resource,
SISO and MIMO possible)

l ...

Resource allocation type 0 example
Calculation example for type 0:
l Channel bandwidth = 10MHz
l -> 50 r...

Resource allocation type 0: example
Channel bandwidth = 10MHz -> 50 RBs -> RBG size = 3 -> number of RBGs = 17

RBG#0 RBG#...

Resource allocation type 1
Type 1 (for distributed frequency allocation of Downlink resource,
SISO and MIMO possible)

One...

Resource allocation type 1
Channel bandwidth = 10MHz -> 50 RBs -> RBG size = 3 -> number of RBGs = 17

RBG#0 RBG#1 ...

Resource allocation type 1
Channel bandwidth = 10MHz -> 50 RBs -> RBG size = 3 -> number of RBGs = 17

RBG#0 RBG#1 ...

Resource allocation type 1
Channel bandwidth = 10MHz -> 50 RBs -> RBG size = 3 -> number of RBGs = 17
The meaning of the s...

Resource allocation type 1
Channel bandwidth = 10MHz -> 50 RBs -> RBG size = 3 -> number of RBGs = 17
The meaning of the s...

Resource allocation types in LTE
Type 0 allows the allocation based on resource block groups granularity
...

Resource allocation type 2
Localized mode

Starting resource block: RBStart
...

Resource indication value, RIV
Type 0: bitmap used to indicate the resource allocation:
N RB / P = Length of alloc...

Resource indication value, RIV in type 2 allocation
How to calculate the RIV value in allocation type 2, according to TS 3...

Benefit of localized or distributed mode
„static UE“: frequency selectivity is not time variant -> l...

Resource allocation Uplink
Allocation type DCI Format Scheduling Antenna
...

LTE Uplink: allocation of UL ressource
Scheduled UL UL bandwi...

The LTE evolution Rel-9
...

What are antenna ports?
l 3GPP TS 36.211(Downlink)
“An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a...

What are antenna ports?

l Consequences of the definition
l There is one sort of reference signal per antenna port
...

What are antenna ports?
l Mapping „Antenna Port“ to „Physical Antennas“
Antenna Port ...

LTE antenna port definition
Antenna ports are linked to the reference signals
-> one example:

...

eMBMS
Physical Layer Scenarios

l Dedicated and mixed mode.
l Dedicated: carrier is only for MBMS = Single-cell MB...

Resource block definition for MBMS
Δf=1/...

Multimedia Broadcast Messaging Services, MBMS

Broadcast: Unicast:
Public info for ...

LTE MBMS architecture

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 148

MBMS in LTE

MBMS
MME
GW
|

M3 MBMS GW: MBMS G...

MBMS broadcast service provision

Service announcement

...

MBMS broadcast service provision
...

MBMS Signaling

l New logical Channels: POC ...

MBSFN
MBSFN, Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network

Cells belonging to MBSFN area are co-ordinated
and transmit ...

MBSFN – MBMS Single Frequency Network

Mobile communication network Single Frequency Network
...

MBSFN

If network is synchronised,
...

evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area
l ...

eMBMS
Downlink Channels
l Downlink channels related to MBMS
l MCCH Multicast Control Channel
l MTCH ...

eMBMS channel mapping

Subframes 0,4,5 and 9 are not MBMS, because
Of paging occasion can occur here

Subframe...

eMBMS allocation based on SIB2 information

011010

...

eMBMS: MCCH position according to SIB13

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 161

LTE Release 9
Dual-layer beamforming
l 3GPP Rel-8 – Transmission Mode 7 = beamforming without
UE feedback, using UE-...

LTE Release 9
Dual-layer beamforming – Reference Symbol Details

l Cell specific
antenna port 0 and
antenna por...

2 layer beamforming
throughput

Spatial multiplexing: increase throughput but less coverage

...

Location based services
l Location Based Services“
l Products and services which need location
information

l Future Tre...

Where is Waldo?

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 166

Location based services
The idea is not new, … so what to discuss?

Satellite based services

...

E-UTRA supported positioning methods

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 168

LTE Release 9
LTE positioning
l The standard positioning methods supported for E-UTRAN
access are:
l network-a...

E-UTRA supported positioning network architecture
Control plane and user plane signaling
...

E-UTRAN UE Positioning Architecture
l In contrast to GERAN and UTRAN, the E-UTRAN positioning
capabilities are inten...

Global Navigation Satellite Systems

l GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite Systems; autonomous
systems:...

Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS)

l The network assists the device GNSS receiver
to improve the performance in several aspects...

LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) 3GPP TS 36.355
LPP position met...

LPP and lower layers

LPP PDU Transfer
eNB

November 2012 | LTE ...

User plane stack
SUPL occupies the application layer in the LTE user plane stack,
with LPP (or another positioning proto...

GNSS positioning methods supported
l Autonomeous GNSS

l Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS)
l The network assists the UE GNS...

GNSS candidates and augmentation systems
l GPS/Modernized GPS – Global Positioning System (USA, since 1995)
l Galile...

GNSS band allocations

E5a E1

L5 E5b L2 ...

GPS and GLONASS satellite orbits

GPS:
...

Position Determination
tsj ...

Backup basic terms

l Ephemeris
l Table of values that gives the positions of objects in the sky at a given time
l...

Why is GNSS not sufficent?

Critical scenario Very critical scenario GPS Satellites vi...

(A-)GNSS vs. mobile radio positioning
methods

(A-)GNSS Mo...

Measurements for positioning

l UE-assisted measurements. l ...

Observed Time difference

Observed Time
...

Methods‘ overview
CID E-CID (RSRP/TOA/TADV) E-CID (RSRP/TOA/TADV) [...

Cell ID

l Not new, other definition: Cell of Origin (COO).
l UE position is estimated with the knowledge of the g...

Enhanced-Cell ID (E-CID)

l UE positioning compared to CID is specified more
accurately using additional UE and/or E...

TADV – Timing Advance (Round Trip Time, RTT)
l Base station measures:
eNB Rx-Tx = TeNB-Rx – TeNB-Tx
...

Angle of Arrival (AOA)

l AoA = Estimated angle of a UE with respect to a reference
direction (= geographical North)...

OTDOA – Observed Time Difference of
Arrival
l UE position is estimated based on measuring TDOA of
Positioning Refere...

LTE Release 9
UE positioning – Reference Symbol Details

l PRS is a pseudo-random QPSK
sequence similar to CRS
l ...

Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) for OTDOA
Definition

l Cell-specific reference signals (CRS) are not sufficient for...

Uplink (UTDOA)

l UTDOA = Uplink Time Difference of Arrival
l UE positioning estimated based on:
– measuring...

What is Self Organizing Networks, SON?
l SON = Self-Organizing Networks, methods for automatic configuration
and opt...

Motivation for SON

Heterogeneous Networks:

No way without SON

...

Overview SON

Connect eNB

eNB failure

No...

Architecture
Centralized SON
...

Energy Savings

l Match Network Capacitiy to the required traffic
l Switch on / off cell on demand

l Vodafone ...

Self Healing
l Automatic detection of failures (Sleeping Cells)
l Usually detected by performance statistics
l...

Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell ID
Release 8

l Automatic configuration of new deployed eNodeBs
l 504 Phy...

Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO)
Release 9

l Manually setting of HO parameters
l Time consuming → Often neg...

Coverage and Capacity Optimization
Pilot pollution (Interference)
Cell edge performance
Trade-Off between coverage a...

Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) Optimization
Release 9

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 205

IMT-Advanced Requirements

l A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while
retaining the flexibility...

Do you Remember?
Targets of ITU IMT-2000 Program (1998)
...

IMT Spectrum

MHz

...

Expected IMT-Advanced candidates

...

IMT – International Mobile Communication

l IMT-2000
l Was the framework for the third Generation mobile communica...

System level efficiency
l Todays mobile communication networks use static frequency allocation
l Network planning
...

LTE-Advanced
Possible technology features

Relaying Wider bandwidth
...

Bandwidth extension with Carrier aggregation

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 213

LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
Component carrier CC

Con...

Aggregation
l Contiguous
l Intra-Band

l Non-Contiguous
l Intra (Single) -Band

l Inter (Multi) -Ba...

Motivation

l 1) Higher data rate through
more spectrum allocation
l to fulfill 4G requirements
l 1 Gbit...

Carrier aggregation (CA)
General comments

l Two or more component carriers are aggregated in LTE-Advanced
in order ...

Overview
l Carrier Aggregation (CA)
enables to aggregate up to 5 different
cells (component carriers CC), so ...

Carrier aggregation (CA)
General comments, cont’d.
l A device capable of carrier aggregation has 1 DL primary component
...

LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation – Initial Deployment
l Initial LTE-Advanced deployments will likely be limited to
t...

Bandwidth
 BWChannel(1)  BWChannel( 2)  0.1 BWChannel(1)  BW...

Bands / Band-Combinations (I)
l E-UTRA CA Band
l Band / Band-Combinatios specified in RAN4 for CA scenarios
l ...

Bands / Band-Combinations (II)
l Under discussion
l 25 WI-s in RAN4 with
practical interest
– ...

Carrier aggregation - configurations
l CA Configurations
l E-UTRA CA Band + Allowed BW
= CA Configurati...

UE categories for Rel-10 NEW!
UE categories 6…8 (DL and UL)
Maximum number
...

Deployment scenarios
3) Improve coverage

l #1: Contiguous frequency aggregation ...

Physical channel arrangement in downlink

Each component
carrier transmits P- ...

LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation – Scheduling
l There is one transport block (in Contigu...

LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation – Scheduling
Non-Contiguous spectrum allocation
Contiguous
...

Carrier Aggregation – Architecture downlink
1 UE using carrier aggregation
...

Common or separate PDCCH per Component Carrier?

l No cross-carrier scheduling. ...

Carrier aggregation: control signals + scheduling
Each CC has
...

Cross-carrier scheduling

l Main motivation for cross carrier scheduling: Interference
management for HetNet (eICIC)...

DCI control elements: CIF field

New field: carrier indicator field gives information,
which component car...

PDSCH start field
Example: 1 Resource block
Of a component carrier
R

...

Component Carrier – RACH configuration
Downlink
Asymmetric carrier
...

Symmetry l Component Carrier
l DL-UL ...

Addition, modification, release of additional CC

l RRCConnectionReconfiguration Message contains new Rel-
10 inform...

Default EPS bearer setup (3GPP LTE Rel-8)
UE EUTRAN

...

UE capability information transfer
3GPP Rel-10 add on’s ...

Carrier Aggregation - Activation

l A new MAC control element for Component Carrier Management is
defined containing...

Carrier Aggregation

l The transmission mode is not constrained to be the same
on all CCs scheduled for a UE

l A ...

Carrier Aggregation

l Working assumption is confirmed that a single set of PHICH
resources is shared by all UEs (Re...

UE Architectures

l Possible TX architectures
l Same / Different antenna (connectors) for each CC
l D1/D2...

LTE–Advanced solutions from R&S
R&S® SMU200 Vector Signal Generator

November 2012 | LTE Introducti...

LTE–Advanced solutions from R&S
R&S® FSQ Signal Analyzer
...

Enhanced MIMO schemes

l Increased number of layers:
l Up to 8x8 MIMO in downlink.
l Up to 4x4 MIMO in uplin...

Downlink reference signals in LTE-Advanced

l Define two types of RS, l RS and ...

Cell specific Reference Signals vs. DM-RS
LTE Rel.8 LT...

Ref. signal mapping: Rel.8 vs. LTE-Advanced
l ...

DL MIMO
Extension up to 8x8
Codeword to layer mapping for spati...

MIMO – layer and codeword
101
Codeword 1: 101
111000011101 ...

Scheduling of Transmission Mode 9 (TM9)
l NEW DCI format 2C with 3GPP Rel-10.
l Used to schedule transmission mode...

Uplink MIMO
Extension up to 4x4
l Rel-8 LTE.
l UEs must have 2 antennas for reception.
l But only 1 a...

UL MIMO – signal generation in uplink
Similar to Rel.8 Downlink:

codewords laye...

UL MIMO – layers and codewords
Number of layers Number of codewords Codeword-to-layer...

UL MIMO scheduling – DCI format 4 NEW!
l Carrier indicator [0-3 bit]. l Downlink Assign...

LTE-Advanced
Enhanced uplink SC-FDMA
l The uplink
transmission
scheme remains
SC-FDMA.
l The transmission ...

Physical channel arrangement - uplink

Simultaneous transmission of
Cl...

LTE-Advanced
Enhanced uplink SC-FDMA

Unused subcarriers

...

LTE-Advanced
Enhanced uplink SC-FDMA

Due to distribution we get active subcarriers beside
non-active subcarriers: ...

Simultaneous PUSCH-PUCCH transmission, multi-
cluster transmission
l Remember, only one UL carrier in 3GPP Release 10;
...

Benefit of localized or distributed mode
„static UE“: frequency selectivity is not time variant -> l...

Resource Allocation types in the uplink

l Uplink Resource Allocation Type 0.
l Contiguous allocation as today in ...

Multi-cluster allocation
Uplink Resource Allocation Type 1
l Example: LTE 10 MHz (50 RB), P = 3 leads to 17 RBG.
l ...

What are the effects of “Enhanced SC-FDMA”?

Source: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/WG4_Radio/TSGR4_54/Docum...

Significant step towards 4G: Relaying ?

Source: TTA‘s workshop for the future o...

Radio Relaying approach

No Improvement of SNR resp. CINR
Source: TTA...

L1/L2 Relaying approach

Source: TTA‘s workshop for the future of IMT-Advanced te...

LTE-Advanced
Relaying
l LTE-Advanced extends LTE Release 8 with support for
relaying in order to enhance coverage an...

LTE-Advanced: Relaying

The relay node (RN) is wirelessly connected to a donor cell of a
donor eNB via the Un interface, a...

Co-operative Relaying Approaches

l Receiver in MS (or BS) gains from both, the signal origin and the relay
station
...

LTE-Advanced
Coordinated Multipoint Tx/Rx (CoMP)

CoMP

Coordination between cells
...

Coordinated Multipoint, CoMP
Controller
Controller ...

LTE-A: PCFICH indicating PDCCH size
PCFICH content in LTE R-8 PCFICH content ...

LTE-A: Multiple Access MAC layer concept
Transport block 1 Transport block...

LTE-Advanced: C-Plane latency

Connected
10ms
Dormant Active
...

LTE Registration – R8 to R10…. UE SS
incl. security activation
...

Present Thrust- Spectrum Efficiency
Momentary snapshot of frequency spectrum allocation

Why not use t...

ODMA – some ideas…
BTS

Mobile devices behave as
relay station

November 2012 | LTE Introduct...

Cooperative communication
How to implement antenna arrays in mobile handsets?

...

Cooperative communication

Multi-access

...

Mobile going GREEN

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 286

Ubiquitous communication

November 2012 | LTE Introduction | 287

There will be enough topics
for future trainings 

Thank you for your attention!

Comment...

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