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Electronics AutomationIntroductionSensors.pptx
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- 4. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS AUTOMATION • Electronics automation is the use of electronic systems and control technologies to perform tasks automatically with minimal human intervention. • Electronics Automation involves: Electronic hardware (sensors, power electronics), Control logic (microcontrollers, PLCs), Software algorithms (control and decision-making). • The objective is to replace or reduce manual control, thereby improving precision, repeatability, and operational speed. • Automation systems continuously monitor physical parameters and take corrective actions in real time.
- 5. NEED FOR AUTOMATION •Automation is required due to: • Increasing demand for high-volume and high-quality production. • Human limitations such as fatigue and error. • Requirement of continuous (24×7) operation. • Need for cost reduction and efficient resource utilization. • In industries such as manufacturing, chemical processing, and telecommunications, manual control is neither practical nor reliable, making automation essential.
- 6. BASIC COMPONENTS OF ELECTRONICSAUTOMATION An electronics automation system consists of four major blocks: 1. Sensors – Convert physical quantities into electrical signals 2. Controllers – Process sensor data and generate control decisions 3.Actuators – Execute physical actions based on controller output 4. Power Electronics – Provide controlled electrical power to actuators
- 7. ROLE OF SENSORS •Sensors act as the interface between the physical world and electronic systems. • They measure parameters such as: Temperature Pressure Speed Displacement Voltage and current. • The sensor output is usually analog and must be conditioned and converted into a digital form before being processed by controllers. Accurate sensing is critical for system stability and performance.
- 8. CONTROLLERS IN AUTOMATION •Controllers are the decision-making units of automation systems. • Microcontrollers: Used in embedded automation, consumer electronics, and low-cost systems. • PLC (Programmable Logic Controller):Designed for industrial environments; highly reliable, rugged, and easy to program using ladder logic. • Industrial Computers: Used in advanced automation requiring high computational power. • Controllers implement control algorithms such as ON–OFF, PID, or adaptive control.
- 9. ACTUATORS • Actuators convertelectrical control signals into mechanical or physical action. • Common actuators include: • DC and AC motors • Stepper and servo motors • Relays • Solenoids (When electric current flows through a coil of wire, it creates a magnetic field that moves a metal plunger in or out.) • For example, in an automated conveyor system, motors act as actuators to move materials based on controller commands.
- 10. POWER ELECTRONICS • Managesand converts electrical power. • Rectifiers • Inverters • Voltage regulators
- 11. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS AUTOMATION •Industrial manufacturing • Home automation (smart lighting, security) • Robotics • Automotive systems • Medical equipment • Energy management systems
- 12. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONICS AUTOMATION •High efficiency and accuracy • Reduced human involvement in hazardous environments • Consistent product quality • Scalability and flexibility • Continuous operation without fatigue
- 13. REAL TIME EXAMPLES SystemSensors Actuators Smart Home LDR, PIR Lights, Fans Industry Proximity Motors Medical Pressure Pumps Agriculture Moisture Valves
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- 16. UNIT 1: SENSORSUSED IN ELECTRONICS AUTOMATION Motion Sensor: • A motion sensor is an electronic device that detects movement of people or objects and converts it into an electrical signal. • It is widely used in automation, security, and smart systems. 1. PIR (Passive Infrared) Sensor (Most common) 2. Ultrasonic Motion Sensor 3. Microwave Motion Sensor 4. Infrared Beam Sensor
- 17. PIR MOTION SENSOR •PIR sensors are passive. • They don’t emit energy but detect infrared (heat) radiation emitted by objects. • The sensor has a pyroelectric element split into two halves. • When a warm object (like a person) moves across the detector’s field, the infrared levels change between these halves. • This change produces a small electrical signal that the internal electronics convert into a motion “trigger.” • A Fresnel lens is often placed in front of the sensor to focus infrared radiation from a wide area onto the detector. Working Principle of PIR motion sensor
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- 20. W O RK I N G O F M O T I O N D E T E C T O R C I R C U I T • The PIR sensor typically operates at 5V, • So we are using a positive voltage regulator IC 7805, which will give 5V output to feed the sensor. • Hence, theVcc is connected with 3rd pin (Output Pin) of the 7805. • The ground of PIR is connected with the ground terminal and the Output pin is connected to the base of the NPN transistor BC 547. • Here, R1 is used as a current limiting resistor. • The collector terminal of the transistor is connected with the 9V supply through a diode. • Here, a relay is used to control any electrical appliances, as we have connected light bulb with it.
- 21. • The buzzeris used here to notify whenever someone enters in the range of the PIR sensor. • So, as you start the power supply, the PIR comes into action. • Initially, the output pin is at low, as no one is in the range of PIR sensor. • So, the light bulb and the buzzer remain in off condition. • If there is any movement happen in the range of the PIR sensor, the output pin of the PIR goes HIGH. • By which, the NPN transistor starts conducting current from collector to emitter. • Therefore, it activates the relay and the buzzer connected with the collector terminal of the transistor. • Hence, the light bulb starts glowing. • The diode 1n4007 is used here to protect the relay from reverse current flow.