Early civilizations were marked by city-states, writing systems, and ceremonial centers for public decision-making. A state is defined by four key elements: territory, sovereignty, people, and government.

1. EARLY
CIVILIZATIONS
AND
RISE
OF
THE
STA
TE

2. Early civilizations were characterized by the presence of city-states,a system of
writing and ceremonial center where public debates and decision-making
were conducted.
A state is a political entity that has four requisite elements:teritory,sovereignty,
people and government.