qwer

1.
^orsmgmml Cklomr
^orsmgmml Cklomr
•
• ^orsmgmml cklomr m`mcmj porsmgmml `kgmlm
^orsmgmml cklomr m`mcmj porsmgmml `kgmlm
poubmjl
poubmjlym t`mf gogum ofspalolskmc,
ym t`mf gogum ofspalolskmc, rkhalagork
rkhalagork
(soport s
(soport skl, i
kl, ias, `
as, `cc.),
cc.), porfmckml,
porfmckml, pogbmhkml
pogbmhkml `olhml
`olhml
poubmj cmkl mmu `krklym sol`krk.
poubmj cmkl mmu `krklym sol`krk.
•
• Yoimrm ugug porsmgmml cklomr uluf
Yoimrm ugug porsmgmml cklomr uluf l
l poubmj
poubmj x
x
=
=,
,
x
x
2
2, …,
, …, x
x
l
l `mpm `klymmfml `mcmg boluf4
`mpm `klymmfml `mcmg boluf4
`kgmlm
`kgmlm m
m=
=,
, m
m2
2, …,
, …, m
ml
l `ml
`ml b
b m`mcmj falsmlm-
m`mcmj falsmlm-
falsmlm romc.
falsmlm romc.
=
= =
= 2
2 2
2 ...
... l
l l
l
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b

 
 
 


2.
Ialtaj
Ialtaj
^orsmgmml Cklomr
^orsmgmml Cklomr
•
• x
x
+ 2
+ 2y
y
7 ?>>>
7 ?>>>
•
• 9
9
x
x +
+ y
y
7 =>>>>
7 =>>>>
•
• 2
2
x
x
- 9
- 9y
y
+ ?
+ ?z
z 7 9>
7 9>
•
• x
x
=
= +
+ x
x
2
2 +
+ x
x
9
9 +
+ x
x
0
0 7 >
7 >
Bufml ^orsmgmml Cklomr
Bufml ^orsmgmml Cklomr
•
• x
x2
2
’ 2y 7 9
’ 2y 7 9
•
• sklx + 2 ias y 7 >
sklx + 2 ias y 7 >
•
• 9o
9o2x
2x
’ skl (x+y) 7 =>
’ skl (x+y) 7 =>

3.
Ykstog ^orsmgmml Cklomr
Ykstog ^orsmgmml Cklomr
•
• Jkgpulml borjklhhm `mrk porsmgmml-porsmgmml
Jkgpulml borjklhhm `mrk porsmgmml-porsmgmml
cklomr `mcmg poubmj
cklomr `mcmg poubmj x
x
=
=,
, x
x
2
2, …,
, …, x
x
l
l `klmgmfml
`klmgmfml skstog
skstog
porsmgmml cklkomr
porsmgmml cklkomr
•
• Yobumj sksog sogbmrmlh ymlh or`krk `mrk
Yobumj sksog sogbmrmlh ymlh or`krk `mrk g
g
porsmgmml cklomr `olhml
porsmgmml cklomr `olhml l
l bkcmlhml mf `kfomjuk
bkcmlhml mf `kfomjuk
`mpm `kucksfml `mcmg boluf4
`mpm `kucksfml `mcmg boluf4
=
==
= =
= =
=2
2 2
2 =
= =
=
2
2=
= =
= 2
22
2 2
2 2
22
2 2
2 2
2
=
= =
= 2
2 2
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
l
l l
l
g
g g
g g
gl
l l g
l g
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b

 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


4.
Ialtaj
Ialtaj
•
• Yksog porsmgmml cklomr orsobu `mpm `kucks `mcmg
Yksog porsmgmml cklomr orsobu `mpm `kucks `mcmg
boluf 4
boluf 4
•
• mmu
mmu
MZ
MZ
7
7 B
B
`kgmlm4
`kgmlm4 M
M `klmgmfml
`klmgmfml gmtrkfs faoeskol
gmtrkfs faoeskol
Z
Z
`klmgmfml
`klmgmfml gmtrkfs poubmj
gmtrkfs poubmj
B
B `klmgmfml
`klmgmfml gmtrkfs falstmltm
gmtrkfs falstmltm
=
==
= =
==
= =
=
=
==
= =
==
= 2
2
=
= =
=
l
l
l
l
g
g g
g g
gl
l
m
m m
m m
m
m
m m
m m
m
m
m m
m m
m

 


 


 


 


 


 






 
 
 



=
=
2
2
g
g
b
b
b
b
b
b

 


 


 




 


 


 



=
=
2
2
l
l
x
x
x
x
x
x

 


 


 


 


 


 




5.
Muhgolto` Gmtrkx
Muhgolto` Gmtrkx
•
• Yklog ^orsmgmml Cklomr `mpm `kucksfml `mcmg
Yklog ^orsmgmml Cklomr `mpm `kucksfml `mcmg
boluf gmrkfs ymlh `kporbosmr (
boluf gmrkfs ymlh `kporbosmr (muhgolto`
muhgolto`
gmtrkx
gmtrkx
) sobmhmk borkfu4
) sobmhmk borkfu4
•
• Ialaj
Ialaj
=
==
= =
= =
=2
2 2
2 =
= =
=
2
2=
= =
= 2
22
2 2
2 2
22
2 2
2 2
2
=
= =
= 2
2 2
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
l
l l
l
g
g g
g g
gl
l l
l g
g
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x b
b

 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 

=
==
= =
=2
2 =
= =
=
2
2=
= 2
22
2 2
2 2
2
=
= 2
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
l
l
l
l
g
g g
g g
gl
l g
g
m
m m
m m
m b
b
m
m m
m m
m b
b
m
m m
m m
m b
b

 


 


 


 


 


 


 
 
 

2
2 :
:
2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z

 
 


 
 
 


 
 

=
= = 2
= 2 :
:
=
= 2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>

 


 


 


 


 




 


6.
Yacusk Y^C
Yacusk Y^C
•
• Yacusk
Yacusk sobumj skog porsmgmml cklomr (Y^C) m`mcmj
sobumj skog porsmgmml cklomr (Y^C) m`mcmj
jkgpulml
jkgpulml bkcmlhml
bkcmlhml Romc
Romc `kgmlm
`kgmlm dkfm
dkfm `ksubstuskfml
`ksubstuskfml
pm`m poubmj sumu Y^C mfml gogolujk lkcmk
pm`m poubmj sumu Y^C mfml gogolujk lkcmk
fobolmr
fobolmrml Y^C
ml Y^C orsobu.
orsobu.
•
• Ialaj4
Ialaj4
x ’
x ’ 2
2y 7 8
y 7 8
2
2
x
x
+ 9
+ 9y
y
7 8
7 8
{
{
x
x
7 ? ,
7 ? , y
y
7
7 -=}
-=} gorupmfml
gorupmfml sacusk `mrk
sacusk `mrk Y^C 
Y^C orsobu
orsobu

7.
Yacusk Y^C
Yacusk Y^C
•
• Fogulhfklml sacusk `mrk sobumj sksog
Fogulhfklml sacusk `mrk sobumj sksog
porsmg
porsmgmml cklomr
mml cklomr (Y^C) m`mcmj4
(Y^C) m`mcmj4
’
’ Y^C gogpulymk sacusk
Y^C gogpulymk sacusk tulhhmc
tulhhmc
’
’ Y^C gogpulymk sacusk
Y^C gogpulymk sacusk tmf jklhhm bmlymf
tmf jklhhm bmlymf
’
’ Y^C
Y^C `mf gogpulymk sacusk
`mf gogpulymk sacusk

8.
M
Mr
rt
tl
ly
ym
m 4
4 Y
Y^
^C
C
2
2
x
x ’
’ y
y 7 2
7 2
x
x ’
’ y
y 7 >
7 >
Gogpuly
Gogpulymk sacusk ulhhmc, ymku x 7
mk sacusk ulhhmc, ymku x 7 2, y 7
2, y 7 2
2
y
y 7
7 x
x
y
y 7 2
7 2
x
x - 2
- 2
(2, 2) gorupmfml tktkf patalh `um hmrks
(2, 2) gorupmfml tktkf patalh `um hmrks
torsobut
torsobut
Pk`mf tktkf patalh ymlh cmkl socmkl tktkf
Pk`mf tktkf patalh ymlh cmkl socmkl tktkf
torsobut
torsobut
(2, 2)
(2, 2)
x
x
y
y
=
= 2
2
2
2
Kcustrmsk
Kcustrmsk Yacusk
Yacusk Y^C
Y^C Pulhhmc
Pulhhmc

9.
^orjmfml Y^C
^orjmfml Y^C
x
x
’
’ y
y 7 >
7 >
2
2
x
x
’ 2
’ 2y
y
7 >
7 >
Dkfm `khmgbmr `mcmg fmroskus
Dkfm `khmgbmr `mcmg fmroskus


Porckjm bmjwm `um hmrks orsobu m`mcmj borkgpk
Porckjm bmjwm `um hmrks orsobu m`mcmj borkgpk

 Pktf paalh fo`um hmrks bmlymf sofmck `ksopmldmlh hmrks orsobu
Pktf paalh fo`um hmrks bmlymf sofmck `ksopmldmlh hmrks orsobu

 Mrtlym4
Mrtlym4
Y^C `kmms gogpulymk sacusk Cobkj `mrk = dmwmb mmu bmlymf
Y^C `kmms gogpulymk sacusk Cobkj `mrk = dmwmb mmu bmlymf
dmwmb m
dmwmb mmu dmwmb mf
mu dmwmb mf ulhhmc
ulhhmc
x
x
x ’ y 7 >
x ’ y 7 >
2
2
x
x ’ 2
’ 2
y 7 >
y 7 >
y
y
Kcustrmsk Yacusk Y^C Pmf
Kcustrmsk Yacusk Y^C Pmf Jklhhm
Jklhhm
Bmlymf
Bmlymf

10.
^orjmfml Y^C
^orjmfml Y^C
x
x
’
’ y
y 7 >
7 >
2
2
x
x
’ 2
’ 2y
y
7 2
7 2
Dkfm `khmgbmr `mcmg fmroskus
Dkfm `khmgbmr `mcmg fmroskus

 Porckjm bmjwm `um hmrks orsobu m`mcmj sodmdmr
Porckjm bmjwm `um hmrks orsobu m`mcmj sodmdmr

 Pmf mfml porlmj `kporacoj ttf paalh fo`um hmrks ku
Pmf mfml porlmj `kporacoj ttf paalh fo`um hmrks ku

 Mrtlym4
Mrtlym4 Y^C
Y^C `kmms
`kmms PK@MF
PK@MF gogpulymk
gogpulymk sacusk
sacusk
x
x
y
y
y
y 7
7 x
x y
y 7
7 x
x ’ =
’ =
=
=
Kcustrmsk
Kcustrmsk
Y^C Pk`mf ^ulym Yacusk
Y^C Pk`mf ^ulym Yacusk

11.
Ockgklmsk
Ockgklmsk Hmuss-Dar`m
Hmuss-Dar`ml
l
•
• Ockgklmsk Hmuss gorupmfml praso`ur
Ockgklmsk Hmuss gorupmfml praso`ur
sksogmtf ymlh `khulmfml uluf gogoimjfml
sksogmtf ymlh `khulmfml uluf gogoimjfml
sksog porsmgmml cklomr.
sksog porsmgmml cklomr.
•
• ^raso`ur klk `k`msmrfml pm`m hmhmsml uluf
^raso`ur klk `k`msmrfml pm`m hmhmsml uluf
goro`ufsk gmrkfs ymlh `kporbosmr
goro`ufsk gmrkfs ymlh `kporbosmr
(
(muhgolto` gmrrkx
muhgolto` gmrrkx
) goldm`k boluf ymlh
) goldm`k boluf ymlh
so`orjmlm
so`orjmlm

12.
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
=.
=. Dk
Dkf
fm b
m bmr
mrks t
ks t`m
`mf 
f or
or`k
`krk
rk so
socu
curu
rujl
jly
ym
m
`mrk lac, gmfm bkcmlhml mflac
`mrk lac, gmfm bkcmlhml mflac
pormgm `mcmg bmrks orsobu
pormgm `mcmg bmrks orsobu
m`mcmj =. (fkm lmgmfml klk =
m`mcmj =. (fkm lmgmfml klk =
umgm)
umgm)
2.
2. Dk
Dkf
fm o
m or
r`m
`mpm
pm bm
 bmrk
rks y
s yml
mlh so
h socu
curu
rujl
jly
ym
m
or`krk `mrk lac, gmfm focagpaffml
or`krk `mrk lac, gmfm focagpaffml
bmrks soport klk `k bmwmj gmrkfs.
bmrks soport klk `k bmwmj gmrkfs.
=
= =
= 2
2 ;
;
2
2 0
0 9
9 =
=
9
9 5
5 ?
? >
>

 


 




 


 




 

=
= =
= 2
2 ;
;
2
2 0
0 9
9 =
=
>
> >
> >
> >
>

 


 




 


 


 


13.
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
9.
9. @m
@mcm
cmg s
g sog
ogbm
bmr
rml
mlh `
h `u
um bm
m bmrk
rks y
s yml
mlh
h
boruruml ymlh socurujlym t`mf
boruruml ymlh socurujlym t`mf
or`krk `mrk lac, gmfm = umgm `mcmg
or`krk `mrk lac, gmfm = umgm `mcmg
bmrks ymlh cobkj rol`mj or`mpm
bmrks ymlh cobkj rol`mj or`mpm
cobkj dmuj fo fmlml `mrk smu umgm
cobkj dmuj fo fmlml `mrk smu umgm
`mcmg bmrks ymlh cobkj tlhhk.
`mcmg bmrks ymlh cobkj tlhhk.
0.
0. Gm
Gmsk
sklh
lh-g
-gms
mskl
klh f
h fac
acag
ag y
yml
mlh
h
golhml`ulh smu umgm
golhml`ulh smu umgm
gogpulymk lac `k bmwmj smu
gogpulymk lac `k bmwmj smu
umgmlym.
umgmlym.
=
= =
= 2
2 ;
;
2
2 =
= 9
9 =
=
9
9 5
5 ?
? >
>

 


 




 


 




 

= 0 9 8
= 0 9 8
> = 5 2
> = 5 2
> > = ?
> > = ?

 


 


 


 


 


14.
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
?.
?. Gm
Gmsk
sklh
lh-g
-gms
mskl
klh f
h fac
acag
ag y
yml
mlh
h
golhml`ulh smu umgm gogpulymk
golhml`ulh smu umgm gogpulymk
lac `k mms smu umgmlym
lac `k mms smu umgmlym
•
• Yogbmrmlh gmrkfs ymlh gogkckfk skem =, 2, 9, `ml 0
Yogbmrmlh gmrkfs ymlh gogkckfk skem =, 2, 9, `ml 0
`kfmmfml borm`m `mcmg boluf
`kfmmfml borm`m `mcmg boluf osocal bmrks
osocal bmrks
(
(Ockgklmsk Hmuss
Ockgklmsk Hmuss).
).
•
• Dkfm gmrkfs orsobu duhm gogkckfk skem ? gmfm
Dkfm gmrkfs orsobu duhm gogkckfk skem ? gmfm
`kfmmfml borm`m `mcmg boluf
`kfmmfml borm`m `mcmg boluf osocal bmrks
osocal bmrks
toro`ufsk
toro`ufsk
. (
. (Ockgklmsk Hmus ’ Dar`ml
Ockgklmsk Hmus ’ Dar`ml)
)
= > > =
= > > =
> = > 2
> = > 2
> > = 9
> > = 9

 


 


 


 


 


15.
Ialtaj
Ialtaj
•
• ^oimjfmlcmj sksog porsmgmml cklomr
^oimjfmlcmj sksog porsmgmml cklomr
borkfu `olhml golhhulmfml ockgklmsk
borkfu `olhml golhhulmfml ockgklmsk
Hmus-Dar`ml
Hmus-Dar`ml
2
2 :
:
2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z

 
 


 
 
 


 
 


16.
Yacusk
Yacusk
Dm`k sacusk `mrk Y^C
Dm`k sacusk `mrk Y^C x 7 9
x 7 9
y 7 =
y 7 =
z 7 2
z 7 2
2
2 =
= 9
9 =
=
9
9
2
2 9
9 9
9 2
2
=
= >
> 8
8 =
=8
8 =
= >
> 8
8 =
=8
8 =
= >
> >
> 9
9
8
8
=
=
>
> =
= ?
? ;
; >
> =
= ?
? ;
; >
> =
= >
> =
=
=>
=> ?
?
?2
?2
>
> >
> ?
?2
2 =
=>
>0
0 >
> >
> =
= 2
2 >
> >
> =
= 2
2
b
b b
b b
b b
b
b
b
b
b b
b b
b b
b

 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 


 


 
 
 
 
 


 


 
 
 
 
 

=
= 2
2
2
2
=
= 9
9
=
= =
= 2
2 :
: =
= =
= 2
2 :
: =
= =
= 2
2 :
:
=
= 2
2 9
9 =
= >
> =
= ?
? ;
; >
> =
= ?
? ;
;
9
9
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
> >
> =
=>
> 2
2 =
=0
0 >
> =
=>
> 2
2 =
=0
0

 
 
 
 
 




 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 


 


 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 

b
b b
b
b
b
b
b b
b
2
2 :
:
2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z

 
 


 
 
 


 
 


17.
Mturml Irmgor
Mturml Irmgor
Gksmcfml
Gksmcfml Y^C `kucks `mcmg boluf MZ 7 B, ymku 4
Y^C `kucks `mcmg boluf MZ 7 B, ymku 4
Dkfm `oorgklml
Dkfm `oorgklml M
M t`mf smgm `olhml lac
t`mf smgm `olhml lac
gmfm
gmfm sacusk
sacusk `mpm
`mpm `kolufml
`kolufml smu
smu porsmu
porsmu (poubmj
(poubmj
f
fo-
o-k
k
,
, x
x
k
k)
)




























ll
ll
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m














=
=
=
=
2
2
=
==
=
==
==
=
=
=
==
=
==
==




























l
l
x
x
x
x
x
x


2
2
=
=






























l
l
b
b
b
b
b
b


2
2
=
=

18.
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
Cmlhfmj-Cmlhfmj
•
• Jkulh `oorgklml
Jkulh `oorgklml M
M (|M|)
(|M|)
•
• Polufml
Polufml M
Mk
k

 gmrkfs
gmrkfs M
M
`kgmlm
`kgmlm f
facag
acag fo-
fo-k
k
`khmlt acoj Gmrkfs
`khmlt acoj Gmrkfs B
B.
.
Ialaj 4
Ialaj 4
•
• Jkulh |
Jkulh |
M
Mk
k|
|
•
• Yacusk Y^C uluf poubmj
Yacusk Y^C uluf poubmj x
x
k
k
m
m`
`m
mc
cm
mj
j
=
= =
=2
2 =
=
2
2 2
2=
= 2
2
=
=
2
2
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l l
ll
l
b
b m
m m
m
b
b m
m m
m
M
M
b
b m
m m
m

 


 


 




 


 


 






 
 
 



=
==
= =
= =
=
=
==
= 2
2 2
2
2
2
=
=
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l l
ll
l
m
m b
b m
m
m
m b
b m
m
M
M
m
m b
b m
m

 


 


 




 


 


 






 
 
 



`
`o
ot
t(
( )
)
`
`ot
ot(
( )
)
k
k
k
k
M
M
x
x
M
M



19.
Ialtaj
Ialtaj
•
• ^oimjfmlcmj sksog porsmgmml cklomr borkfu
^oimjfmlcmj sksog porsmgmml cklomr borkfu
`olhml golhhulmfml murml irmgor
`olhml golhhulmfml murml irmgor
•
• Yacusk4
Yacusk4 Boluf
Boluf Y^C g
Y^C goldm`k
oldm`k MZ
MZ 7 B
7 B
2
2 :
:
2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z

 
 


 
 
 


 
 

=
= =
= 2
2 :
:
=
= 2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>
x
x
y
y
z
z

 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 


 
 


 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 




 
 
 
 
 


20.
Yacusk
Yacusk
•
• `o (M) 7 |M|(ofspmlsk faemfar bmrks fo-=)
`o (M) 7 |M|(ofspmlsk faemfar bmrks fo-=)
:
:
=
=
=>
=>
B
B

 


 


 
 


 


 

=
= =
= 2
2
=
= 2
2 9
9
9
9 8
8 0
0

 


 


 
 


 


 




 

M
M
x
x
Z
Z y
y
z
z

 


 


 
 


 


 

2
2 9
9 =
= 9
9 =
= 2
2
=
= =
= 2
2
8
8 0
0 9
9 0
0 9
9 8
8
=
=(
( :
: 2
2=
=)
) =
=(
( 0
0 ;
;)
) 2
2(
(8
8 5
5)
)
=
=9
9 =
=9
9 2
25
5 ?
?2
2

 
 
 


 
 


 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 

M
M

21.
=
=
:
: =
= 2
2
=
= 2
2 9
9
=
=>
> 8
8 0
0

 


 


 


 


 




 

M
M =
=
2
2 9
9 =
= 9
9 =
= 2
2
:
: =
= 2
2
8 0
8 0 =
=> 0
> 0 =
=>
> 8
8
:
:(
( :
: 2
2=
=)
) =
=(
(0
0 9
9>
>)
) 2
2(
( 8
8 2
2>
>)
)
:
:(
(=
=9
9)
) 2
25
5 2
25
5 =
=?
?5
5

 


 
 


 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 

M
M
2
2
=
= :
: 2
2
=
= =
= 9
9
9
9 =
=>
> 0
0

 


 


 


 


 


 

M
M
2
2
=
= 9
9 =
= 9
9 =
= =
=
=
= :
: 2
2
=
=>
> 0
0 9
9 0
0 9
9 =
=>
>
=
=(
(0 9
0 9>
>) :
) :(
( 0 ;
0 ;)
) 2
2(
( =
=> 9
> 9)
)
2
25
5)
) =
=>
>0
0 2
25
5 ?
?2
2

 


 
 


 
 
 
  
   
 

 
 
 
 

M
M
9
9
2
2 =
= =
= =
= =
= 2
2
=
= =
= :
:
8
8 =
=>
> 9 =
9 =>
> 9
9 8
8
=
=(
( 2
2>
> 8
8)
) =
=(
( =
=>
> 9
9)
) :
:(
(8
8 5
5)
)
=
=9
9 =
=9
9 =
=>
>0
0 =
=>
>0
0

 
 
 


 
 


 


  
  
   
   


 
 
 
 

M
M
9
9
=
= =
= :
:
=
= 2
2 =
=
9
9 8 =
8 =>
>

 


 


 
 


 


 




 

M
M

22.
Yacusk
Yacusk
Yacusk `mrk Y^C
Yacusk `mrk Y^C
x 7 9
x 7 9
y 7 =
y 7 =
z 7 2
z 7 2

 
 


 
 


 
 

=
=
2
2
9
9
`
`o
ot
t(
( )
) =?5
=?5
9
9
`
`o
ot
t(
( )
) ?
?2
2
`
`o
ot
t(
( )
) ?2
?2 =
=
`
`o
ot
t(
( )
) ?
?2
2
`
`o
ot
t(
( )
) =>0
=>0
2
2
`
`o
ot
t(
( )
) ?
?2
2
M
M
x
x
M
M
M
M
y
y
M
M
M
M
z
z
M
M
2
2 :
:
2
2 9
9 =
=
9
9 8
8 0
0 =
=>
>
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z
x
x y
y z
z

 
 


 
 
 


 
 


23.
Y^C Jagahol
Y^C Jagahol
Boltuf ugug4
Boltuf ugug4
•
• Y^C jagahol gorupmfml Y^C ymlh
Y^C jagahol gorupmfml Y^C ymlh falskstol
falskstol,
,


socmcu gogpulymk sacusk
socmcu gogpulymk sacusk
.
.
•
• Yacusk Y^C jagahol `kfmmfml
Yacusk Y^C jagahol `kfmmfml tulhhmc
tulhhmc
dkfm sacusk ku m`mcmj
dkfm sacusk ku m`mcmj
•
• Dkfm t`mf `ogkfkml,
Dkfm t`mf `ogkfkml,
Y^C jagahol gogpulymk sacusk
Y^C jagahol gogpulymk sacusk tmf jklhhm
tmf jklhhm bmlymf.
bmlymf.
(bkmsmly
(bkmsmlym `kucks
m `kucks `mcmg
`mcmg boltuf pmrmgotor
boltuf pmrmgotor
)
)
=
==
= =
= =
=2
2 2
2 =
=
2
2=
= =
= 2
22
2 2
2 2
2
=
= =
= 2
2 2
2
>
>
>
>
>
>
l
l l
l
l
l l
l
g
g g
g g
gl
l l
l
m
m x m
x m x
x m
m x
x
m
m x m
x m x
x m
m x
x
m
m x
x m
m x
x m
m x
x

 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 






 
 
 




24.
Cmtkjml Yamc
Cmtkjml Yamc
Poolufml sacusk `mrk Y^C borkfu `olhml Ockgklmsk Hmuss-Dar`ml
Poolufml sacusk `mrk Y^C borkfu `olhml Ockgklmsk Hmuss-Dar`ml
=. -2
=. -2
x
x
- 9
- 9y
y
- 0
- 0z
z
7
7 2
2 2
2.
. 0
0
x
x
+ 5
+ 5y
y
- 9
- 9z
z
7 =
7 =
x
x
+ 9
+ 9y
y
7
7 =
= -
-9
9
x
x
- 8
- 8y
y
+ 2
+ 2z
z
7 9
7 9
2
2
x
x
+ ?
+ ?y
y
+
+ z
z
7
7 -
-=
= x
x
+ 2
+ 2y
y
-
- z
z
7 =
7 =
9.
9. 9
9
x
x
- ?
- ?y
y
+ 2
+ 2z
z
7
7 2
2 0
0.
. -
-9
9
x
x
+ 0
+ 0y
y
- =9
- =9z
z
7 =
7 =
-2
-2
x
x
+ 9
+ 9y
y +
+
0
0z
z
7 9
7 9 -
-
x
x
+ 2
+ 2y
y
- 9
- 9z
z
7 =
7 =
x
x
- 2
- 2y
y
+
+ z
z
7 =
7 = 2
2
x
x
-
- y
y
+ ==
+ == z
z
7 =
7 =

25.
Cmtkjml Yamc
Cmtkjml Yamc
P
Poolufml sacusk `mr
oolufml sacusk `mrk Y^C
k Y^C borkfu `olhml murml irmgor!
borkfu `olhml murml irmgor!
=. -2
=. -2
x
x
- 9
- 9y
y
- 0
- 0z
z
7
7 2
2 2
2.
. 0
0
x
x
+ 5
+ 5y
y
- 9
- 9z
z
7 =
7 =
x
x
+ 9
+ 9y
y
7
7 =
= -
-9
9
x
x
- 8
- 8y
y
+ 2
+ 2z
z
7 9
7 9
2
2
x
x
+ ?
+ ?y
y
+
+ z
z
7
7 -
-=
= x
x
+ 2
+ 2y
y
-
- z
z
7 =
7 =
9.
9. 9
9
x
x
- ?
- ?y
y
+ 2
+ 2z
z
7
7 2
2 0
0.
. -
-9
9
x
x
+ 0
+ 0y
y
- =9
- =9z
z
7 =
7 =
-2
-2
x
x
+ 9
+ 9y
y +
+
0
0z
z
7 9
7 9 -
-
x
x
+ 2
+ 2y
y
- 9
- 9z
z
7 =
7 =
x
x
- 2
- 2y
y
+
+ z
z
7 =
7 = 2
2
x
x
-
- y
y
+ ==
+ == z
z
7 =
7 =