This document discusses different types of energy transformation technologies used in power plants, including thermal, hydro, solar, tidal, wind, and ocean thermal energy conversion. It provides details on the basic operations of thermal power plants, which convert heat from coal into steam to drive turbines and generators; hydroelectric plants, which use the kinetic energy of flowing water to drive turbines; solar photovoltaic and solar thermal plants, which convert sunlight into electricity; and wind farms, which use wind to drive turbines connected to generators. Diagrams illustrate the working principles of key components in these various energy transformation systems.

1. DR. S & S.S GHANDHY
GEC,SURAT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
DESIGN ENGINEERING(2130005)
SUBJECT:- Design of Transformation
for certain application

2. Group Members
Name
• LETHWALA PAVAN
• MALKIYA ASHISH
• MARATHE POOJA
• MEHTA KARNAV
• GANDHI MITESH
Enrolment No.
• 130230109024
• 130230109025
• 130230109026
• 130230109027
• 130230109028

3. Types of Energy required for
Transformation into Electrical energy
• Thermal Energy
• Hydro Energy
• Solar Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Wind Energy

4. Thermal Power Plant

5. Introduction to Thermal Power Plant
• A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of coal
into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler which
converts water into steam. The expansion of steam in
turbine produces mechanical power which drives the
alternator coupled to the turbine.Thermal Power Plants
contribute maximum to the generation of Power for any
country
• Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of the total
installed captive and non-captive power generation in India
• In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas etc. are
employed as primary sources of energy.

6. General Power Plant Layout

7. Operation Mechanism
• The coal is brought and crushed to powder. This is feed to
Boiler for producing heat
• In Boiler the water is converted to steam.
• In Super heater the moisture content is removed from the
steam and that steam is called super heated steam
• The superheated steam rotates the shaft of the High
pressure turbine
• The Exhausted steam is sent to preheater and the steam
then rotates the Intermediate pressure(IP) Turbine
• The steam from the IP turbine is then feed to low pressure
turbine.
• The turbine shaft is connected to the Generator, which
produces Electric Power.
• The power generated is then Transmitted.

8. Hydro Power Plant

9. Hydro power energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which drives
the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a
continuous cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from
high points to low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the
flow of water.

10. General Power Plant Layout

11. How a Hydroelectric Power System Works - Part 1
Flowing water is directed at a
turbine (remember turbines
are just advanced
waterwheels). The flowing
water causes the turbine to
rotate, converting the water’s
kinetic energy into
mechanical energy.

12. How a Hydroelectric Power System Works – Part 2
The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into
electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the
shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is
a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.

13. Solar Power Plant

14. Electricity From Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic Electricity – This method uses
photovoltaic cells that absorb the direct sunlight
just like the solar cells you see on some
calculators.
• Solar-Thermal Electricity –
• This also uses a solar collector: it has a mirrored
surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver
that heats up a liquid. This heated liquid is used
to make steam that produces electricity.

15. Photovoltaic Cell
• Photo voltaic effect (PV) effect is defined as
the generation of an electromotive force as a
result of the absorption of ionising radiation
• Solar cell are usually made of a single crystal
silicon, gallium arsenide is another solar cells
material.

17. Working of Photovoltaic Solar Plants
• As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is
converted into direct current electricity (DC).
• The direct current flows from the panels and is
converted into alternating current (AC) used by local
electric utilities.
• Finally, the electricity travels through transformers,
and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the
transmission lines so local electric utilities can
distribute the electricity to homes and businesses.

18. Working of Solar Thermal Power Plant

19. Working of Solar Thermal Power Plant
• Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight
to heat a synthetic oil called therminol, which
then heats water to create steam.
• The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator
to produce electricity, which is then transmitted
over power lines.
• On cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary
natural gas boiler. The plant can burn natural gas
to heat the water, creating steam to generate
electricity.

20. Tidal Energy

21. THE TIDAL BARRAGE
• It’s a huge dam built across a river estuary.
When the tide goes in and out, the water
flows through tunnels in the dam.

22. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• OTEC utilizes the world’s largest solar radiation
collector - the ocean. The ocean contains
enough energy power all of the world’s
electrical needs.
• Electricity using the temperature difference of
sea water at different
• OTEC utilizes the ocean’s 20ºC natural thermal
gradient between the warm surface water and
the cold deep sea water(around 1 Km.) to
drive a Rankin Cycle

23. CONDENSER
2. Fluid pump pressurizes and pushes
working fluid to evaporator
1. Power input to
pumps to start process
3. Heat addition from
the hot-water source
used to evaporate the
working fluid within the
heat exchanger
(Evaporator)
EVAPORATOR
WARM SURFACE
WATER 28 C
4. Expanding vapor drive the
turbine, and electricity is
created by a generator
5. Heat
extraction from
cold-water sink to
condense the
working fluid in
the condenser.
TURBINE
GENERATOR
COLD DEEP WATER
5 C
WORKING FLUID
(LIKE AMMONIA)
OTEC Process

24. Open Cycle System
OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM SYSTEM
Open-cycle OTEC uses the
tropical oceans' warm
surface water to make
electricity. When warm
seawater is placed in a low-pressure
container, it boils.
The expanding steam drives
a low-pressure turbine
attached to an electrical
generator. The steam, which
has left its salt behind in the
low-pressure container, is
almost pure fresh water. It is
condensed back into a liquid
by exposure to cold
temperatures from deep-ocean
water.

25. Closed Cycle System
CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM SYSTEM
Closed-cycle systems( Rankin ) use
fluid with a low-boiling point, such as
ammonia, to rotate a turbine to
generate electricity. Here's how it
works. Warm surface seawater is
pumped through a heat exchanger
where the low-boiling-point fluid is
vaporized. The expanding vapor turns
the turbo-generator. Then, cold, deep
seawater—pumped through a second
heat exchanger—condenses the vapor
back into a liquid, which is then
recycled through the system.

26. Wind Farms

27. How do you convert wind into
Electricity???
• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind
into mechanical power.
• This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks
(such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a
generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity.
• A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.
• Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,
wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind
turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to
a generator and makes electricity.

28. • The energy in the wind turns two or three
propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor
is connected to the main shaft, which spins a
generator to create electricity.
• Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to
capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30
meters) or more above ground, they can take
advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.

29. A Wind Turbine

30. Thank You